Mypy: Optional Static Typing for Python

Mypy: Static Typing for Python

Got a question?

We are always happy to answer questions! Here are some good places to ask them:

• for anything you're curious about, try gitter chat
• for general questions about Python typing, try typing discussions

If you're just getting started, the documentation and type hints cheat sheet can also help answer questions.

If you think you've found a bug:

• check our common issues page
• search our issue tracker to see if it's already been reported
• consider asking on gitter chat

To report a bug or request an enhancement:

• report at our issue tracker
• if the issue is with a specific library or function, consider reporting it at typeshed tracker or the issue tracker for that library

To discuss a new type system feature:

• discuss at typing-sig mailing list
• there is also some historical discussion here

What is mypy?

Mypy is a static type checker for Python.

Type checkers help ensure that you're using variables and functions in your code correctly. With mypy, add type hints (PEP 484) to your Python programs, and mypy will warn you when you use those types incorrectly.

Python is a dynamic language, so usually you'll only see errors in your code when you attempt to run it. Mypy is a static checker, so it finds bugs in your programs without even running them!

Mypy is designed with gradual typing in mind. This means you can add type hints to your code base slowly and that you can always fall back to dynamic typing when static typing is not convenient.

Here is a small example to whet your appetite:

number = input("What is your favourite number?")
print("Well, my favourite number is: ", number + 1)  # error: Unsupported operand types for + ("str" and "int")

See the documentation for more examples.

In particular, see:

• type hints cheat sheet
• getting started

Quick start

Mypy can be installed using pip:

python3 -m pip install -U mypy

If you want to run the latest version of the code, you can install from git:

python3 -m pip install -U git+git://github.com/python/mypy.git

Now you can type-check the statically typed parts of a program like this:

mypy PROGRAM

You can always use the Python interpreter to run your statically typed programs, even if mypy reports type errors:

python3 PROGRAM

You can also try mypy in an online playground (developed by Yusuke Miyazaki).

Integrations

Mypy can be integrated into popular IDEs:

• Vim:
  • Using Syntastic: in ~/.vimrc add let g:syntastic_python_checkers=['mypy']
  • Using ALE: should be enabled by default when mypy is installed, or can be explicitly enabled by adding let b:ale_linters = ['mypy'] in ~/vim/ftplugin/python.vim
• Emacs: using Flycheck and Flycheck-mypy
• Sublime Text: SublimeLinter-contrib-mypy
• Atom: linter-mypy
• PyCharm: mypy plugin (PyCharm integrates its own implementation of PEP 484)
• VS Code: provides basic integration with mypy.
• pre-commit: use pre-commit mirrors-mypy.

Web site and documentation

Additional information is available at the web site:

http://www.mypy-lang.org/

Jump straight to the documentation:

https://mypy.readthedocs.io/

Follow along our changelog at:

https://mypy-lang.blogspot.com/

Contributing

Help in testing, development, documentation and other tasks is highly appreciated and useful to the project. There are tasks for contributors of all experience levels.

To get started with developing mypy, see CONTRIBUTING.md.

If you need help getting started, don't hesitate to ask on gitter.

Development status

Mypy is beta software, but it has already been used in production for several years at Dropbox and in many other organizations, and it has an extensive test suite.

mypyc and compiled version of mypy

Mypyc uses Python type hints to compile Python modules to faster C extensions. Mypy is itself compiled using mypyc: this makes mypy approximately 4 times faster than if interpreted!

To install an interpreted mypy instead, use:

python3 -m pip install --no-binary mypy -U mypy

To use a compiled version of a development version of mypy, directly install a binary from https://github.com/mypyc/mypy_mypyc-wheels/releases/latest.

To contribute to the mypyc project, check out https://github.com/mypyc/mypyc

Author: Python
Source Code: https://github.com/python/mypy 
License: View license

#python 

What is GEEK

Buddha Community

Cách tạo các nút radio tùy chỉnh tuyệt vời chỉ sử dụng HTML và CSS

Trong hướng dẫn này, bạn sẽ học cách tạo các Nút radio tùy chỉnh tuyệt vời chỉ bằng HTML và CSS. Để tạo các Nút radio tùy chỉnh tuyệt vời chỉ bằng HTML và CSS. Đầu tiên, bạn cần tạo hai Tệp, một Tệp HTML và một tệp khác là Tệp CSS.

