Global, Local and Nonlocal variables in Python

F

irst of all, I’m not the one on that image above. I’m just a benevolent writer who is here to talk about one of the most confusing concepts in Python programming “Global, Local and Nonlocal variables”. I know after reading the title you will be like “Why should I even worry about this”. Well, the answer is sometimes not knowing these teeny tiny itsy bitsy would cost you a lot. So without further ado, let’s get started.

In programming languages like C/C++, every time a variable is declared simultaneously a memory would be allocated this would allocation would completely depend on the variable type. Therefore, the programmers must specify the variable type while creating a variable. But luckily in Python, you don’t have to do that. Python doesn’t have a variable type declaration. Like pointers in C, variables in Python don’t store values legitimately; they work with references highlighting objects in memory.

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Topics

The list of topics that would be covered in this article is given below:

• **Variables **— A quick introduction
• **Global Variables **— How to get rid of **UnboundLocalError**
• Local Variables — How to get rid of **NameError**
• **Nonlocal Variables **— When and how to use them

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Variables

A variable is more likely a **_container _**to store the values. Now the values to be stored depends on the programmer whether to use integer, float, string or etc.

A Variable is like a box in the computer’s memory where you can store a single value. — Al Sweigart

_Unlike in other programming languages, in Python, you need not declare any variables or initialize them. _Please read this**.**

Syntax

The general syntax to create a variable in Python is as shown below:

**variable_name**= **value**

The **variable_name**in Python can be short as sweet as **a, b, x, y, ...** or can be very informative such as **age, height, name, student_name, covid, ...**

Although it is recommended keeping a very descriptive variable name to improve the readability.

#python3 #python-programming #python #programming #variables

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Lambda, Map, Filter functions in python

Welcome to my Blog, In this article, we will learn python lambda function, Map function, and filter function.

Lambda function in python: Lambda is a one line anonymous function and lambda takes any number of arguments but can only have one expression and python lambda syntax is

Syntax: x = lambda arguments : expression

Now i will show you some python lambda function examples:

#python #anonymous function python #filter function in python #lambda #lambda python 3 #map python #python filter #python filter lambda #python lambda #python lambda examples #python map

Python Global Variables – How to Define a Global Variable Example

In this article, you will learn the basics of global variables.

To begin with, you will learn how to declare variables in Python and what the term 'variable scope' actually means.

Then, you will learn the differences between local and global variables and understand how to define global variables and how to use the global keyword.

What Are Variables in Python and How Do You Create Them? An Introduction for Beginners

You can think of variables as storage containers.

They are storage containers for holding data, information, and values that you would like to save in the computer's memory. You can then reference or even manipulate them at some point throughout the life of the program.

A variable has a symbolic name, and you can think of that name as the label on the storage container that acts as its identifier.

The variable name will be a reference and pointer to the data stored inside it. So, there is no need to remember the details of your data and information – you only need to reference the variable name that holds that data and information.

When giving a variable a name, make sure that it is descriptive of the data it holds. Variable names need to be clear and easily understandable both for your future self and the other developers you may be working with.

Now, let's see how to actually create a variable in Python.

When declaring variables in Python, you don't need to specify their data type.

For example, in the C programming language, you have to mention explicitly the type of data the variable will hold.

So, if you wanted to store your age which is an integer, or int type, this is what you would have to do in C:

#include <stdio.h>
 
int main(void)
{
  int age = 28;
  // 'int' is the data type
  // 'age' is the name 
  // 'age' is capable of holding integer values
  // positive/negative whole numbers or 0
  // '=' is the assignment operator
  // '28' is the value
}

However, this is how you would write the above in Python:

age = 28

#'age' is the variable name, or identifier
# '=' is the assignment operator
#'28' is the value assigned to the variable, so '28' is the value of 'age'

The variable name is always on the left-hand side, and the value you want to assign goes on the right-hand side after the assignment operator.

Keep in mind that you can change the values of variables throughout the life of a program:

my_age = 28

print(f"My age in 2022 is {my_age}.")

my_age = 29

print(f"My age in 2023 will be {my_age}.")

