Ken Mueller

Ken Mueller

1640944440

Apakah itu Apl Terpencar (DApp) dalam Blockchain?

Dalam siaran ini, anda akan mempelajari Apa itu Apl Terpencar (Dapp) dalam Blockchain, pelajari konsep, Ciri, Kelebihan, Jenis dApp!

Bitcoin dan blockchain mempunyai peranan yang besar dalam mengubah cara kita memvisualisasikan dan menggunakan teknologi untuk kelebihan kita. Sepanjang masa, teknologi blockchain telah bertukar menjadi asas yang menjanjikan untuk aplikasi perusahaan merentas industri yang berbeza. Industri menggunakan rantaian blok untuk menjejaki rantaian bekalan dan pengurusan logistik, manakala beberapa negara telah menggunakan rantaian blok untuk mekanisme identiti. 

Bukankah blockchain bertujuan untuk membangunkan mata wang kripto sahaja? Tidak, blockchain mempunyai lebih banyak fungsi, dan aplikasi terdesentralisasi membantu dalam mengembangkan penggunaan blockchain. Dengan pasaran rantaian blok global yang dijangka mencapai markah $69 bilion menjelang 2027, adalah agak munasabah untuk memikirkan aplikasi terdesentralisasi atau dApps. Perbincangan berikut membantu anda memahami maksud dApp di samping gambaran keseluruhan yang mendalam tentang cara ia berfungsi. Anda juga boleh menemui kebaikan dan keburukan dApps bersama-sama contoh apl terdesentralisasi yang popular dalam perbincangan berikut. 

Apakah dApp?

Ketibaan Bitcoin hampir sedekad yang lalu mendorong zaman baru dalam pembangunan protokol blockchain. Pembangun telah cuba untuk memperhalusi dan menambah beberapa fungsi baharu yang menarik dalam protokol blockchain yang disesuaikan untuk pelbagai kes penggunaan. Hari ini, anda boleh menemui pelbagai aplikasi blockchain dalam kewangan, permainan, penyemakan imbas web dan juga untuk mengumpul seni. 

Bagaimanakah mungkin untuk melaksanakan blockchain dalam banyak kes penggunaan yang berbeza? Jawapannya secara langsung akan membawa anda ke hubungan blockchain dApp. Aplikasi terdesentralisasi atau dApps pada asasnya serupa dengan program perisian tradisional, yang berjalan pada rangkaian blockchain dan bukannya pelayan pusat. Jika anda mencari jawapan teknikal untuk "apa itu dApp", maka ia pada asasnya adalah aplikasi yang dibangunkan melalui rangkaian terdesentralisasi. DApps tidak sekali-kali berada di bawah pengurusan atau pemilikan pihak berkuasa pihak ketiga, dengan itu memastikan desentralisasi. 

Sebelum menyelam lebih mendalam mengenai komponen dan cara kerja aplikasi terdesentralisasi, mari kita renungkan populariti dApps. Berbanding dengan 25 dApps pada tahun 2015, kami mempunyai lebih daripada 3600 dApps yang merangkumi pelbagai bidang seperti permainan, perkhidmatan kewangan terpencar, platform media sosial dan banyak lagi. Tambahan pula, aplikasi terdesentralisasi bertanggungjawab untuk hampir $182.5 bilion transaksi pengguna setiap tahun. Oleh itu, seseorang boleh melihat dengan jelas bahawa dApp adalah topik penting dalam dunia blockchain. 

Cara aplikasi terdesentralisasi berfungsi

Anda hanya perlu melihat sekilas pada telefon pintar anda untuk mengetahui bahawa kebanyakan aplikasi yang kami gunakan hari ini dikendalikan oleh syarikat berpusat. Sebagai contoh, Facebook mempunyai kawalan penuh ke atas perkhidmatannya, termasuk aplikasi telefon pintarnya. Ia kerap membuat perubahan pada antara muka apl, ciri serta terma dan syarat penggunaan. Facebook juga mengawal pangkalan kod dan data yang diperoleh daripada aplikasinya dan cara data itu disimpan dan digunakan.

Sebaliknya, aplikasi terdesentralisasi adalah terbuka dan tidak semestinya dikawal oleh satu orang atau entiti. Aplikasi terdesentralisasi, atau dApps, dijalankan pada rangkaian teragih, seperti rangkaian P2P atau blockchain seperti Ethereum. Untuk tujuan penjelasan ini, kami hanya akan menumpukan pada aplikasi berasaskan blokchain. 

