1607934666
What is Cartesi (CTSI) | What is Cartesi token | What is CTSI token
What is Cartesi?
Cartesi is building an operating system for DApps. The project enables complex and intensive computations to run in a Linux environment, outside the blockchain, without compromising decentralization. Cartesi aims to make DApps significantly more powerful, easier to develop, and portable. Cartesi aims to bring mainstream scalability and convenience to developers and users of decentralized applications.
What makes Cartesi Unique?
Development limitations on blockchain platforms can frustrate both developers and users, turning them away. Cartesi allows developers to build on well-established software they are familiar with and running them in a Linux environment. The project aims to bridge the gap between the centralized and decentralized worlds of application development. Some of its key highlights include:
- Scalability: Intensive computations on massive amounts of data are performed off-chain with the same security guarantees offered by the blockchain;
- Programmability: DApp logic runs under Linux, and is coded with a choice of thousands of open-source software components available for Linux;
- Ease of Adoption: Developers can work in a familiar environment with no artificial limitations and with access to all their favorite tools;
- Decentralization: Consensus is securely reached on-chain with no need for a reputation protocol, Trusted Execution Environment, or servers controlled by a single party;
- Portability: Cartesi aims to make DApps portable across the most important public blockchains that support smart contracts;
- Privacy: DApp states can be kept private among application participants.
CTSI Overview and Use Cases
Cartesi aims to bring mainstream scalability and power to decentralized applications through a network of nodes. The CTSI token has been designed to incentivize Cartesi Node operators to engage with the system honestly and in an efficient way. It comprises the following use cases:
- Cartesi Core: The Cartesi Core relies on an arbitration mechanism that uses CTSI as collateral to enforce honest behavior;
- Cartesi Side Chain: Users of the Cartesi Side Chain pay for temporary data storage for Cartesi DApps with CTSI. Block generators receive CTSI block rewards and the fees paid by users adding data to the Side Chain;
- Consensus System: CTSI is used to participate in the Side Chain’s Proof-of-Stake consensus system. Miners with the highest stakes have a higher probability of being selected to generate the next block;
- Data Availability Protocol: CTSI will also power a data availability protocol to aid with the transfer of large data blobs used for machine snapshots.
How and Where to Buy Cartesi (CTSI) – An Easy Step by Step Guide
Cartesi is taking smart contracts to the next level. It is solving the urgent problem of scalability and high fees on blockchains by implementing a variant of optimistic roll-ups. Most notably, Cartesi is revolutionizing smart contract programming by allowing developers to code with mainstream software stacks. Noether is Cartesi’s side-chain that’s optimized for ephemeral data, providing low-cost data availability to DApps.
You can buy Cartesi (CTSI) on any supported exchange. For the latest list of exchanges and trading pairs for this cryptocurrency, visit the Cartesi ecosystem page.
Currently, CTSI is being ranked 326 on Coinmarketcap. You can still easily buy this coin by first buying Bitcoin from any large exchanges and then transfer to the exchange that offers to trade this coin, in this guide article we will walk you through in detail the steps to buy CTSI.
You will have to first buy one of the major cryptocurrencies, usually either Bitcoin (BTC), Ethereum (ETH), Tether (USDT)… We will use Binance here as it is one of the largest crypto exchanges that accept fiat deposits.
Binance is a popular cryptocurrency exchange which was started in China but then moved their headquarters to the crypto-friendly Island of Malta in the EU. Binance is popular for its crypto to crypto exchange services. Binance exploded onto the scene in the mania of 2017 and has since gone on to become the top crypto exchange in the world.
Once you finished the KYC process. You will be asked to add a payment method. Here you can either choose to provide a credit/debit card or use a bank transfer. You will be charged higher fees when using cards but you will also make an instant purchase. While a bank transfer will be cheaper but slower, depending on the country of your residence.
Step by Step Guide ☞ What is Binance | How to Create an account on Binance (Updated 2021)
Next step - Transfer your cryptos to an Altcoin Exchange
But we are not done yet, since CTSI is an altcoin we need to transfer our coins to an exchange that CTSI can be traded, here we will use Gate.io as our exchange. Gate.io is a popular exchange to trade altcoins and it has a large number of tradable altcoins pairs. Use the link below to register your new account.
