Felix Kling

Felix Kling

1649043577

A Guide to the 'this' Keyword in JavaScript

The this keyword can be very confusing. Not anymore. This guide will help you understand what this keyword refers to in specific contexts.

Many JavaScript developers try to avoid using the this keyword. One reason is that what this refers to changes. This guide will help you with it. You will learn what this keyword refers to in specific contexts. This will make it easier for you to work with it and help you predict what to expect when you use it.
 

Quick introduction

The this is a special keyword in JavaScript. There is one problem JavaScript developers struggle with when they learn about this. It can have different values. It can refer to different things. What determines what this refers to is context, the context at which you use it. Let’s take a look at these contexts and what to expect from this keyword in each of them.

Strict and sloppy mode

In JavaScript, there are two modes or variants of JavaScript you can work with. The first one is strict mode. The second one is sloppy mode. By default, you write your JavaScript code in a sloppy mode. This mode is more … sloppy. It allows you to do things that would be forbidden in a strict mode. These things would not work.

JavaScript offers you an option to switch from sloppy mode to strict mode. You can do this by using 'use strict' statement at the beginning of your code. Any code that follows after this statement will automatically follow the rules and restrictions of strict mode. This also includes the this keyword.

Global scope

When you are in a global scope, the this keyword will refer to the global object window. This is the case at least if you are in the browser. If you are in a Node.js environment, the this will refer to global object called global. In a global scope, it doesn’t matter if you are in a sloppy mode or a strict mode.

// Global context example no.1: sloppy mode
console.log(this)
// Output:
// Window {0: Window, 1: Window, window: Window, self: Window, document: document, name: "", location: Location, …}

// In Node.js:
console.log(this)
// Output:
// <ref *1> Object [global] {
//   global: [Circular *1],
//   clearInterval: [Function: clearInterval],
//   clearTimeout: [Function: clearTimeout],
//   setInterval: [Function: setInterval],
//   setTimeout: [Function: setTimeout] {
//     [Symbol(nodejs.util.promisify.custom)]: [Getter]
//   },
//   queueMicrotask: [Function: queueMicrotask],
//   clearImmediate: [Function: clearImmediate],
//   setImmediate: [Function: setImmediate] {
//     [Symbol(nodejs.util.promisify.custom)]: [Getter]
//   }
// }


// Global context example no.2: strict mode
// Switch to strict mode.
'use strict'

console.log(this)
// Output:
// Window {0: Window, 1: Window, window: Window, self: Window, document: document, name: "", location: Location, …}

// In Node.js:
console.log(this)
// Output:
// <ref *1> Object [global] {
//   global: [Circular *1],
//   clearInterval: [Function: clearInterval],
//   clearTimeout: [Function: clearTimeout],
//   setInterval: [Function: setInterval],
//   setTimeout: [Function: setTimeout] {
//     [Symbol(nodejs.util.promisify.custom)]: [Getter]
//   },
//   queueMicrotask: [Function: queueMicrotask],
//   clearImmediate: [Function: clearImmediate],
//   setImmediate: [Function: setImmediate] {
//     [Symbol(nodejs.util.promisify.custom)]: [Getter]
//   }
// }

Functions

When it comes to [functions], the mode at which you are makes a difference for the this keyword. When you are in sloppy mode, this will refer to the global object window. Global object global in Node.js. This is true even for functions declared inside another functions, in a local scope.

// Function example no.1: function in a global scope
// Declare a function.
function foo() {
  // Log the value of this
  console.log(this)
  console.log(this === window)
}

// Invoke foo() function.
foo()
// Output:
// Window {0: Window, 1: Window, window: Window, self: Window, document: document, name: "", location: Location, …}
// true


// Function example no.2: function in a local scope
// Declare a function.
function foo() {
  return function bar() {
    // Log the value of this
    console.log(this)
    console.log(this === window)
  }
}

// Invoke foo() and bar() functions.
foo()()
// Output:
// Window {0: Window, 1: Window, window: Window, self: Window, document: document, name: "", location: Location, …}
// true

Strict mode

This will change if you switch your JavaScript code to strict mode. In a strict mode, the default value of this in a function is set to undefined.