Semua aplikasi adalah berdasarkan pengaturcaraan dan pengaturcaraan untuk dApp terkandung dalam kontrak pintar asasnya. Dalam kes Ethereum, Mesin Maya Ethereum melaksanakan kod kontrak pintar melalui keupayaan pemprosesan rangkaian Ethereum.

Ciri-ciri aplikasi terdesentralisasi

Semua tindakan yang dikaitkan dengan kontrak pintar dApps, termasuk kod kontrak pintar yang mendasari, disimpan pada blok Ethereum. Oleh itu, mereka berkongsi ciri berikut:

KETELUSAN 

Sesiapa sahaja boleh melihat kod asas aplikasi terdesentralisasi dan melihat semua urus niaga yang berkaitan, termasuk yang menangani dana yang dipindahkan dari dan ke. 

KEBOLEHUBAHAN 

Tiada sesiapa boleh mengedit, memadam atau sebaliknya meminda mana-mana kod atau transaksi aplikasi terpencar. Transaksi dipelihara sebagai sebahagian daripada sejarah blockchain. Jika aplikasi terdesentralisasi perlu dikemas kini, pembangun biasanya membina dan mengeluarkan versi baharu sepenuhnya. Walau bagaimanapun, pengguna masih boleh mengakses versi lama melalui blockchain jika mereka mahu. 

TIDAK BOLEH DIPULAS

Ciri kebolehubahan juga bermakna apl terpencar tidak boleh ditapis secara berkesan oleh kerajaan atau pihak luar yang lain. Begitu juga, sifat terbuka blokchain bermakna pembangun dApp tidak boleh menyekat orang daripada menggunakan dApp mereka, atau mengganggu urus niaga mereka. 

PEMILIKAN DAN PENJAGAAN

Sesetengah aplikasi, berpusat dan tidak berpusat, membenarkan pengguna menyimpan aset dalam apl. Sebagai contoh, anda mungkin pramuat baki akaun atau membeli aset dalam apl untuk bermain permainan. Dengan apl terpusat, anda biasanya mempercayai pembangun dengan aset anda dan terdapat risiko bahawa jika pembangun keluar dari perniagaan, anda boleh kehilangan aset anda. 

Aplikasi terdesentralisasi biasanya menyimpan aset pada blockchain sebagai token. Pengguna mungkin boleh memautkan dompet peribadi mereka ke dApps supaya aset mereka boleh berinteraksi dengan apl, tetapi mereka selalunya boleh mengekalkan kawalan aset mereka dan tidak perlu mempercayai pihak ketiga. Walau bagaimanapun, ini bergantung pada jenis dApp dan cara aset digunakan, jadi ia patut disemak. 

Adakah menggunakan aplikasi terdesentralisasi berisiko? 

Seperti yang berlaku, menggunakan aplikasi terdesentralisasi boleh menimbulkan tahap risiko. Berapa banyak risiko bergantung pada faktor seperti jenis aplikasi, kualiti kod kontrak pintar yang mendasari, tahap pelaburan yang terlibat dan kepakaran relatif pengguna dalam hal blockchain dan mata wang kripto. 

Sepanjang tahun lepas, apabila aplikasi kewangan terdesentralisasi semakin popular dan menonjol, risiko kontrak pintar telah menjadi salah satu bahaya terbesar yang dihadapi pelabur. Malah, sebuah firma keselamatan menganggarkan bahawa penggodaman DeFi menyumbang 76% daripada semua penggodaman utama di dunia pada 2021 setakat ini. 

Akibatnya, beberapa pembangun telah melancarkan aplikasi insurans DeFi, yang membolehkan pengguna berlindung untuk melindungi daripada risiko serangan sedemikian. 

Tambahan pula, menjadi semakin biasa bagi protokol untuk mengaudit kod mereka oleh firma keselamatan pihak ketiga sebagai cara untuk menangkap pepijat dan ralat sebelum ia timbul. Ramai juga menawarkan hadiah pepijat kepada pembangun bermata helang yang mungkin melihat masalah dengan kod mereka. 