Gate.io is an American cryptocurrency exchange that launched 2017. **As the exchange is American, US-investors can of course trade here and we recommend US traders to sign up on this exchange. **The exchange is available both in English and Chinese (the latter being very helpful for Chinese investors). Gate.io’s main selling factor is their wide selection of trading pairs. You can find most of the new altcoins here. Gate.io also demonstrates an impressive trading volume. It is almost every day one of the top 20 exchanges with the highest trading volume. The trading volume amounts to approx. USD 100 million on a daily basis. The top 10 trading pairs on Gate.io in terms of trading volume usually have USDT (Tether) as one part of the pair. So, to summarize the foregoing, Gate.io’s vast number of trading pairs and its extraordinary liquidity are both very impressive aspects of this exchange.
After going through a similar process as we’ve done before with Binance, you will be advised to set up 2FA authentication as well, finish it as it adds extra security to your account.
Deposit BTC to exchange
Depends on the policies of the exchange you might be required to go through another KYC process, this should usually take you from 30 minutes to possibly a few days maximum. Though the process should be straight-forward and easy to follow. Once you’re done with it you should have full access to your exchange wallet.
If this is your first time making a crypto deposit, the screen here may look a bit scary. But don’t worry, it’s basically simpler than making a bank transfer. At the box on the right, you will see a string of random numbers saying ‘BTC address’, this is a unique public address of your Bitcoin wallet at Gate.io and you can receive Bitcoin by giving this address to the person to send you the funds. Since we are now transferring our previously bought bitcoin on Binance to this wallet, click on ‘Copy Address’ or right-click on the full address and click copy to grab this address to your clipboard.
Now head back to Binance, go to Portfolio page and click on Bitcoin on your asset list, then click on ‘Send’ on the right.
Under the Recipient field, paste the wallet address in your clipboard, for security consideration you should always check if both address are matching. It is known that there are certain computer malware that would alter the content in your clipboard into another wallet address and you will be essentially sending funds to another person.
Click ‘Send’ to proceed, you should receive a confirmation email instantly, click on the confirmation link in the email and your coins are on the way to Gate.io!
Now go back to Gate.io and head to your exchange wallets, don’t worry if you haven’t seen your deposit here. It is probably still being verified in the blockchain network and it should take a few minutes for your coins to arrive. Depending on the network traffic condition of the Bitcoin network, during busy times it may take even longer.
You should receive a confirmation notification from Gate.io once your deposit has arrived. And you are now finally ready to purchase CTSI!
Trade CTSI
Go back to Gate.io, then go to ‘Exchange’. Boom! What a view! The constantly flicking figures might be a bit scary, but relax, let’s get our heads around this.
In the right column there is a search bar, now make sure “BTC” is selected as we are trading BTC to altcoin pair. Click on it and type in “CTSI”, you should see CTSI/BTC, select that pair and you should see a price chart of CTSI/BTC in the middle of the page.
Below there is a box with a green button that says “Buy CTSI”, inside of the box, choose the “Market” tab here as that is the most straight-forward type of buying orders. You can either type in your amount or choose what portion of your BTC deposit you would like to spend on buying, by clicking on the percentage buttons. When you have confirmed everything, click “Buy CTSI”. Voila! You have finally bought CTSI!
Apart from the exchange(s) above, there are a few popular crypto exchanges where they have decent daily trading volumes and a huge user base. This will ensure you will be able to sell your coins at any time and the fees will usually be lower. It is suggested that you also register on these exchanges since once CTSI gets listed there it will attract a large amount of trading volumes from the users there, that means you will be having some great trading opportunities!
How and Where to Buy Cartesi (CTSI)?
CTSI has been listed on a number of crypto exchanges, unlike other main cryptocurrencies, it cannot be directly purchased with fiats money. However, You can still easily buy this coin by first buying Bitcoin, ETH, USDT, BNB from any large exchanges and then transfer to the exchange that offers to trade this coin, in this guide article we will walk you through in detail the steps to buy CTSI
You will have to first buy one of the major cryptocurrencies, usually either Bitcoin (BTC), Ethereum (ETH), Tether (USDT), Binance (BNB)…
We will use Binance Exchange here as it is one of the largest crypto exchanges that accept fiat deposits.
Binance is a popular cryptocurrency exchange which was started in China but then moved their headquarters to the crypto-friendly Island of Malta in the EU. Binance is popular for its crypto to crypto exchange services. Binance exploded onto the scene in the mania of 2017 and has since gone on to become the top crypto exchange in the world.