// Strict mode example no.1: function in a global scope
// Switch to strict mode.
'use strict'

// Declare a function.
function foo() {
  // Log the value of this
  console.log(this)
  console.log(this === window)
}

// Invoke foo() function.
foo()
// Output:
// undefined
// false


// Strict mode example no.2: function in a local scope
// Switch to strict mode.
'use strict'

// Declare a function.
function foo() {
  return function bar() {
    // Log the value of this
    console.log(this)
    console.log(this === window)
  }
}

// Invoke foo() and bar() functions.
foo()()
// Output:
// undefined
// false

Immediately Invoked Function Expression (IIFE)

The this keyword works in IIFEs like in regular functions. In a sloppy mode, this will refer to the global object window. If you switch to a strict the value of this will become undefined.

// IIFE example no.1: sloppy mode
// Declare IIFE.
(function() {
  console.log(this)
  console.log(this === window)
})()
// Output:
// Window {0: Window, 1: Window, window: Window, self: Window, document: document, name: "", location: Location, …}
// true


// IIFE example no.2: strict mode
// Switch to strict mode.
'use strict';

// Declare IIFE.
(function() {
  console.log(this)
  console.log(this === window)
})()
// Output:
// undefined
// false

Function constructors

When you want to create new functions with similar behavior you can use function constructor. This allows you to create a blueprint you can then use for your functions. If you use function constructor remember one thing. The this keyword inside a constructor will refer to the instance of that constructor, not the constructor itself. This applies to both, sloppy and strict mode.

// Function constructors example no.1: sloppy mode
// Create function constructor Person.
function Person(name, age) {
  this.name = name
  this.age = age

  this.readPerson = function() {
    console.log(this)
  }
}

// Create joe instance.
const joe = new Person('Joe', 31)

// Create natalie instance.
const natalie = new Person('Natalie', 28)

// Invoke readPerson() method on joe instance.
joe.readPerson()
// Output:
// Person {
//   name: 'Joe',
//   age: 31,
//   readPerson: ƒ (),
//   __proto__: Person { constructor: ƒ Person() }
// }

// Invoke readPerson() method on natalie instance.
natalie.readPerson()
// Output:
// Person {
//   name: 'Natalie',
//   age: 28,
//   readPerson: ƒ (),
//   __proto__: Person { constructor: ƒ Person() }
// }


// Function constructors example no.2: strict mode
// Switch to strict mode.
'use strict'

// Create function constructor Person.
function Person(name, age) {
  this.name = name
  this.age = age

  this.readPerson = function() {
    console.log(this)
  }
}

// Create joe instance.
const joe = new Person('Joe', 31)

// Create natalie instance.
const natalie = new Person('Natalie', 28)

// Invoke readPerson() method on joe instance.
joe.readPerson()
// Output:
// Person {
//   name: 'Joe',
//   age: 31,
//   readPerson: ƒ (),
//   __proto__: Person { constructor: ƒ Person() }
// }

// Invoke readPerson() method on natalie instance.
natalie.readPerson()
// Output:
// Person {
//   name: 'Natalie',
//   age: 28,
//   readPerson: ƒ (),
//   __proto__: Person { constructor: ƒ Person() }
// }

Objects and methods

When you use this keyword in an object method, the result can vary. What matters is if the method is a regular function or an arrow function. You will learn about this and arrow functions later. For now, let’s focus on regular functions.

When you use this in an object method, it will refer to the object itself. This is for both, sloppy as well as strict mode.

// Object example no.1: sloppy mode
const myObj = {
  name: 'Jack',
  age: 30,
  readObj() {
    console.log(this)
  }
}

// Invoke the readObj() method on myObj.
myObj.readObj()
// Output:
// { name: 'Jack', age: 30, readObj: ƒ readObj() }


// Object example no.2: strict mode
// Switch to strict mode.
'use strict'

const myObj = {
  name: 'Jack',
  age: 30,
  readObj() {
    console.log(this)
  }
}

// Invoke the readObj() method on myObj.
myObj.readObj()
// Output:
// { name: 'Jack', age: 30, readObj: ƒ readObj() }

Classes

JavaScript classes are a newer addition to JavaScript. They are definitely one of those more discussed features. Some developers like to use them and some not. If you like using them, or want to start using them, you will like what follows. When it comes to classes, the this keyword is very consistent and predictable.