Kerja dApps

Semasa kita membincangkan sambungan rantaian blok dApp, adalah penting untuk menggali lebih mendalam reka bentuk dApps. Aplikasi terdesentralisasi termasuk bahagian hadapan dan bahagian belakang sebagai dua komponen penting dalam reka bentuk mereka. Bahagian hadapan membantu dalam berkomunikasi dengan pengguna, manakala kod bahagian belakang pada asasnya ialah kontrak pintar. Kini, kontrak pintar ialah tempat blockchain melompat dalam jawapan untuk 'apa itu dApp' dan paling ketara merujuk kepada blockchain Ethereum. 

Bahagian hadapan aplikasi terdesentralisasi sebenarnya adalah kod yang dilaksanakan pada bahagian pengguna aplikasi. Ia pada asasnya berfungsi sebagai antara muka untuk komunikasi antara pengguna dan aplikasi. Selain itu, bahagian hadapan dApps juga termasuk dompet digital yang berfungsi dengan fungsi yang berbeza. 

Dompet digital menyimpan rekod kunci peribadi dan awam pengguna untuk tujuan pengesahan. Selain itu, dompet digital membantu dalam berinteraksi dengan rantaian blok untuk pengurusan alamat rantaian blok dan kunci kriptografi. Dompet digital dalam bahagian hadapan dApp juga membantu dalam mencetuskan pelaksanaan kontrak belakang atau kontrak pintar. 

Bahagian belakang aplikasi terdesentralisasi membawa kelainan yang menarik dengan penggunaan kontrak pintar yang dijalankan di bahagian pelayan aplikasi. Anda mempunyai bahagian belakang dApps pada rantaian blok tempat ia dilaksanakan, dan bahagian belakang dApps bersifat sumber terbuka. Kontrak pintar melaksanakan fungsi yang ditakrifkan secara khusus tanpa mengira keadaan di persekitaran mereka. 

Perbezaan antara Apl Terdesentralisasi dan Apl Tradisional

Twitter dan Slack adalah beberapa contoh konvensional syarikat yang menawarkan aplikasi web. Aplikasi web tradisional juga bergantung pada bahagian hadapan dan hujung belakang sebagai elemen penting dalam fungsinya. Walau bagaimanapun, aplikasi web tradisional memanfaatkan perisian yang berada pada pelayan web terpusat dan bukannya sistem pengendalian tempatan peranti tertentu. Peranti akan memanfaatkan Protokol Pemindahan Hiperteks atau HTTP untuk menggunakan mesej pengekodan untuk berkomunikasi dengan pelayan. Jadi, suapan di hujung hadapan aplikasi web akan datang daripada data di bahagian belakang atau pelayan web syarikat. 

Aplikasi terdesentralisasi menggunakan kontrak pintar pada rangkaian blockchain sebagai bahagian belakangnya. Blockchain pada asasnya ialah rangkaian berbilang mesin yang berkongsi beban transaksi yang sama dalam rangkaian teragih. Anda boleh mendapati bahawa dApp memanfaatkan teknologi yang sama untuk memaparkan halaman pada bahagian hadapan. Walau bagaimanapun, dApps berbeza daripada aplikasi web dari segi bahagian belakangnya kerana ia berkomunikasi dengan rangkaian blockchain yang berkaitan dengan memanfaatkan dompet. 

Kepentingan Dompet dalam Aplikasi Terdesentralisasi

Katakan anda cuba mencari jawapan kepada "Untuk apa dApp digunakan?" maka anda harus melihat bagaimana dompet berfungsi sebagai komponen penting dalam dApps. Dompet membantu dalam menguruskan alamat blockchain pengguna bersama kunci kriptografi yang diperlukan untuk pengenalan dan pengesahan mereka. 

Daripada bergantung pada protokol HTTP, dompet bertanggungjawab untuk mencetuskan kontrak pintar atau bahagian belakang dApps. Kontrak pintar kemudiannya akan berinteraksi dengan rangkaian blockchain dan memastikan pelaksanaan transaksi. Memandangkan kontrak pintar ialah kod boleh atur cara yang boleh anda sesuaikan mengikut kes penggunaan tertentu, dApps boleh berfungsi untuk pelbagai kes penggunaan. 

Ciri Utama Aplikasi Terdesentralisasi

Satu lagi sorotan utama yang perlu anda temui dalam perbincangan mengenai 'apa itu dApp' ialah garis besar ciri-ciri utama dApps. Kini, anda mempunyai gambaran yang jelas tentang asas apl terpencar dan cara ia berfungsi. Jadi, ini adalah masa terbaik untuk melihat ciri-ciri dApps berikut yang membezakannya secara mendalam. 