1: Đầu tiên, tạo một tệp HTML với tên là index.html

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>Custom Radio Buttons | Codequs</title>
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="style.css">
</head>
<body>
  <div class="wrapper">
    <div class="title">Select your option</div>
    <div class="box">
      <input type="radio" name="select" id="option-1">
      <input type="radio" name="select" id="option-2">
      <input type="radio" name="select" id="option-3">
      <input type="radio" name="select" id="option-4">
      <label for="option-1" class="option-1">
        <div class="dot"></div>
        <div class="text">Gamer</div>
      </label>
      <label for="option-2" class="option-2">
        <div class="dot"></div>
        <div class="text">YouTuber</div>
      </label>
      <label for="option-3" class="option-3">
        <div class="dot"></div>
        <div class="text">Student</div>
      </label>
      <label for="option-4" class="option-4">
        <div class="dot"></div>
        <div class="text">Developer</div>
      </label>
    </div>
  </div>

</body>
</html>

2: Thứ hai, tạo một tệp CSS với tên là style.css

 

@import url('https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Poppins:wght@200;300;400;500;600;700&display=swap');
*{
    margin: 0;
    padding: 0;
    box-sizing: border-box;
    font-family: 'Poppins', sans-serif;
}
html,body{
  display: grid;
  height: 100%;
  place-items: center;
}
.wrapper{
  width: 350px;
  background: #fff;
  border-radius: 10px;
  box-shadow: 5px 5px 30px rgba(0,0,0,0.2);
}
.wrapper .title{
  color: #fff;
  line-height: 65px;
  text-align: center;
  background: #333;
  font-size: 25px;
  font-weight: 500;
  border-radius: 10px 10px 0 0;
}
.wrapper .box{
  padding: 20px 30px;
  background: #fff;
  border-radius: 10px;
}
.wrapper .box label{
  display: flex;
  height: 53px;
  width: 100%;
  align-items: center;
  border: 1px solid lightgrey;
  border-radius: 50px;
  margin: 10px 0;
  padding-left: 20px;
  cursor: default;
  transition: all 0.3s ease;
}
#option-1:checked ~ .option-1,
#option-2:checked ~ .option-2,
#option-3:checked ~ .option-3,
#option-4:checked ~ .option-4{
  background: #333;
  border-color: #333;
}
.wrapper .box label .dot{
  height: 20px;
  width: 20px;
  background: #d9d9d9;
  border-radius: 50%;
  position: relative;
  transition: all 0.3s ease;
}
#option-1:checked ~ .option-1 .dot,
#option-2:checked ~ .option-2 .dot,
#option-3:checked ~ .option-3 .dot,
#option-4:checked ~ .option-4 .dot{
  background: #fff;
}
.box label .dot::before{
  position: absolute;
  content: "";
  top: 50%;
  left: 50%;
  transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(2);
  width: 9px;
  height: 9px;
  border-radius: 50%;
  transition: all 0.3s ease;
}
#option-1:checked ~ .option-1 .dot::before,
#option-2:checked ~ .option-2 .dot::before,
#option-3:checked ~ .option-3 .dot::before,
#option-4:checked ~ .option-4 .dot::before{
  background: #333;
  transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(1);
}
.wrapper .box label .text{
  color: #333;
  font-size: 18px;
  font-weight: 400;
  padding-left: 10px;
  transition: color 0.3s ease;
}
#option-1:checked ~ .option-1 .text,
#option-2:checked ~ .option-2 .text,
#option-3:checked ~ .option-3 .text,
#option-4:checked ~ .option-4 .text{
  color: #fff;
}
.wrapper .box input[type="radio"]{
  display: none;
}

Bây giờ bạn đã tạo thành công các Nút radio tùy chỉnh tuyệt vời chỉ bằng HTML và CSS.