#output

#My age in 2022 is 28.
#My age in 2023 will be 29.

You keep the same variable name, my_age, but only change the value from 28 to 29.

What Does Variable Scope in Python Mean?

Variable scope refers to the parts and boundaries of a Python program where a variable is available, accessible, and visible.

There are four types of scope for Python variables, which are also known as the LEGB rule:

• Local,
• Enclosing,
• Global,
• Built-in.

For the rest of this article, you will focus on learning about creating variables with global scope, and you will understand the difference between the local and global variable scopes.

How to Create Variables With Local Scope in Python

Variables defined inside a function's body have local scope, which means they are accessible only within that particular function. In other words, they are 'local' to that function.

You can only access a local variable by calling the function.

def learn_to_code():
    #create local variable
    coding_website = "freeCodeCamp"
    print(f"The best place to learn to code is with {coding_website}!")

#call function
learn_to_code()


#output

#The best place to learn to code is with freeCodeCamp!

Look at what happens when I try to access that variable with a local scope from outside the function's body:

def learn_to_code():
    #create local variable
    coding_website = "freeCodeCamp"
    print(f"The best place to learn to code is with {coding_website}!")

#try to print local variable 'coding_website' from outside the function
print(coding_website)

#output

#NameError: name 'coding_website' is not defined

It raises a NameError because it is not 'visible' in the rest of the program. It is only 'visible' within the function where it was defined.

How to Create Variables With Global Scope in Python

When you define a variable outside a function, like at the top of the file, it has a global scope and it is known as a global variable.

A global variable is accessed from anywhere in the program.

You can use it inside a function's body, as well as access it from outside a function:

#create a global variable
coding_website = "freeCodeCamp"

def learn_to_code():
    #access the variable 'coding_website' inside the function
    print(f"The best place to learn to code is with {coding_website}!")

#call the function
learn_to_code()

#access the variable 'coding_website' from outside the function
print(coding_website)

#output

#The best place to learn to code is with freeCodeCamp!
#freeCodeCamp

What happens when there is a global and local variable, and they both have the same name?

#global variable
city = "Athens"

def travel_plans():
    #local variable with the same name as the global variable
    city = "London"
    print(f"I want to visit {city} next year!")

#call function - this will output the value of local variable
travel_plans()

#reference global variable - this will output the value of global variable
print(f"I want to visit {city} next year!")

#output

#I want to visit London next year!
#I want to visit Athens next year!

In the example above, maybe you were not expecting that specific output.

Maybe you thought that the value of city would change when I assigned it a different value inside the function.

Maybe you expected that when I referenced the global variable with the line print(f" I want to visit {city} next year!"), the output would be #I want to visit London next year! instead of #I want to visit Athens next year!.

However, when the function was called, it printed the value of the local variable.

Then, when I referenced the global variable outside the function, the value assigned to the global variable was printed.

They didn't interfere with one another.

That said, using the same variable name for global and local variables is not considered a best practice. Make sure that your variables don't have the same name, as you may get some confusing results when you run your program.

How to Use the global Keyword in Python

What if you have a global variable but want to change its value inside a function?

Look at what happens when I try to do that:

#global variable
city = "Athens"

def travel_plans():
    #First, this is like when I tried to access the global variable defined outside the function. 
    # This works fine on its own, as you saw earlier on.
    print(f"I want to visit {city} next year!")

    #However, when I then try to re-assign a different value to the global variable 'city' from inside the function,
    #after trying to print it,
    #it will throw an error
    city = "London"
    print(f"I want to visit {city} next year!")

#call function
travel_plans()

#output

#UnboundLocalError: local variable 'city' referenced before assignment

By default Python thinks you want to use a local variable inside a function.

So, when I first try to print the value of the variable and then re-assign a value to the variable I am trying to access, Python gets confused.

The way to change the value of a global variable inside a function is by using the global keyword:

#global variable
city = "Athens"

#print value of global variable
print(f"I want to visit {city} next year!")

def travel_plans():
    global city
    #print initial value of global variable
    print(f"I want to visit {city} next year!")
    #assign a different value to global variable from within function
    city = "London"
    #print new value
    print(f"I want to visit {city} next year!")