Once you finished the KYC process. You will be asked to add a payment method. Here you can either choose to provide a credit/debit card or use a bank transfer, and buy one of the major cryptocurrencies, usually either Bitcoin (BTC), Ethereum (ETH), Tether (USDT), Binance (BNB)…
Step by Step Guide : What is Binance | How to Create an account on Binance (Updated 2021)
Next step - Transfer your cryptos to an Altcoin Exchange
After the deposit is confirmed you may then purchase CTSI from the exchange
There are a few popular crypto exchanges where they have decent daily trading volumes and a huge user base. This will ensure you will be able to sell your coins at any time and the fees will usually be lower. It is suggested that you also register on these exchanges since once CTSI gets listed there it will attract a large amount of trading volumes from the users there, that means you will be having some great trading opportunities!
Top exchanges for token-coin trading. Follow instructions and make unlimited money
☞ https://www.bittrex.com
☞ https://www.poloniex.com
☞ https://www.bitfinex.com
☞ https://www.huobi.com
☞ https://www.mxc.ai
☞ https://www.probit.com
☞ https://www.gate.io
☞ https://www.coinbase.com
Find more information CTSI
☞ Website
☞ Explorer
☞ Source Code
☞ Social Channel
☞ Message Board
☞ Documentation
☞ Coinmarketcap
I hope this post will help you. If you liked this, please sharing it with others. Thank you!
#bitcoin #blockchain #crypto #cartesi #ctsi
What is GEEK
Buddha Community
1607934666
What is Cartesi (CTSI) | What is Cartesi token | What is CTSI token
What is Cartesi?
Cartesi is building an operating system for DApps. The project enables complex and intensive computations to run in a Linux environment, outside the blockchain, without compromising decentralization. Cartesi aims to make DApps significantly more powerful, easier to develop, and portable. Cartesi aims to bring mainstream scalability and convenience to developers and users of decentralized applications.
What makes Cartesi Unique?
Development limitations on blockchain platforms can frustrate both developers and users, turning them away. Cartesi allows developers to build on well-established software they are familiar with and running them in a Linux environment. The project aims to bridge the gap between the centralized and decentralized worlds of application development. Some of its key highlights include:
- Scalability: Intensive computations on massive amounts of data are performed off-chain with the same security guarantees offered by the blockchain;
- Programmability: DApp logic runs under Linux, and is coded with a choice of thousands of open-source software components available for Linux;
- Ease of Adoption: Developers can work in a familiar environment with no artificial limitations and with access to all their favorite tools;
- Decentralization: Consensus is securely reached on-chain with no need for a reputation protocol, Trusted Execution Environment, or servers controlled by a single party;
- Portability: Cartesi aims to make DApps portable across the most important public blockchains that support smart contracts;
- Privacy: DApp states can be kept private among application participants.
CTSI Overview and Use Cases
Cartesi aims to bring mainstream scalability and power to decentralized applications through a network of nodes. The CTSI token has been designed to incentivize Cartesi Node operators to engage with the system honestly and in an efficient way. It comprises the following use cases:
- Cartesi Core: The Cartesi Core relies on an arbitration mechanism that uses CTSI as collateral to enforce honest behavior;
- Cartesi Side Chain: Users of the Cartesi Side Chain pay for temporary data storage for Cartesi DApps with CTSI. Block generators receive CTSI block rewards and the fees paid by users adding data to the Side Chain;
- Consensus System: CTSI is used to participate in the Side Chain’s Proof-of-Stake consensus system. Miners with the highest stakes have a higher probability of being selected to generate the next block;
- Data Availability Protocol: CTSI will also power a data availability protocol to aid with the transfer of large data blobs used for machine snapshots.
How and Where to Buy Cartesi (CTSI) – An Easy Step by Step Guide
Cartesi is taking smart contracts to the next level. It is solving the urgent problem of scalability and high fees on blockchains by implementing a variant of optimistic roll-ups. Most notably, Cartesi is revolutionizing smart contract programming by allowing developers to code with mainstream software stacks. Noether is Cartesi’s side-chain that’s optimized for ephemeral data, providing low-cost data availability to DApps.
You can buy Cartesi (CTSI) on any supported exchange. For the latest list of exchanges and trading pairs for this cryptocurrency, visit the Cartesi ecosystem page.
Currently, CTSI is being ranked 326 on Coinmarketcap. You can still easily buy this coin by first buying Bitcoin from any large exchanges and then transfer to the exchange that offers to trade this coin, in this guide article we will walk you through in detail the steps to buy CTSI.
You will have to first buy one of the major cryptocurrencies, usually either Bitcoin (BTC), Ethereum (ETH), Tether (USDT)… We will use Binance here as it is one of the largest crypto exchanges that accept fiat deposits.