Как создать потрясающие настраиваемые радиокнопки, используя только HTML и CSS

В этом руководстве вы узнаете, как создавать потрясающие настраиваемые радиокнопки, используя только HTML и CSS. Чтобы создать удивительные пользовательские радиокнопки, используя только HTML и CSS. Во-первых, вам нужно создать два файла: один файл HTML, а другой — файл CSS.

1: Сначала создайте файл HTML с именем index.html.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>Custom Radio Buttons | Codequs</title>
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="style.css">
</head>
<body>
  <div class="wrapper">
    <div class="title">Select your option</div>
    <div class="box">
      <input type="radio" name="select" id="option-1">
      <input type="radio" name="select" id="option-2">
      <input type="radio" name="select" id="option-3">
      <input type="radio" name="select" id="option-4">
      <label for="option-1" class="option-1">
        <div class="dot"></div>
        <div class="text">Gamer</div>
      </label>
      <label for="option-2" class="option-2">
        <div class="dot"></div>
        <div class="text">YouTuber</div>
      </label>
      <label for="option-3" class="option-3">
        <div class="dot"></div>
        <div class="text">Student</div>
      </label>
      <label for="option-4" class="option-4">
        <div class="dot"></div>
        <div class="text">Developer</div>
      </label>
    </div>
  </div>

</body>
</html>

2: Во-вторых, создайте файл CSS с именем style.css.

 

@import url('https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Poppins:wght@200;300;400;500;600;700&display=swap');
*{
    margin: 0;
    padding: 0;
    box-sizing: border-box;
    font-family: 'Poppins', sans-serif;
}
html,body{
  display: grid;
  height: 100%;
  place-items: center;
}
.wrapper{
  width: 350px;
  background: #fff;
  border-radius: 10px;
  box-shadow: 5px 5px 30px rgba(0,0,0,0.2);
}
.wrapper .title{
  color: #fff;
  line-height: 65px;
  text-align: center;
  background: #333;
  font-size: 25px;
  font-weight: 500;
  border-radius: 10px 10px 0 0;
}
.wrapper .box{
  padding: 20px 30px;
  background: #fff;
  border-radius: 10px;
}
.wrapper .box label{
  display: flex;
  height: 53px;
  width: 100%;
  align-items: center;
  border: 1px solid lightgrey;
  border-radius: 50px;
  margin: 10px 0;
  padding-left: 20px;
  cursor: default;
  transition: all 0.3s ease;
}
#option-1:checked ~ .option-1,
#option-2:checked ~ .option-2,
#option-3:checked ~ .option-3,
#option-4:checked ~ .option-4{
  background: #333;
  border-color: #333;
}
.wrapper .box label .dot{
  height: 20px;
  width: 20px;
  background: #d9d9d9;
  border-radius: 50%;
  position: relative;
  transition: all 0.3s ease;
}
#option-1:checked ~ .option-1 .dot,
#option-2:checked ~ .option-2 .dot,
#option-3:checked ~ .option-3 .dot,
#option-4:checked ~ .option-4 .dot{
  background: #fff;
}
.box label .dot::before{
  position: absolute;
  content: "";
  top: 50%;
  left: 50%;
  transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(2);
  width: 9px;
  height: 9px;
  border-radius: 50%;
  transition: all 0.3s ease;
}
#option-1:checked ~ .option-1 .dot::before,
#option-2:checked ~ .option-2 .dot::before,
#option-3:checked ~ .option-3 .dot::before,
#option-4:checked ~ .option-4 .dot::before{
  background: #333;
  transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(1);
}
.wrapper .box label .text{
  color: #333;
  font-size: 18px;
  font-weight: 400;
  padding-left: 10px;
  transition: color 0.3s ease;
}
#option-1:checked ~ .option-1 .text,
#option-2:checked ~ .option-2 .text,
#option-3:checked ~ .option-3 .text,
#option-4:checked ~ .option-4 .text{
  color: #fff;
}
.wrapper .box input[type="radio"]{
  display: none;
}

Теперь вы успешно создали потрясающие настраиваемые радиокнопки, используя только HTML и CSS.