Sumber terbuka

Salah satu sorotan utama aplikasi terdesentralisasi ialah ia mestilah bersifat sumber terbuka. Anda tidak boleh mempunyai satu entiti yang mengawal kod aplikasi. Sebaliknya, kod permohonan hendaklah sepenuhnya autonomi dan sedia tersedia untuk penilaian. 

Insentif

Sorotan kritikal seterusnya bagi dApp akan menunjukkan kepada keperluan untuk menjana token. Apl terdesentralisasi mesti mempunyai keupayaan untuk menjana token asli sebagai bukti nilai di samping mengedarkan token sebagai ganjaran. 

Desentralisasi 

Seperti namanya jelas membayangkan, aplikasi terdesentralisasi berbeza daripada aplikasi tradisional kerana bahagian belakang mereka berjalan pada blockchain terdesentralisasi. Persatuan rantaian blok dApp membayangkan keperluan untuk menyimpan semua rekod operasi aplikasi pada rantaian blok. 

Pematuhan Protokol

Semua pihak berkepentingan dalam aplikasi terdesentralisasi harus menyatakan persetujuan mereka untuk algoritma kriptografi untuk mengesahkan bukti nilai. 

Kelebihan Aplikasi Terdesentralisasi

Pemahaman utama tentang 'apa itu dApp' membawa kepada beberapa pandangan yang menjanjikan tentang definisi, reka bentuk dan fungsinya. Aplikasi terdesentralisasi pada asasnya adalah aplikasi web tradisional yang anda akan jalankan pada rangkaian blockchain. Jadi, apakah yang dApp tawarkan dari segi nilai untuk pengguna? Berikut ialah beberapa kelebihan ketara yang boleh anda temui dengan aplikasi terdesentralisasi. 

Tiada Masa Henti

Kelebihan utama dApps merujuk kepada fakta bahawa tiada masa henti dengan mereka. Selepas menggunakan kontrak pintar pada blockchain, rangkaian sentiasa boleh memenuhi keperluan pelanggan yang ingin berinteraksi dengan kontrak pintar. Tambahan pula, dApps juga boleh memastikan bahawa mana-mana pelakon berniat jahat tidak boleh melancarkan serangan penafian perkhidmatan pada apl tertentu. Memandangkan aplikasi terdesentralisasi berjalan pada sistem peer-to-peer, ia akan terus berfungsi walaupun sebahagian daripada seni bina rangkaian tidak berfungsi.

Rintangan Penapisan 

Satu lagi aspek penting tentang dApps yang meluaskan skop jawapan kepada "Untuk apa dApp digunakan?" merujuk kepada penentangan penapisan. Apl terdesentralisasi tidak membenarkan kawalan data dan proses kepada satu entiti. Oleh itu, adalah mustahil bagi mana-mana kerajaan atau entiti untuk menyekat pengguna daripada menyerahkan transaksi atau menggunakan dApps, dan juga membaca data daripada rantaian blok. Tanpa mana-mana individu atau organisasi tertentu yang mengawal dApp, pengguna mempunyai kelebihan kebebasan sepenuhnya dengan dApps. 

Pengiraan Tanpa Amanah 

Kelebihan nilai penting seterusnya yang dikaitkan dengan interaksi rantaian blok dApp merujuk kepada analisis kontrak pintar dan pelaksanaan yang boleh diramal tanpa sebarang kuasa berpusat. Apl terdesentralisasi mewujudkan asas sistem yang benar-benar tidak amanah berbanding model tradisional. 

Sebagai contoh, anda perlu mempercayai institusi kewangan dalam sistem perbankan dalam talian dan menganggap bahawa mereka tidak akan menyalahgunakan maklumat kewangan atau peribadi anda. Walau bagaimanapun, anda tidak perlu bergantung kepada pihak berkuasa pusat lagi dengan dApp kerana kontrak pintar menguruskan segala-galanya. 

Privasi

Kelebihan apl terdesentralisasi yang paling dominan, yang jelas mengukuhkan pemahaman tentang 'apa itu dApp', ialah tidak mahu dikenali. Anda akan mendapati bahawa sebahagian besar aplikasi terdesentralisasi tidak menuntut identiti sebenar pengguna. Daripada melalui proses pendaftaran yang rumit dan panjang, pengguna boleh mengakses dApps dengan kelayakan log masuk Ethereum mereka dan dompet digital. 