Binance is a popular cryptocurrency exchange which was started in China but then moved their headquarters to the crypto-friendly Island of Malta in the EU. Binance is popular for its crypto to crypto exchange services. Binance exploded onto the scene in the mania of 2017 and has since gone on to become the top crypto exchange in the world.
Once you finished the KYC process. You will be asked to add a payment method. Here you can either choose to provide a credit/debit card or use a bank transfer. You will be charged higher fees when using cards but you will also make an instant purchase. While a bank transfer will be cheaper but slower, depending on the country of your residence.
Step by Step Guide ☞ What is Binance | How to Create an account on Binance (Updated 2021)
Next step - Transfer your cryptos to an Altcoin Exchange
But we are not done yet, since CTSI is an altcoin we need to transfer our coins to an exchange that CTSI can be traded, here we will use Gate.io as our exchange. Gate.io is a popular exchange to trade altcoins and it has a large number of tradable altcoins pairs. Use the link below to register your new account.
Gate.io is an American cryptocurrency exchange that launched 2017. **As the exchange is American, US-investors can of course trade here and we recommend US traders to sign up on this exchange. **The exchange is available both in English and Chinese (the latter being very helpful for Chinese investors). Gate.io’s main selling factor is their wide selection of trading pairs. You can find most of the new altcoins here. Gate.io also demonstrates an impressive trading volume. It is almost every day one of the top 20 exchanges with the highest trading volume. The trading volume amounts to approx. USD 100 million on a daily basis. The top 10 trading pairs on Gate.io in terms of trading volume usually have USDT (Tether) as one part of the pair. So, to summarize the foregoing, Gate.io’s vast number of trading pairs and its extraordinary liquidity are both very impressive aspects of this exchange.
After going through a similar process as we’ve done before with Binance, you will be advised to set up 2FA authentication as well, finish it as it adds extra security to your account.
Deposit BTC to exchange
Depends on the policies of the exchange you might be required to go through another KYC process, this should usually take you from 30 minutes to possibly a few days maximum. Though the process should be straight-forward and easy to follow. Once you’re done with it you should have full access to your exchange wallet.
If this is your first time making a crypto deposit, the screen here may look a bit scary. But don’t worry, it’s basically simpler than making a bank transfer. At the box on the right, you will see a string of random numbers saying ‘BTC address’, this is a unique public address of your Bitcoin wallet at Gate.io and you can receive Bitcoin by giving this address to the person to send you the funds. Since we are now transferring our previously bought bitcoin on Binance to this wallet, click on ‘Copy Address’ or right-click on the full address and click copy to grab this address to your clipboard.
Now head back to Binance, go to Portfolio page and click on Bitcoin on your asset list, then click on ‘Send’ on the right.
Under the Recipient field, paste the wallet address in your clipboard, for security consideration you should always check if both address are matching. It is known that there are certain computer malware that would alter the content in your clipboard into another wallet address and you will be essentially sending funds to another person.
Click ‘Send’ to proceed, you should receive a confirmation email instantly, click on the confirmation link in the email and your coins are on the way to Gate.io!
Now go back to Gate.io and head to your exchange wallets, don’t worry if you haven’t seen your deposit here. It is probably still being verified in the blockchain network and it should take a few minutes for your coins to arrive. Depending on the network traffic condition of the Bitcoin network, during busy times it may take even longer.
You should receive a confirmation notification from Gate.io once your deposit has arrived. And you are now finally ready to purchase CTSI!
Trade CTSI
Go back to Gate.io, then go to ‘Exchange’. Boom! What a view! The constantly flicking figures might be a bit scary, but relax, let’s get our heads around this.
In the right column there is a search bar, now make sure “BTC” is selected as we are trading BTC to altcoin pair. Click on it and type in “CTSI”, you should see CTSI/BTC, select that pair and you should see a price chart of CTSI/BTC in the middle of the page.
Below there is a box with a green button that says “Buy CTSI”, inside of the box, choose the “Market” tab here as that is the most straight-forward type of buying orders. You can either type in your amount or choose what portion of your BTC deposit you would like to spend on buying, by clicking on the percentage buttons. When you have confirmed everything, click “Buy CTSI”. Voila! You have finally bought CTSI!
Apart from the exchange(s) above, there are a few popular crypto exchanges where they have decent daily trading volumes and a huge user base. This will ensure you will be able to sell your coins at any time and the fees will usually be lower. It is suggested that you also register on these exchanges since once CTSI gets listed there it will attract a large amount of trading volumes from the users there, that means you will be having some great trading opportunities!
How and Where to Buy Cartesi (CTSI)?