How to Create Awesome Custom Radio Buttons using only HTML & CSS

In this guide, you’ll learn how to create Awesome Custom Radio Buttons using only HTML & CSS. To create Awesome Custom Radio Buttons using only HTML & CSS. First, you need to create two Files one HTML File and another one is CSS File.

1: First, create an HTML file with the name of index.html

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>Custom Radio Buttons | Codequs</title>
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="style.css">
</head>
<body>
  <div class="wrapper">
    <div class="title">Select your option</div>
    <div class="box">
      <input type="radio" name="select" id="option-1">
      <input type="radio" name="select" id="option-2">
      <input type="radio" name="select" id="option-3">
      <input type="radio" name="select" id="option-4">
      <label for="option-1" class="option-1">
        <div class="dot"></div>
        <div class="text">Gamer</div>
      </label>
      <label for="option-2" class="option-2">
        <div class="dot"></div>
        <div class="text">YouTuber</div>
      </label>
      <label for="option-3" class="option-3">
        <div class="dot"></div>
        <div class="text">Student</div>
      </label>
      <label for="option-4" class="option-4">
        <div class="dot"></div>
        <div class="text">Developer</div>
      </label>
    </div>
  </div>

</body>
</html>

2: Second, create a CSS file with the name of style.css

 

@import url('https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Poppins:wght@200;300;400;500;600;700&display=swap');
*{
    margin: 0;
    padding: 0;
    box-sizing: border-box;
    font-family: 'Poppins', sans-serif;
}
html,body{
  display: grid;
  height: 100%;
  place-items: center;
}
.wrapper{
  width: 350px;
  background: #fff;
  border-radius: 10px;
  box-shadow: 5px 5px 30px rgba(0,0,0,0.2);
}
.wrapper .title{
  color: #fff;
  line-height: 65px;
  text-align: center;
  background: #333;
  font-size: 25px;
  font-weight: 500;
  border-radius: 10px 10px 0 0;
}
.wrapper .box{
  padding: 20px 30px;
  background: #fff;
  border-radius: 10px;
}
.wrapper .box label{
  display: flex;
  height: 53px;
  width: 100%;
  align-items: center;
  border: 1px solid lightgrey;
  border-radius: 50px;
  margin: 10px 0;
  padding-left: 20px;
  cursor: default;
  transition: all 0.3s ease;
}
#option-1:checked ~ .option-1,
#option-2:checked ~ .option-2,
#option-3:checked ~ .option-3,
#option-4:checked ~ .option-4{
  background: #333;
  border-color: #333;
}
.wrapper .box label .dot{
  height: 20px;
  width: 20px;
  background: #d9d9d9;
  border-radius: 50%;
  position: relative;
  transition: all 0.3s ease;
}
#option-1:checked ~ .option-1 .dot,
#option-2:checked ~ .option-2 .dot,
#option-3:checked ~ .option-3 .dot,
#option-4:checked ~ .option-4 .dot{
  background: #fff;
}
.box label .dot::before{
  position: absolute;
  content: "";
  top: 50%;
  left: 50%;
  transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(2);
  width: 9px;
  height: 9px;
  border-radius: 50%;
  transition: all 0.3s ease;
}
#option-1:checked ~ .option-1 .dot::before,
#option-2:checked ~ .option-2 .dot::before,
#option-3:checked ~ .option-3 .dot::before,
#option-4:checked ~ .option-4 .dot::before{
  background: #333;
  transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(1);
}
.wrapper .box label .text{
  color: #333;
  font-size: 18px;
  font-weight: 400;
  padding-left: 10px;
  transition: color 0.3s ease;
}
#option-1:checked ~ .option-1 .text,
#option-2:checked ~ .option-2 .text,
#option-3:checked ~ .option-3 .text,
#option-4:checked ~ .option-4 .text{
  color: #fff;
}
.wrapper .box input[type="radio"]{
  display: none;
}

Now you’ve successfully created Awesome Custom Radio Buttons using only HTML & CSS.