#call function
travel_plans()

#print value of global variable
print(f"I want to visit {city} next year!")

Use the global keyword before referencing it in the function, as you will get the following error: SyntaxError: name 'city' is used prior to global declaration.

Earlier, you saw that you couldn't access variables created inside functions since they have local scope.

The global keyword changes the visibility of variables declared inside functions.

def learn_to_code():
   global coding_website
   coding_website = "freeCodeCamp"
   print(f"The best place to learn to code is with {coding_website}!")

#call function
learn_to_code()

#access variable from within the function
print(coding_website)

#output

#The best place to learn to code is with freeCodeCamp!
#freeCodeCamp

Conclusion

And there you have it! You now know the basics of global variables in Python and can tell the differences between local and global variables.

I hope you found this article useful.

You'll start from the basics and learn in an interactive and beginner-friendly way. You'll also build five projects at the end to put into practice and help reinforce what you've learned.

Thanks for reading and happy coding!

Source: https://www.freecodecamp.org/news/python-global-variables-examples/

#python 

Variables Globales De Python: Cómo Definir Un Ejemplo De Variable Glob

En este artículo, aprenderá los conceptos básicos de las variables globales.

Para empezar, aprenderá cómo declarar variables en Python y qué significa realmente el término 'ámbito de variable'.

Luego, aprenderá las diferencias entre variables locales y globales y comprenderá cómo definir variables globales y cómo usar la globalpalabra clave.

¿Qué son las variables en Python y cómo se crean? Una introducción para principiantes

Puede pensar en las variables como contenedores de almacenamiento .

Son contenedores de almacenamiento para almacenar datos, información y valores que le gustaría guardar en la memoria de la computadora. Luego puede hacer referencia a ellos o incluso manipularlos en algún momento a lo largo de la vida del programa.

Una variable tiene un nombre simbólico y puede pensar en ese nombre como la etiqueta en el contenedor de almacenamiento que actúa como su identificador.

El nombre de la variable será una referencia y un puntero a los datos almacenados en su interior. Por lo tanto, no es necesario recordar los detalles de sus datos e información; solo necesita hacer referencia al nombre de la variable que contiene esos datos e información.

Al dar un nombre a una variable, asegúrese de que sea descriptivo de los datos que contiene. Los nombres de las variables deben ser claros y fácilmente comprensibles tanto para usted en el futuro como para los otros desarrolladores con los que puede estar trabajando.

Ahora, veamos cómo crear una variable en Python.

Al declarar variables en Python, no necesita especificar su tipo de datos.

Por ejemplo, en el lenguaje de programación C, debe mencionar explícitamente el tipo de datos que contendrá la variable.

Entonces, si quisiera almacenar su edad, que es un número entero, o inttipo, esto es lo que tendría que hacer en C:

#include <stdio.h>
 
int main(void)
{
  int age = 28;
  // 'int' is the data type
  // 'age' is the name 
  // 'age' is capable of holding integer values
  // positive/negative whole numbers or 0
  // '=' is the assignment operator
  // '28' is the value
}

Sin embargo, así es como escribirías lo anterior en Python:

age = 28

#'age' is the variable name, or identifier
# '=' is the assignment operator
#'28' is the value assigned to the variable, so '28' is the value of 'age'

El nombre de la variable siempre está en el lado izquierdo y el valor que desea asignar va en el lado derecho después del operador de asignación.

Tenga en cuenta que puede cambiar los valores de las variables a lo largo de la vida de un programa:

my_age = 28

print(f"My age in 2022 is {my_age}.")

my_age = 29

print(f"My age in 2023 will be {my_age}.")

#output

#My age in 2022 is 28.
#My age in 2023 will be 29.

Mantienes el mismo nombre de variable my_age, pero solo cambias el valor de 28a 29.

¿Qué significa el alcance variable en Python?

El alcance de la variable se refiere a las partes y los límites de un programa de Python donde una variable está disponible, accesible y visible.