CTSI has been listed on a number of crypto exchanges, unlike other main cryptocurrencies, it cannot be directly purchased with fiats money. However, You can still easily buy this coin by first buying Bitcoin, ETH, USDT, BNB from any large exchanges and then transfer to the exchange that offers to trade this coin, in this guide article we will walk you through in detail the steps to buy CTSI
You will have to first buy one of the major cryptocurrencies, usually either Bitcoin (BTC), Ethereum (ETH), Tether (USDT), Binance (BNB)…
We will use Binance Exchange here as it is one of the largest crypto exchanges that accept fiat deposits.
Binance is a popular cryptocurrency exchange which was started in China but then moved their headquarters to the crypto-friendly Island of Malta in the EU. Binance is popular for its crypto to crypto exchange services. Binance exploded onto the scene in the mania of 2017 and has since gone on to become the top crypto exchange in the world.
Once you finished the KYC process. You will be asked to add a payment method. Here you can either choose to provide a credit/debit card or use a bank transfer, and buy one of the major cryptocurrencies, usually either Bitcoin (BTC), Ethereum (ETH), Tether (USDT), Binance (BNB)…
Step by Step Guide : What is Binance | How to Create an account on Binance (Updated 2021)
Next step - Transfer your cryptos to an Altcoin Exchange
After the deposit is confirmed you may then purchase CTSI from the exchange
There are a few popular crypto exchanges where they have decent daily trading volumes and a huge user base. This will ensure you will be able to sell your coins at any time and the fees will usually be lower. It is suggested that you also register on these exchanges since once CTSI gets listed there it will attract a large amount of trading volumes from the users there, that means you will be having some great trading opportunities!
Top exchanges for token-coin trading. Follow instructions and make unlimited money
☞ https://www.bittrex.com
☞ https://www.poloniex.com
☞ https://www.bitfinex.com
☞ https://www.huobi.com
☞ https://www.mxc.ai
☞ https://www.probit.com
☞ https://www.gate.io
☞ https://www.coinbase.com
Find more information CTSI
☞ Website
☞ Explorer
☞ Source Code
☞ Social Channel
☞ Message Board
☞ Documentation
☞ Coinmarketcap
I hope this post will help you. If you liked this, please sharing it with others. Thank you!
#bitcoin #blockchain #crypto #cartesi #ctsi
1658068560
WordsCounted: A Ruby Natural Language Processor
WordsCounted
We are all in the gutter, but some of us are looking at the stars.
-- Oscar Wilde
WordsCounted is a Ruby NLP (natural language processor). WordsCounted lets you implement powerful tokensation strategies with a very flexible tokeniser class.
Features
- Out of the box, get the following data from any string or readable file, or URL:
- Token count and unique token count
- Token densities, frequencies, and lengths
- Char count and average chars per token
- The longest tokens and their lengths
- The most frequent tokens and their frequencies.
- A flexible way to exclude tokens from the tokeniser. You can pass a string, regexp, symbol, lambda, or an array of any combination of those types for powerful tokenisation strategies.
- Pass your own regexp rules to the tokeniser if you prefer. The default regexp filters special characters but keeps hyphens and apostrophes. It also plays nicely with diacritics (UTF and unicode characters): Bayrūt is treated as
["Bayrūt"]and not["Bayr", "ū", "t"], for example. - Opens and reads files. Pass in a file path or a url instead of a string.
Installation
Add this line to your application's Gemfile:
gem 'words_counted'
And then execute:
$ bundle
Or install it yourself as:
$ gem install words_counted
Usage
Pass in a string or a file path, and an optional filter and/or regexp.
counter = WordsCounted.count(
"We are all in the gutter, but some of us are looking at the stars."
)
# Using a file
counter = WordsCounted.from_file("path/or/url/to/my/file.txt")
.count and .from_file are convenience methods that take an input, tokenise it, and return an instance of WordsCounted::Counter initialized with the tokens. The WordsCounted::Tokeniser and WordsCounted::Counter classes can be used alone, however.
API
WordsCounted
WordsCounted.count(input, options = {})
Tokenises input and initializes a WordsCounted::Counter object with the resulting tokens.
counter = WordsCounted.count("Hello Beirut!")
Accepts two options: exclude and regexp. See Excluding tokens from the analyser and Passing in a custom regexp respectively.
WordsCounted.from_file(path, options = {})
Reads and tokenises a file, and initializes a WordsCounted::Counter object with the resulting tokens.
counter = WordsCounted.from_file("hello_beirut.txt")
Accepts the same options as .count.