#html #css 

Cómo crear impresionantes botones de radio personalizados usando solo HTML y CSS

En esta guía, aprenderá cómo crear impresionantes botones de radio personalizados usando solo HTML y CSS. Para crear impresionantes botones de radio personalizados usando solo HTML y CSS. Primero, debe crear dos archivos, un archivo HTML y otro es un archivo CSS.

1: Primero, cree un archivo HTML con el nombre de index.html

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>Custom Radio Buttons | Codequs</title>
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="style.css">
</head>
<body>
  <div class="wrapper">
    <div class="title">Select your option</div>
    <div class="box">
      <input type="radio" name="select" id="option-1">
      <input type="radio" name="select" id="option-2">
      <input type="radio" name="select" id="option-3">
      <input type="radio" name="select" id="option-4">
      <label for="option-1" class="option-1">
        <div class="dot"></div>
        <div class="text">Gamer</div>
      </label>
      <label for="option-2" class="option-2">
        <div class="dot"></div>
        <div class="text">YouTuber</div>
      </label>
      <label for="option-3" class="option-3">
        <div class="dot"></div>
        <div class="text">Student</div>
      </label>
      <label for="option-4" class="option-4">
        <div class="dot"></div>
        <div class="text">Developer</div>
      </label>
    </div>
  </div>

</body>
</html>

2: Segundo, crea un archivo CSS con el nombre de style.css

 

@import url('https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Poppins:wght@200;300;400;500;600;700&display=swap');
*{
    margin: 0;
    padding: 0;
    box-sizing: border-box;
    font-family: 'Poppins', sans-serif;
}
html,body{
  display: grid;
  height: 100%;
  place-items: center;
}
.wrapper{
  width: 350px;
  background: #fff;
  border-radius: 10px;
  box-shadow: 5px 5px 30px rgba(0,0,0,0.2);
}
.wrapper .title{
  color: #fff;
  line-height: 65px;
  text-align: center;
  background: #333;
  font-size: 25px;
  font-weight: 500;
  border-radius: 10px 10px 0 0;
}
.wrapper .box{
  padding: 20px 30px;
  background: #fff;
  border-radius: 10px;
}
.wrapper .box label{
  display: flex;
  height: 53px;
  width: 100%;
  align-items: center;
  border: 1px solid lightgrey;
  border-radius: 50px;
  margin: 10px 0;
  padding-left: 20px;
  cursor: default;
  transition: all 0.3s ease;
}
#option-1:checked ~ .option-1,
#option-2:checked ~ .option-2,
#option-3:checked ~ .option-3,
#option-4:checked ~ .option-4{
  background: #333;
  border-color: #333;
}
.wrapper .box label .dot{
  height: 20px;
  width: 20px;
  background: #d9d9d9;
  border-radius: 50%;
  position: relative;
  transition: all 0.3s ease;
}
#option-1:checked ~ .option-1 .dot,
#option-2:checked ~ .option-2 .dot,
#option-3:checked ~ .option-3 .dot,
#option-4:checked ~ .option-4 .dot{
  background: #fff;
}
.box label .dot::before{
  position: absolute;
  content: "";
  top: 50%;
  left: 50%;
  transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(2);
  width: 9px;
  height: 9px;
  border-radius: 50%;
  transition: all 0.3s ease;
}
#option-1:checked ~ .option-1 .dot::before,
#option-2:checked ~ .option-2 .dot::before,
#option-3:checked ~ .option-3 .dot::before,
#option-4:checked ~ .option-4 .dot::before{
  background: #333;
  transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(1);
}
.wrapper .box label .text{
  color: #333;
  font-size: 18px;
  font-weight: 400;
  padding-left: 10px;
  transition: color 0.3s ease;
}
#option-1:checked ~ .option-1 .text,
#option-2:checked ~ .option-2 .text,
#option-3:checked ~ .option-3 .text,
#option-4:checked ~ .option-4 .text{
  color: #fff;
}
.wrapper .box input[type="radio"]{
  display: none;
}

Ahora ha creado con éxito impresionantes botones de radio personalizados usando solo HTML y CSS.