Hay cuatro tipos de alcance para las variables de Python, que también se conocen como la regla LEGB :

• local ,
• Encerrando ,
• globales ,
• Incorporado .

En el resto de este artículo, se centrará en aprender a crear variables con alcance global y comprenderá la diferencia entre los alcances de variables locales y globales.

Cómo crear variables con alcance local en Python

Las variables definidas dentro del cuerpo de una función tienen alcance local , lo que significa que solo se puede acceder a ellas dentro de esa función en particular. En otras palabras, son 'locales' para esa función.

Solo puede acceder a una variable local llamando a la función.

def learn_to_code():
    #create local variable
    coding_website = "freeCodeCamp"
    print(f"The best place to learn to code is with {coding_website}!")

#call function
learn_to_code()


#output

#The best place to learn to code is with freeCodeCamp!

Mire lo que sucede cuando trato de acceder a esa variable con un alcance local desde fuera del cuerpo de la función:

def learn_to_code():
    #create local variable
    coding_website = "freeCodeCamp"
    print(f"The best place to learn to code is with {coding_website}!")

#try to print local variable 'coding_website' from outside the function
print(coding_website)

#output

#NameError: name 'coding_website' is not defined

Plantea un NameErrorporque no es 'visible' en el resto del programa. Solo es 'visible' dentro de la función donde se definió.

Cómo crear variables con alcance global en Python

Cuando define una variable fuera de una función, como en la parte superior del archivo, tiene un alcance global y se conoce como variable global.

Se accede a una variable global desde cualquier parte del programa.

Puede usarlo dentro del cuerpo de una función, así como acceder desde fuera de una función:

#create a global variable
coding_website = "freeCodeCamp"

def learn_to_code():
    #access the variable 'coding_website' inside the function
    print(f"The best place to learn to code is with {coding_website}!")

#call the function
learn_to_code()

#access the variable 'coding_website' from outside the function
print(coding_website)

#output

#The best place to learn to code is with freeCodeCamp!
#freeCodeCamp

¿Qué sucede cuando hay una variable global y local, y ambas tienen el mismo nombre?

#global variable
city = "Athens"

def travel_plans():
    #local variable with the same name as the global variable
    city = "London"
    print(f"I want to visit {city} next year!")

#call function - this will output the value of local variable
travel_plans()

#reference global variable - this will output the value of global variable
print(f"I want to visit {city} next year!")

#output

#I want to visit London next year!
#I want to visit Athens next year!

En el ejemplo anterior, tal vez no esperaba ese resultado específico.

Tal vez pensaste que el valor de citycambiaría cuando le asignara un valor diferente dentro de la función.

Tal vez esperabas que cuando hice referencia a la variable global con la línea print(f" I want to visit {city} next year!"), la salida sería en #I want to visit London next year!lugar de #I want to visit Athens next year!.

Sin embargo, cuando se llamó a la función, imprimió el valor de la variable local.

Luego, cuando hice referencia a la variable global fuera de la función, se imprimió el valor asignado a la variable global.

No interfirieron entre sí.

Dicho esto, usar el mismo nombre de variable para variables globales y locales no se considera una buena práctica. Asegúrese de que sus variables no tengan el mismo nombre, ya que puede obtener algunos resultados confusos cuando ejecute su programa.

Cómo usar la globalpalabra clave en Python

¿Qué sucede si tiene una variable global pero desea cambiar su valor dentro de una función?

Mira lo que sucede cuando trato de hacer eso:

#global variable
city = "Athens"

def travel_plans():
    #First, this is like when I tried to access the global variable defined outside the function. 
    # This works fine on its own, as you saw earlier on.
    print(f"I want to visit {city} next year!")

    #However, when I then try to re-assign a different value to the global variable 'city' from inside the function,
    #after trying to print it,
    #it will throw an error
    city = "London"
    print(f"I want to visit {city} next year!")

#call function
travel_plans()

#output

#UnboundLocalError: local variable 'city' referenced before assignment

Por defecto, Python piensa que quieres usar una variable local dentro de una función.