Tokeniser
The tokeniser allows you to tokenise text in a variety of ways. You can pass in your own rules for tokenisation, and apply a powerful filter with any combination of rules as long as they can boil down into a lambda.
Out of the box the tokeniser includes only alpha chars. Hyphenated tokens and tokens with apostrophes are considered a single token.
#tokenise([pattern: TOKEN_REGEXP, exclude: nil])
tokeniser = WordsCounted::Tokeniser.new("Hello Beirut!").tokenise
# With `exclude`
tokeniser = WordsCounted::Tokeniser.new("Hello Beirut!").tokenise(exclude: "hello")
# With `pattern`
tokeniser = WordsCounted::Tokeniser.new("I <3 Beirut!").tokenise(pattern: /[a-z]/i)
See Excluding tokens from the analyser and Passing in a custom regexp for more information.
Counter
The WordsCounted::Counter class allows you to collect various statistics from an array of tokens.
#token_count
Returns the token count of a given string.
counter.token_count #=> 15
#token_frequency
Returns a sorted (unstable) two-dimensional array where each element is a token and its frequency. The array is sorted by frequency in descending order.
counter.token_frequency
[
["the", 2],
["are", 2],
["we", 1],
# ...
["all", 1]
]
#most_frequent_tokens
Returns a hash where each key-value pair is a token and its frequency.
counter.most_frequent_tokens
{ "are" => 2, "the" => 2 }
#token_lengths
Returns a sorted (unstable) two-dimentional array where each element contains a token and its length. The array is sorted by length in descending order.
counter.token_lengths
[
["looking", 7],
["gutter", 6],
["stars", 5],
# ...
["in", 2]
]
#longest_tokens
Returns a hash where each key-value pair is a token and its length.
counter.longest_tokens
{ "looking" => 7 }
#token_density([ precision: 2 ])
Returns a sorted (unstable) two-dimentional array where each element contains a token and its density as a float, rounded to a precision of two. The array is sorted by density in descending order. It accepts a precision argument, which must be a float.
counter.token_density
[
["are", 0.13],
["the", 0.13],
["but", 0.07 ],
# ...
["we", 0.07 ]
]
#char_count
Returns the char count of tokens.
counter.char_count #=> 76
#average_chars_per_token([ precision: 2 ])
Returns the average char count per token rounded to two decimal places. Accepts a precision argument which defaults to two. Precision must be a float.
counter.average_chars_per_token #=> 4
#uniq_token_count
Returns the number of unique tokens.
counter.uniq_token_count #=> 13
Excluding tokens from the tokeniser
You can exclude anything you want from the input by passing the exclude option. The exclude option accepts a variety of filters and is extremely flexible.
- A space-delimited string. The filter will normalise the string.
- A regular expression.
- A lambda.
- A symbol that names a predicate method. For example
:odd?. - An array of any combination of the above.
tokeniser =
WordsCounted::Tokeniser.new(
"Magnificent! That was magnificent, Trevor."
)
# Using a string
tokeniser.tokenise(exclude: "was magnificent")
# => ["that", "trevor"]
# Using a regular expression
tokeniser.tokenise(exclude: /trevor/)
# => ["magnificent", "that", "was", "magnificent"]
# Using a lambda
tokeniser.tokenise(exclude: ->(t) { t.length < 4 })
# => ["magnificent", "that", "magnificent", "trevor"]
# Using symbol
tokeniser = WordsCounted::Tokeniser.new("Hello! محمد")
tokeniser.tokenise(exclude: :ascii_only?)
# => ["محمد"]
# Using an array
tokeniser = WordsCounted::Tokeniser.new(
"Hello! اسماءنا هي محمد، كارولينا، سامي، وداني"
)
tokeniser.tokenise(
exclude: [:ascii_only?, /محمد/, ->(t) { t.length > 6}, "و"]
)
# => ["هي", "سامي", "وداني"]
Passing in a custom regexp
The default regexp accounts for letters, hyphenated tokens, and apostrophes. This means twenty-one is treated as one token. So is Mohamad's.
/[\p{Alpha}\-']+/
You can pass your own criteria as a Ruby regular expression to split your string as desired.
For example, if you wanted to include numbers, you can override the regular expression:
counter = WordsCounted.count("Numbers 1, 2, and 3", pattern: /[\p{Alnum}\-']+/)
counter.tokens
#=> ["numbers", "1", "2", "and", "3"]
Opening and reading files
Use the from_file method to open files. from_file accepts the same options as .count. The file path can be a URL.
counter = WordsCounted.from_file("url/or/path/to/file.text")
Gotchas
A hyphen used in leu of an em or en dash will form part of the token. This affects the tokeniser algorithm.
counter = WordsCounted.count("How do you do?-you are well, I see.")
counter.token_frequency
[
["do", 2],
["how", 1],
["you", 1],
["-you", 1], # WTF, mate!