HTMLとCSSのみを使用して素晴らしいカスタムラジオボタンを作成する方法

このガイドでは、HTMLとCSSのみを使用して素晴らしいカスタムラジオボタンを作成する方法を学習します。HTMLとCSSのみを使用して素晴らしいカスタムラジオボタンを作成します。まず、2つのファイルを作成する必要があります。1つはHTMLファイルで、もう1つはCSSファイルです。

1：まず、index.htmlという名前のHTMLファイルを作成します

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>Custom Radio Buttons | Codequs</title>
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="style.css">
</head>
<body>
  <div class="wrapper">
    <div class="title">Select your option</div>
    <div class="box">
      <input type="radio" name="select" id="option-1">
      <input type="radio" name="select" id="option-2">
      <input type="radio" name="select" id="option-3">
      <input type="radio" name="select" id="option-4">
      <label for="option-1" class="option-1">
        <div class="dot"></div>
        <div class="text">Gamer</div>
      </label>
      <label for="option-2" class="option-2">
        <div class="dot"></div>
        <div class="text">YouTuber</div>
      </label>
      <label for="option-3" class="option-3">
        <div class="dot"></div>
        <div class="text">Student</div>
      </label>
      <label for="option-4" class="option-4">
        <div class="dot"></div>
        <div class="text">Developer</div>
      </label>
    </div>
  </div>

</body>
</html>

2：次に、style.cssという名前のCSSファイルを作成します

 

@import url('https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Poppins:wght@200;300;400;500;600;700&display=swap');
*{
    margin: 0;
    padding: 0;
    box-sizing: border-box;
    font-family: 'Poppins', sans-serif;
}
html,body{
  display: grid;
  height: 100%;
  place-items: center;
}
.wrapper{
  width: 350px;
  background: #fff;
  border-radius: 10px;
  box-shadow: 5px 5px 30px rgba(0,0,0,0.2);
}
.wrapper .title{
  color: #fff;
  line-height: 65px;
  text-align: center;
  background: #333;
  font-size: 25px;
  font-weight: 500;
  border-radius: 10px 10px 0 0;
}
.wrapper .box{
  padding: 20px 30px;
  background: #fff;
  border-radius: 10px;
}
.wrapper .box label{
  display: flex;
  height: 53px;
  width: 100%;
  align-items: center;
  border: 1px solid lightgrey;
  border-radius: 50px;
  margin: 10px 0;
  padding-left: 20px;
  cursor: default;
  transition: all 0.3s ease;
}
#option-1:checked ~ .option-1,
#option-2:checked ~ .option-2,
#option-3:checked ~ .option-3,
#option-4:checked ~ .option-4{
  background: #333;
  border-color: #333;
}
.wrapper .box label .dot{
  height: 20px;
  width: 20px;
  background: #d9d9d9;
  border-radius: 50%;
  position: relative;
  transition: all 0.3s ease;
}
#option-1:checked ~ .option-1 .dot,
#option-2:checked ~ .option-2 .dot,
#option-3:checked ~ .option-3 .dot,
#option-4:checked ~ .option-4 .dot{
  background: #fff;
}
.box label .dot::before{
  position: absolute;
  content: "";
  top: 50%;
  left: 50%;
  transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(2);
  width: 9px;
  height: 9px;
  border-radius: 50%;
  transition: all 0.3s ease;
}
#option-1:checked ~ .option-1 .dot::before,
#option-2:checked ~ .option-2 .dot::before,
#option-3:checked ~ .option-3 .dot::before,
#option-4:checked ~ .option-4 .dot::before{
  background: #333;
  transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(1);
}
.wrapper .box label .text{
  color: #333;
  font-size: 18px;
  font-weight: 400;
  padding-left: 10px;
  transition: color 0.3s ease;
}
#option-1:checked ~ .option-1 .text,
#option-2:checked ~ .option-2 .text,
#option-3:checked ~ .option-3 .text,
#option-4:checked ~ .option-4 .text{
  color: #fff;
}
.wrapper .box input[type="radio"]{
  display: none;
}

これで、HTMLとCSSのみを使用して素晴らしいカスタムラジオボタンを正常に作成できました。