It doesn’t matter if you are in a sloppy mode or a strict mode. If you use this in a class it will refer to the class itself.

// Classes example no.1: with instantiation in sloppy mode (regular function, no binding)
// Declare a class with public property and method.
class Person {
  constructor(name) {
    this.name = name
  }

  sayHi() {
    console.log(this)
  }
}

// Instantiate the Person class.
const joshua = new Person('Joshua')

// Invoke sayHi() on "joshua" instance.
joshua.sayHi()
// Output:
// Person {name: "Joshua"}


// Classes example no.2: with instantiation in sloppy mode (arrow function)
// Declare a class with public property and method.
class Person {
  constructor(name) {
    this.name = name
  }

  sayHi = () => {
    console.log(this)
  }
}

// Instantiate the Person class.
const joshua = new Person('Joshua')

// Invoke sayHi() on "joshua" instance.
joshua.sayHi()
// Output:
// Person {name: "Joshua", sayHi: ƒ}


// Classes example no.3: with instantiation in strict mode (regular function, no binding)
// Switch to strict mode.
'use strict'

// Declare a class with public property and method.
class Person {
  constructor(name) {
    this.name = name
  }

  sayHi() {
    console.log(this)
  }
}

// Instantiate the Person class.
const joshua = new Person('Joshua')

// Invoke sayHi() on "joshua" instance.
joshua.sayHi()
// Output:
// Person {name: "Joshua"}


// Classes example no.4: with instantiation in strict mode (arrow function)
// Switch to strict mode.
'use strict'

// Declare a class with public property and method.
class Person {
  constructor(name) {
    this.name = name
  }

  sayHi = () => {
    console.log(this)
  }
}

// Instantiate the Person class.
const joshua = new Person('Joshua')

// Invoke sayHi() on "joshua" instance.
joshua.sayHi()
// Output:
// Person {
//   sayHi: ƒ (),
//   name: 'Joshua',
//   __proto__: Person { constructor: ƒ Person() }
// }


// Classes example no.5: without instantiation in sloppy mode (regular function, no binding)
// Declare a class with static property and method.
class Person {
  static name = 'Luke'
  static sayHi() {
    console.log(this)
    console.log(this === Person)
  }
}

// Invoke sayHi() method.
Person.sayHi()
// Output:
// class Person {
//   static name = 'Luke'
//   static sayHi() {
//     console.log(this)
//     console.log(this === Person)
//   }
// }
// true


// Classes example no.6: without instantiation in sloppy mode (arrow function)
// Declare a class with static property and method.
class Person {
  static name = 'Luke'
  static sayHi = () => {
    console.log(this)
    console.log(this === Person)
  }
}

// Invoke sayHi() method.
Person.sayHi()
// Output:
// class Person {
//   static name = 'Luke'
//   static sayHi = () => {
//     console.log(this)
//     console.log(this === Person)
//   }
// }
// true


// Classes example no.7: without instantiation in strict mode (regular function, no binding)
// Switch to strict mode.
'use strict'

// Declare a class with static property and method.
class Person {
  static name = 'Luke'
  static sayHi() {
    console.log(this)
    console.log(this === Person)
  }
}

// Invoke sayHi() method.
Person.sayHi()
// Output:
// class Person {
//   static name = 'Luke'
//   static sayHi() {
//     console.log(this)
//     console.log(this === Person)
//   }
// }
// true


// Classes example no.8: without instantiation in strict mode (arrow function)
// Switch to strict mode.
'use strict'

// Declare a class with static property and method.
class Person {
  static name = 'Luke'
  static sayHi = () => {
    console.log(this)
    console.log(this === Person)
  }
}

// Invoke sayHi() method.
Person.sayHi()
// Output:
// class Person {
//   static name = 'Luke'
//   static sayHi = () => {
//     console.log(this)
//     console.log(this === Person)
//   }
// }
// true

Event listeners

When you use the this keyword with event listeners, it will refer to the HTML element to which you attach the event listener. If you attach event listener to a button, this will refer to that button element. That button will become value of this. If you attach event listener to global window object, this will refer to the global window object.