Integriti Data

Integriti data juga merupakan faktor penting dalam mengembangkan kemungkinan jawapan untuk "Untuk apa dApp digunakan?" merentasi pelbagai industri. Dengan kuasa kriptografi, aplikasi terdesentralisasi memastikan penyimpanan data yang selamat pada rangkaian blockchain yang berkaitan. Tambahan pula, kebolehcapaian blockchain awam untuk mengesahkan transaksi juga memberikan jaminan kebolehpercayaan dalam rekod data. 

Risiko dengan Aplikasi Terdesentralisasi

Di satu pihak, anda mempunyai hubungan blockchain dApp yang mewujudkan prospek yang menjanjikan untuk transformasi digital. Walaupun anda dapat melihat kelebihan rintangan penapisan, ketersediaan yang lebih tinggi, penyahpusatan dan keselamatan, ia juga penting untuk mengambil perhatian potensi halangan dengan dApps. Berikut ialah beberapa risiko ketara yang boleh anda kenal pasti dalam kes aplikasi terdesentralisasi. 

Penyelenggaraan 

Aplikasi terdesentralisasi memberikan banyak komplikasi dari segi penyelenggaraan kerana kesukaran dalam pengubahsuaian kod dan data yang diterbitkan pada rangkaian blockchain. Pembangun tidak dapat menggunakan kemas kini pada apl, walaupun sekiranya berlaku mengenal pasti pepijat atau risiko keselamatan. 

Kesesakan Rangkaian

Isu kesesakan rangkaian menjadi jelas jelas dalam kes di mana satu dApp menggunakan jumlah sumber pengiraan yang berlebihan. Buat masa ini, rangkaian Ethereum boleh memproses sekitar 10 hingga 15 transaksi setiap saat. Walau bagaimanapun, penghantaran urus niaga pada kadar yang lebih pantas boleh membawa kepada pengembangan yang lebih pantas dalam bilangan urus niaga yang belum disahkan.

Pemusatan 

Walaupun aplikasi terdesentralisasi mungkin kelihatan seperti penyelesaian yang dibina di atas Ethereum, ia mungkin menampilkan beberapa ciri terpusat. Contohnya, sesetengah dApps boleh menyimpan kunci atau maklumat sensitif lain pada bahagian pelayan atau melaksanakan logik perniagaan sensitif pada pelayan berpusat. 

Overhed Prestasi

Risiko dominan seterusnya yang dikaitkan dengan contoh dApp akan merujuk kepada overhed prestasi besar-besaran dan kesukaran dalam skalabiliti. Setiap nod dalam rangkaian perlu menjalankan dan menyimpan setiap transaksi untuk memastikan tahap keselamatan, kebolehpercayaan, integriti dan ketelusan yang dikehendaki dalam dApp. Tambahan pula, mekanisme konsensus seperti Proof-of-Work juga memakan masa dan sumber. Oleh itu, overhed dengan dApps adalah lebih besar daripada overhed pengiraan standard. 

Pengalaman pengguna

Satu lagi kemunduran yang ketara untuk aplikasi terdesentralisasi akan merujuk kepada kesukaran dalam pengalaman kejuruteraan yang mesra pengguna. Rata-rata pengguna akhir akan menghadapi kesukaran dalam menyediakan timbunan alat untuk berinteraksi dengan selamat dengan blockchain. 

Contoh Aplikasi Terdesentralisasi

Pengenalan kepada dApps tidak akan lengkap tanpa menyebut beberapa contoh dApp yang popular. Beberapa nama biasa di kalangan dApps yang popular hari ini termasuk Augur, BitTorrent dan Golem. Augur ialah salah satu entri teratas dalam kalangan contoh dApp, dengan lebih daripada 100,000 pelawat bulanan ke tapak webnya. 

Ia adalah sumber terbuka, pasaran ramalan terdesentralisasi berdasarkan Ethereum, yang membantu dalam mencipta pasaran ramalan yang berbeza. Sebaliknya, BitTorrent berfungsi sebagai aplikasi perkongsian fail terdesentralisasi, dan Golem berfungsi sebagai pasaran terdesentralisasi untuk tujuan menyewa kuasa dan sumber pengiraan. 