Entonces, cuando intento imprimir el valor de la variable por primera vez y luego reasignar un valor a la variable a la que intento acceder, Python se confunde.

La forma de cambiar el valor de una variable global dentro de una función es usando la globalpalabra clave:

#global variable
city = "Athens"

#print value of global variable
print(f"I want to visit {city} next year!")

def travel_plans():
    global city
    #print initial value of global variable
    print(f"I want to visit {city} next year!")
    #assign a different value to global variable from within function
    city = "London"
    #print new value
    print(f"I want to visit {city} next year!")

#call function
travel_plans()

#print value of global variable
print(f"I want to visit {city} next year!")

Utilice la globalpalabra clave antes de hacer referencia a ella en la función, ya que obtendrá el siguiente error: SyntaxError: name 'city' is used prior to global declaration.

Anteriormente, vio que no podía acceder a las variables creadas dentro de las funciones ya que tienen un alcance local.

La globalpalabra clave cambia la visibilidad de las variables declaradas dentro de las funciones.

def learn_to_code():
   global coding_website
   coding_website = "freeCodeCamp"
   print(f"The best place to learn to code is with {coding_website}!")

#call function
learn_to_code()

#access variable from within the function
print(coding_website)

#output

#The best place to learn to code is with freeCodeCamp!
#freeCodeCamp

Conclusión

¡Y ahí lo tienes! Ahora conoce los conceptos básicos de las variables globales en Python y puede distinguir las diferencias entre las variables locales y globales.

Espero que hayas encontrado útil este artículo.

Comenzará desde lo básico y aprenderá de una manera interactiva y amigable para principiantes. También construirá cinco proyectos al final para poner en práctica y ayudar a reforzar lo que ha aprendido.

¡Gracias por leer y feliz codificación!

Fuente: https://www.freecodecamp.org/news/python-global-variables-examples/

#python 

Why use Python for Software Development

No programming language is pretty much as diverse as Python. It enables building cutting edge applications effortlessly. Developers are as yet investigating the full capability of end-to-end Python development services in various areas. 

By areas, we mean FinTech, HealthTech, InsureTech, Cybersecurity, and that's just the beginning. These are New Economy areas, and Python has the ability to serve every one of them. The vast majority of them require massive computational abilities. Python's code is dynamic and powerful - equipped for taking care of the heavy traffic and substantial algorithmic capacities. 

Programming advancement is multidimensional today. Endeavor programming requires an intelligent application with AI and ML capacities. Shopper based applications require information examination to convey a superior client experience. Netflix, Trello, and Amazon are genuine instances of such applications. Python assists with building them effortlessly. 

5 Reasons to Utilize Python for Programming Web Apps 

Python can do such numerous things that developers can't discover enough reasons to admire it. Python application development isn't restricted to web and enterprise applications. It is exceptionally adaptable and superb for a wide range of uses.

Robust frameworks 

Python is known for its tools and frameworks. There's a structure for everything. Django is helpful for building web applications, venture applications, logical applications, and mathematical processing. Flask is another web improvement framework with no conditions. 

Web2Py, CherryPy, and Falcon offer incredible capabilities to customize Python development services. A large portion of them are open-source frameworks that allow quick turn of events. 

Simple to read and compose 

Python has an improved sentence structure - one that is like the English language. New engineers for Python can undoubtedly understand where they stand in the development process. The simplicity of composing allows quick application building. 

The motivation behind building Python, as said by its maker Guido Van Rossum, was to empower even beginner engineers to comprehend the programming language. The simple coding likewise permits developers to roll out speedy improvements without getting confused by pointless subtleties. 

Utilized by the best 

Alright - Python isn't simply one more programming language. It should have something, which is the reason the business giants use it. Furthermore, that too for different purposes. Developers at Google use Python to assemble framework organization systems, parallel information pusher, code audit, testing and QA, and substantially more. Netflix utilizes Python web development services for its recommendation algorithm and media player. 

Massive community support 

Python has a steadily developing community that offers enormous help. From amateurs to specialists, there's everybody. There are a lot of instructional exercises, documentation, and guides accessible for Python web development solutions. 