// Event listener example no.1: sloppy mode
// Find button in the DOM.
const btn = document.querySelector('.btn')

// Attach event listener to the button.
btn.addEventListener('click', function() {
  console.log(this)
  console.log(this === window)
})

// Output on click on the button:
// <button>Click me</button>
// false


// Arrow function example no.2: strict mode
// Switch to strict mode.
'use strict'

// Find button in the DOM.
const btn = document.querySelector('.btn')

// Attach event listener to the button.
btn.addEventListener('click', function() {
  console.log(this)
  console.log(this === window)
})

// Output on click on the button:
// <button>Click me</button>
// false


// Arrow function example no.3: event listener on window
// Attach event listener to the button.
window.addEventListener('click', function() {
  console.log(this)
  console.log(this === window)
})

// Output on click on the button:
// Window {0: Window, 1: Window, window: Window, self: Window, document: document, name: "", location: Location, …}
// true

Arrow functions

With arrow functions, this keyword works differently than with regular functions. Arrow functions don’t have their own this. When you use this in an arrow function it will inherit its value from its context. Context here is the context at which you defined that arrow function.

Global and local scope, this and arrow functions

If your arrow function is in a global scope, this will refer to the global object window. This is true for sloppy and strict mode. It is also true if the arrow function is inside a regular function, in a sloppy mode. If you are in a strict mode, and arrow function is inside a regular function, the value of this will be undefined.

// Arrow function example no.1: global function in a sloppy mode
// Declare an arrow function.
const foo = () => {
  // Log the value of this.
  console.log(this)
  console.log(this === window)
}

// Invoke foo() and bar() functions.
foo()
// Output:
// Window {0: Window, 1: Window, window: Window, self: Window, document: document, name: "", location: Location, …}
// true


// Arrow function example no.2: global function in a strict mode
// Switch to strict mode.
'use strict'

// Declare a function.
const foo = () => {
  // Log the value of this.
  console.log(this)
  console.log(this === window)
}

// Invoke foo() and bar() functions.
foo()
// Output:
// Window {0: Window, 1: Window, window: Window, self: Window, document: document, name: "", location: Location, …}
// true


// Arrow function example no.3: local function in a sloppy mode
// Declare a regular function.
function foo() {
  // Return an arrow function.
  return () => {
    // Log the value of this.
    console.log(this)
    console.log(this === window)
  }
}

// Invoke foo() and bar() functions.
foo()()
// Output:
// Window {0: Window, 1: Window, window: Window, self: Window, document: document, name: "", location: Location, …}
// true


// Arrow function example no.4: local function in a strict mode
// Switch to strict mode.
'use strict'

// Declare a regular function.
function foo() {
  // Return an arrow function.
  return () => {
    // Log the value of this.
    console.log(this)
    console.log(this === window)
  }
}

// Invoke foo() and bar() functions
foo()()
// Output:
// undefined
// false

Arrow IIFEs

When you use arrow function to create Immediately Invoked Function Expression (IIFE) this will refer to global window object. This applies to both, sloppy as well as strict mode.

// Arrow IIFE example no.1: sloppy mode
// Declare arrow IIFE.
(() => {
  console.log(this)
  console.log(this === window)
})()
// Output:
// Window {0: Window, 1: Window, window: Window, self: Window, document: document, name: "", location: Location, …}
// true


// Arrow IIFE example no.2: strict mode
// Switch to strict mode.
'use strict';

// Declare arrow IIFE.
(() => {
  console.log(this)
  console.log(this === window)
})()
// Output:
// Window {0: Window, 1: Window, window: Window, self: Window, document: document, name: "", location: Location, …}
// true

Objects, classes, this and arrow functions

If you declared your arrow function in an object, this will refer to global object window. In case of a class, it will refer to the class itself.