["are", 1],
# ...
]
In this example -you and you are separate tokens. Also, the tokeniser does not include numbers by default. Remember that you can pass your own regular expression if the default behaviour does not fit your needs.
A note on case sensitivity
The program will normalise (downcase) all incoming strings for consistency and filters.
Roadmap
Ability to open URLs
def self.from_url
# open url and send string here after removing html
end
Are you using WordsCounted to do something interesting? Please tell me about it.
Demo
Visit this website for one example of what you can do with WordsCounted.
Contributors
See contributors.
Contributing
- Fork it
- Create your feature branch (
git checkout -b my-new-feature) - Commit your changes (
git commit -am 'Add some feature') - Push to the branch (
git push origin my-new-feature) - Create new Pull Request
Author: Abitdodgy
Source Code: https://github.com/abitdodgy/words_counted
License: MIT license
1659601560
Words Counted: A Ruby Natural Language Processor.
WordsCounted
We are all in the gutter, but some of us are looking at the stars.
-- Oscar Wilde
WordsCounted is a Ruby NLP (natural language processor). WordsCounted lets you implement powerful tokensation strategies with a very flexible tokeniser class.
Are you using WordsCounted to do something interesting? Please tell me about it.
Demo
Visit this website for one example of what you can do with WordsCounted.
Features
- Out of the box, get the following data from any string or readable file, or URL:
- Token count and unique token count
- Token densities, frequencies, and lengths
- Char count and average chars per token
- The longest tokens and their lengths
- The most frequent tokens and their frequencies.
- A flexible way to exclude tokens from the tokeniser. You can pass a string, regexp, symbol, lambda, or an array of any combination of those types for powerful tokenisation strategies.
- Pass your own regexp rules to the tokeniser if you prefer. The default regexp filters special characters but keeps hyphens and apostrophes. It also plays nicely with diacritics (UTF and unicode characters): Bayrūt is treated as
["Bayrūt"]and not["Bayr", "ū", "t"], for example. - Opens and reads files. Pass in a file path or a url instead of a string.
Installation
Add this line to your application's Gemfile:
gem 'words_counted'
And then execute:
$ bundle
Or install it yourself as:
$ gem install words_counted
Usage
Pass in a string or a file path, and an optional filter and/or regexp.
counter = WordsCounted.count(
"We are all in the gutter, but some of us are looking at the stars."
)
# Using a file
counter = WordsCounted.from_file("path/or/url/to/my/file.txt")
.count and .from_file are convenience methods that take an input, tokenise it, and return an instance of WordsCounted::Counter initialized with the tokens. The WordsCounted::Tokeniser and WordsCounted::Counter classes can be used alone, however.
API
WordsCounted
WordsCounted.count(input, options = {})
Tokenises input and initializes a WordsCounted::Counter object with the resulting tokens.
counter = WordsCounted.count("Hello Beirut!")
Accepts two options: exclude and regexp. See Excluding tokens from the analyser and Passing in a custom regexp respectively.
WordsCounted.from_file(path, options = {})
Reads and tokenises a file, and initializes a WordsCounted::Counter object with the resulting tokens.
counter = WordsCounted.from_file("hello_beirut.txt")
Accepts the same options as .count.
Tokeniser
The tokeniser allows you to tokenise text in a variety of ways. You can pass in your own rules for tokenisation, and apply a powerful filter with any combination of rules as long as they can boil down into a lambda.
Out of the box the tokeniser includes only alpha chars. Hyphenated tokens and tokens with apostrophes are considered a single token.
#tokenise([pattern: TOKEN_REGEXP, exclude: nil])
tokeniser = WordsCounted::Tokeniser.new("Hello Beirut!").tokenise
# With `exclude`
tokeniser = WordsCounted::Tokeniser.new("Hello Beirut!").tokenise(exclude: "hello")
# With `pattern`
tokeniser = WordsCounted::Tokeniser.new("I <3 Beirut!").tokenise(pattern: /[a-z]/i)
See Excluding tokens from the analyser and Passing in a custom regexp for more information.
Counter
The WordsCounted::Counter class allows you to collect various statistics from an array of tokens.