Today, numerous universities start with Python, adding to the quantity of individuals in the community. Frequently, Python designers team up on various tasks and help each other with algorithmic, utilitarian, and application critical thinking. 

Progressive applications 

Python is the greatest supporter of data science, Machine Learning, and Artificial Intelligence at any enterprise software development company. Its utilization cases in cutting edge applications are the most compelling motivation for its prosperity. Python is the second most well known tool after R for data analytics.

The simplicity of getting sorted out, overseeing, and visualizing information through unique libraries makes it ideal for data based applications. TensorFlow for neural networks and OpenCV for computer vision are two of Python's most well known use cases for Machine learning applications.

Summary

Thinking about the advances in programming and innovation, Python is a YES for an assorted scope of utilizations. Game development, web application development services, GUI advancement, ML and AI improvement, Enterprise and customer applications - every one of them uses Python to its full potential. 

The disadvantages of Python web improvement arrangements are regularly disregarded by developers and organizations because of the advantages it gives. They focus on quality over speed and performance over blunders. That is the reason it's a good idea to utilize Python for building the applications of the future.

#python development services #python development company #python app development #python development #python in web development #python software development

Basic Data Types in Python | Python Web Development For Beginners

At the end of 2019, Python is one of the fastest-growing programming languages. More than 10% of developers have opted for Python development.

In the programming world, Data types play an important role. Each Variable is stored in different data types and responsible for various functions. Python had two different objects, and They are mutable and immutable objects.

Table of Contents  hide

I Mutable objects

II Immutable objects

III Built-in data types in Python

Mutable objects

The Size and declared value and its sequence of the object can able to be modified called mutable objects.

Mutable Data Types are list, dict, set, byte array

Immutable objects

The Size and declared value and its sequence of the object can able to be modified.

Immutable data types are int, float, complex, String, tuples, bytes, and frozen sets.

id() and type() is used to know the Identity and data type of the object

a**=25+**85j

type**(a)**

output**:<class’complex’>**

b**={1:10,2:“Pinky”****}**

id**(b)**

output**:**238989244168

Built-in data types in Python

a**=str(“Hello python world”)****#str**

b**=int(18)****#int**

c**=float(20482.5)****#float**

d**=complex(5+85j)****#complex**

e**=list((“python”,“fast”,“growing”,“in”,2018))****#list**

f**=tuple((“python”,“easy”,“learning”))****#tuple**

g**=range(10)****#range**

h**=dict(name=“Vidu”,age=36)****#dict**

i**=set((“python”,“fast”,“growing”,“in”,2018))****#set**

j**=frozenset((“python”,“fast”,“growing”,“in”,2018))****#frozenset**

k**=bool(18)****#bool**

l**=bytes(8)****#bytes**

m**=bytearray(8)****#bytearray**

n**=memoryview(bytes(18))****#memoryview**

Numbers (int,Float,Complex)

Numbers are stored in numeric Types. when a number is assigned to a variable, Python creates Number objects.

#signed interger

age**=**18

print**(age)**

Output**:**18

Python supports 3 types of numeric data.

int (signed integers like 20, 2, 225, etc.)

float (float is used to store floating-point numbers like 9.8, 3.1444, 89.52, etc.)

complex (complex numbers like 8.94j, 4.0 + 7.3j, etc.)

A complex number contains an ordered pair, i.e., a + ib where a and b denote the real and imaginary parts respectively).

String

The string can be represented as the sequence of characters in the quotation marks. In python, to define strings we can use single, double, or triple quotes.

# String Handling

‘Hello Python’

#single (') Quoted String

“Hello Python”

# Double (") Quoted String

“”“Hello Python”“”

‘’‘Hello Python’‘’

# triple (‘’') (“”") Quoted String

In python, string handling is a straightforward task, and python provides various built-in functions and operators for representing strings.

The operator “+” is used to concatenate strings and “*” is used to repeat the string.

“Hello”+“python”

output**:****‘Hello python’**

"python "*****2

'Output : Python python ’

#python web development #data types in python #list of all python data types #python data types #python datatypes #python types #python variable type