// Arrow function example no.5: object in sloppy mode
// Declare an object.
const obj = {
  name: 'Luke',
  sayHi: () => {
    console.log(this)
    console.log(this === window)
  }
}

obj.sayHi()
// Output:
// Window {0: Window, 1: Window, window: Window, self: Window, document: document, name: "", location: Location, …}
// true


// Arrow function example no.6: object in strict mode
// Switch to strict mode.
'use strict'

// Declare a function
const obj = {
  name: 'Luke',
  sayHi: () => {
    console.log(this)
    console.log(this === window)
  }
}

obj.sayHi()
// Output:
// Window {0: Window, 1: Window, window: Window, self: Window, document: document, name: "", location: Location, …}
// true


// Arrow function example no.7: class in sloppy mode
// Declare a class with static property and method.
class Person {
  static name = 'Luke'
  static sayHi = () => {
    console.log(this)
    console.log(this === Person)
  }
}

Person.sayHi()
// Output:
// Luke()
// true


// Arrow function example no.8: class in strict mode
// Switch to strict mode.
'use strict'

// Declare a class with static property and method.
class Person {
  static name = 'Luke'
  static sayHi = () => {
    console.log(this)
    console.log(this === Person)
  }
}

Person.sayHi()
// Output:
// Luke()
// true

Event listeners, this and arrow functions

If you use arrow function as a callback for event listener, this will refer to global object window. This will happen in both, sloppy and also strict mode.

// Arrow function example no.9: event listener in sloppy mode
// Find button in the DOM.
const btn = document.querySelector('.btn')

// Attach event listener to the button.
btn.addEventListener('click', () => {
  console.log(this)
  console.log(this === window)
})

// Output on click on the button:
// Window {0: Window, 1: Window, window: Window, self: Window, document: document, name: "", location: Location, …}
// true


// Arrow function example no.10: event listener in strict mode
// Switch to strict mode.
'use strict'

// Find button in the DOM.
const btn = document.querySelector('.btn')

// Attach event listener to the button.
btn.addEventListener('click', () => {
  console.log(this)
  console.log(this === window)
})

// Output on click on the button:
// Window {0: Window, 1: Window, window: Window, self: Window, document: document, name: "", location: Location, …}
// true


// Arrow function example no.11: event listener on window
// Attach event listener to the button.
window.addEventListener('click', () => {
  console.log(this)
  console.log(this === window)
})

// Output on click on the button:
// Window {0: Window, 1: Window, window: Window, self: Window, document: document, name: "", location: Location, …}
// true

Conclusion

The this keyword can be sometimes confusing and unpredictable. It is no wonder some JavaScript developers don’t like to use it, and even discourage it. I hope that this tutorial helped you understand what this keyword refers to in specific contexts.

Original article source at https://blog.alexdevero.com

#javascript #js #programming 

What is GEEK

Buddha Community

A Guide to the 'this' Keyword in JavaScript

Rahul Jangid

1622207074

What is JavaScript - Stackfindover - Blog

Who invented JavaScript, how it works, as we have given information about Programming language in our previous article ( What is PHP ), but today we will talk about what is JavaScript, why JavaScript is used The Answers to all such questions and much other information about JavaScript, you are going to get here today. Hope this information will work for you.

Who invented JavaScript?

JavaScript language was invented by Brendan Eich in 1995. JavaScript is inspired by Java Programming Language. The first name of JavaScript was Mocha which was named by Marc Andreessen, Marc Andreessen is the founder of Netscape and in the same year Mocha was renamed LiveScript, and later in December 1995, it was renamed JavaScript which is still in trend.

What is JavaScript?

JavaScript is a client-side scripting language used with HTML (Hypertext Markup Language). JavaScript is an Interpreted / Oriented language called JS in programming language JavaScript code can be run on any normal web browser. To run the code of JavaScript, we have to enable JavaScript of Web Browser. But some web browsers already have JavaScript enabled.

Today almost all websites are using it as web technology, mind is that there is maximum scope in JavaScript in the coming time, so if you want to become a programmer, then you can be very beneficial to learn JavaScript.

JavaScript Hello World Program

In JavaScript, ‘document.write‘ is used to represent a string on a browser.

<script type="text/javascript">
	document.write("Hello World!");
</script>

How to comment JavaScript code?