#token_count
Returns the token count of a given string.
counter.token_count #=> 15
#token_frequency
Returns a sorted (unstable) two-dimensional array where each element is a token and its frequency. The array is sorted by frequency in descending order.
counter.token_frequency
[
["the", 2],
["are", 2],
["we", 1],
# ...
["all", 1]
]
#most_frequent_tokens
Returns a hash where each key-value pair is a token and its frequency.
counter.most_frequent_tokens
{ "are" => 2, "the" => 2 }
#token_lengths
Returns a sorted (unstable) two-dimentional array where each element contains a token and its length. The array is sorted by length in descending order.
counter.token_lengths
[
["looking", 7],
["gutter", 6],
["stars", 5],
# ...
["in", 2]
]
#longest_tokens
Returns a hash where each key-value pair is a token and its length.
counter.longest_tokens
{ "looking" => 7 }
#token_density([ precision: 2 ])
Returns a sorted (unstable) two-dimentional array where each element contains a token and its density as a float, rounded to a precision of two. The array is sorted by density in descending order. It accepts a precision argument, which must be a float.
counter.token_density
[
["are", 0.13],
["the", 0.13],
["but", 0.07 ],
# ...
["we", 0.07 ]
]
#char_count
Returns the char count of tokens.
counter.char_count #=> 76
#average_chars_per_token([ precision: 2 ])
Returns the average char count per token rounded to two decimal places. Accepts a precision argument which defaults to two. Precision must be a float.
counter.average_chars_per_token #=> 4
#uniq_token_count
Returns the number of unique tokens.
counter.uniq_token_count #=> 13
Excluding tokens from the tokeniser
You can exclude anything you want from the input by passing the exclude option. The exclude option accepts a variety of filters and is extremely flexible.
- A space-delimited string. The filter will normalise the string.
- A regular expression.
- A lambda.
- A symbol that names a predicate method. For example
:odd?. - An array of any combination of the above.
tokeniser =
WordsCounted::Tokeniser.new(
"Magnificent! That was magnificent, Trevor."
)
# Using a string
tokeniser.tokenise(exclude: "was magnificent")
# => ["that", "trevor"]
# Using a regular expression
tokeniser.tokenise(exclude: /trevor/)
# => ["magnificent", "that", "was", "magnificent"]
# Using a lambda
tokeniser.tokenise(exclude: ->(t) { t.length < 4 })
# => ["magnificent", "that", "magnificent", "trevor"]
# Using symbol
tokeniser = WordsCounted::Tokeniser.new("Hello! محمد")
tokeniser.tokenise(exclude: :ascii_only?)
# => ["محمد"]
# Using an array
tokeniser = WordsCounted::Tokeniser.new(
"Hello! اسماءنا هي محمد، كارولينا، سامي، وداني"
)
tokeniser.tokenise(
exclude: [:ascii_only?, /محمد/, ->(t) { t.length > 6}, "و"]
)
# => ["هي", "سامي", "وداني"]
Passing in a custom regexp
The default regexp accounts for letters, hyphenated tokens, and apostrophes. This means twenty-one is treated as one token. So is Mohamad's.
/[\p{Alpha}\-']+/
You can pass your own criteria as a Ruby regular expression to split your string as desired.
For example, if you wanted to include numbers, you can override the regular expression:
counter = WordsCounted.count("Numbers 1, 2, and 3", pattern: /[\p{Alnum}\-']+/)
counter.tokens
#=> ["numbers", "1", "2", "and", "3"]
Opening and reading files
Use the from_file method to open files. from_file accepts the same options as .count. The file path can be a URL.
counter = WordsCounted.from_file("url/or/path/to/file.text")
Gotchas
A hyphen used in leu of an em or en dash will form part of the token. This affects the tokeniser algorithm.
counter = WordsCounted.count("How do you do?-you are well, I see.")
counter.token_frequency
[
["do", 2],
["how", 1],
["you", 1],
["-you", 1], # WTF, mate!
["are", 1],
# ...
]
In this example -you and you are separate tokens. Also, the tokeniser does not include numbers by default. Remember that you can pass your own regular expression if the default behaviour does not fit your needs.
A note on case sensitivity
The program will normalise (downcase) all incoming strings for consistency and filters.
Roadmap
Ability to open URLs
def self.from_url
# open url and send string here after removing html
end
Contributors
See contributors.
Contributing
- Fork it
- Create your feature branch (
git checkout -b my-new-feature) - Commit your changes (
git commit -am 'Add some feature') - Push to the branch (
git push origin my-new-feature) - Create new Pull Request
Author: abitdodgy
Source code: https://github.com/abitdodgy/words_counted
License: MIT license
#ruby #ruby-on-rails
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