  • For single line comment in JavaScript we have to use // (double slashes)
  • For multiple line comments we have to use / * – – * /
<script type="text/javascript">

//single line comment

/* document.write("Hello"); */

</script>

Advantages and Disadvantages of JavaScript

#javascript #javascript code #javascript hello world #what is javascript #who invented javascript

WebClues Infotech

WebClues Infotech

1616670795

Hire Dedicated JavaScript Developers -Hire JavaScript Developers

It is said that a digital resource a business has must be interactive in nature, so the website or the business app should be interactive. How do you make the app interactive? With the use of JavaScript.

Does your business need an interactive website or app?

Hire Dedicated JavaScript Developer from WebClues Infotech as the developer we offer is highly skilled and expert in what they do. Our developers are collaborative in nature and work with complete transparency with the customers.

The technology used to develop the overall app by the developers from WebClues Infotech is at par with the latest available technology.

Get your business app with JavaScript

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Book Free Interview: https://bit.ly/3dDShFg

#hire dedicated javascript developers #hire javascript developers #top javascript developers for hire #hire javascript developer #hire a freelancer for javascript developer #hire the best javascript developers

Niraj Kafle

1589255577

The essential JavaScript concepts that you should understand

As a JavaScript developer of any level, you need to understand its foundational concepts and some of the new ideas that help us developing code. In this article, we are going to review 16 basic concepts. So without further ado, let’s get to it.

#javascript-interview #javascript-development #javascript-fundamental #javascript #javascript-tips

Cayla Erdman

Cayla Erdman

1597470780

A quick guide to JavaScript Arrays

Introduction

Arrays are a structure common to all programming languages so knowing what they are and having a firm grasp on what you’re able to accomplish with Arrays will take you a long way in your journey as a software developer. The code examples I share in this post will be in JavaScript but the concepts are common among all languages. What you learn here can easily be translated to any other language you work with.

In this post I’ll be covering how to perform the create, read update and delete operations using arrays, some common functions that come with the Array prototype and also how to implement them.

What is an Array

Before we jump into the juicy bits of Arrays, lets quickly gloss over what they are. Arrays

  • are a fundamental data type in JavaScript
  • are an ordered collection of values called **elements **that are stored at and accessed via an index
  • are untyped, meaning that the elements of an array could be of different types. This allows us to create complex arrays such as an array of objects or even an array of arrays (multidimensional arrays)
  • can have elements that are constants or expressions
  • have a property called length that tells you the number of elements in the array
  • inherit properties from Array.prototype that includes a wide variety useful functions that can be called from arrays or array-like objects

CRUD operations using Arrays

If you’re not familiar with the term CRUD it stands for Create, Read, Update and Delete. In this section we’ll go through each one of these operations and cover different ways you can perform each one.

Creating Arrays

There are several ways you can create an Array but the most common ways are by using

  • the Array literal syntax
  • the Array constructor i.e. new Array()

Lets take a look at each one with examples

Array literal

The array literal is the most common way of creating an array. It uses the square brackets as a notion of a container followed by comma separated values inside the square brackets. The following examples show how to use the array literal syntax and how arrays are untyped i.e. can contain elements of different types.

Image for post

Examples of untyped arrays in JavaScript created with the array literal syntax.

Array constructor

Another way to create an array is through the Array constructor.

const myArray = new Array();

Using the Array constructor, as shown above, is the same as creating an array with the array literal syntax. i.e.

// The following two lines behave exactly the same way i.e. both create an empty arrays

const myArray = new Array();
const myOtherArray = [];

The array constructor, however, is able to receive arguments that allow it to behave in different ways depending on the number and type of arguments passed to it.

  • You can pass a single numeric argument which creates an array of the specified length. This option is mostly used when you know how many elements you’ll be placing in the array
const myArray = new Array(5);

Note: If you want to define the array with a specified size, as shown above, the argument passed must be a numeric value. Any other type would be considered as the first element that’ll be placed in the array.

  • Or you can pass two or more arguments or a non-numeric argument to place the values inside the array. This works the same way as shown in the array literal examples.

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Examples of arrays created by using the Array constructor in JavaScript

As stated earlier, these two ways are the most common ways of creating arrays that you’ll see and use 99% of the time. There are a few other ways but we won’t dive deep into how they work. They are

  • the spread operator const someArray = […someOtherArray]
  • the static method Array.of()
  • and the static method Array.from()

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Ajay Kapoor

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