Pokoknya

Populariti dApps meningkat secara perlahan apabila orang ramai dan perusahaan mengenali fungsi sebenar mereka. Aplikasi terdesentralisasi telah berkembang dengan ketara selama bertahun-tahun disebabkan oleh inovasi dan kreativiti pembangun. Hasilnya, kita dapat melihat banyak contoh dApp baharu yang baru muncul yang disesuaikan untuk perusahaan yang berbeza dalam pelbagai sektor. 

Cara untuk memahami aplikasi terdesentralisasi adalah untuk mengenal pasti cara blockchain berfungsi sebagai komponen penting dalam bahagian belakangnya. Daripada entiti berpusat yang menerajui sesuatu, dApps meletakkan kontrak pintar untuk memudahkan transaksi. Walau bagaimanapun, dApps juga memperkenalkan banyak halangan, seperti kebimbangan pemusatan dan kesesakan rangkaian. Menyelam lebih dalam ke dalam dunia dApps dan ketahui lebih lanjut mengenainya sekarang! 

What is GEEK

Buddha Community

Devin Pinto

1606217442

Blockchain Certification | Blockchain Training Course | Blockchain Council

In all the market sectors, Blockchain technology has contributed to the redesign. The improvements that were once impossible have been pushed forward. Blockchain is one of the leading innovations with the ability to influence the various sectors of the industry. It also has the ability to be one of the career-influencing innovations at the same time. We have seen an increasing inclination towards the certification of the Blockchain in recent years, and there are obvious reasons behind it. Blockchain has everything to offer, from good packages to its universal application and futuristic development. Let’s address the reasons why one should go for Blockchain certification.

5 advantages of certification by Blockchain:

1. Lucrative packages- Everyone who completes their education or upskills themselves wants to end up with a good bundle, not only is one assured of a good learning experience with Blockchain, but the packages are drool-worthy at the same time. A Blockchain developer’s average salary varies between $150,000 and $175,000 per annum. Comparatively, a software developer gets a $137,000 per year salary. For a Blockchain developer, the San Francisco Bay area provides the highest bundle, amounting to $162,288 per annum. There’s no point arguing that learning about Blockchain is a smart decision with such lucrative packages.

2. Growing industry- When you select any qualification course, it becomes important that you choose a growing segment or industry that promises potential in the future. You should anticipate all of these with Blockchain. The size of the blockchain market is expected to rise from USD 3.0 billion in 2020 to USD 39.7 billion by 2025. This will see an incredible 67.3 percent CAGR between 2020-2025. To help business processes, several businesses are outsourcing Blockchain technologies. This clearly demonstrates that there will be higher demand in the future for Blockchain developers and certified Blockchain professionals.

3. Universal application- One of the major reasons for the success of Blockchain is that it has a global application. It is not sector-specific. Blockchain usage cases are discovered by almost all market segments. In addition, other innovations such as AI, big data, data science and much more are also supported by Blockchain. It becomes easier to get into a suitable industry once you know about Blockchain.

**4. Work protection-**Surely you would like to invest in an ability that ensures job security. You had the same chance for Blockchain. Since this is the technology of the future, understanding that Blockchain can keep up with futuristic developments will help in a successful and safe job.

**5.**After a certain point of your professional life, you are expected to learn about new abilities that can help enhance your skills. Upskilling is paramount. Upskilling oneself has become the need for the hour, and choosing a path that holds a lot of potential for the future is the best way to do this. For all computer geeks and others who want to gain awareness of emerging technology, Blockchain is a good option.

Concluding thoughts- opting for Blockchain certification is a successful career move with all these advantages. You will be able to find yourself in a safe and secured work profile once you have all the knowledge and information. Link for Blockchain certification programme with the Blockchain Council.

#blockchain certificate #blockchain training #blockchain certification #blockchain developers #blockchain #blockchain council

Winona Aufderhar

Winona Aufderhar

1598265735

5 Blockchain Applications That Have Transformed the World of Technology

The blockchain is the decentralized database of the blocks of information, which gets recorded in the chain format and linked in a secured crypto graphical manner. This technology ensures proper safety of the data due to its secure nature, and it totally changes how people carry out transactions. It also brings about a faster and secure process of validating information needed to establish reliability.

Though blockchain technology came into the market to carry out only digital transactions, it is now used in various industries like supply chain, finance, health care, and many more.

The blockchain technology has made its position in mobile app development as well. Blockchain applications are transparent and accountable. From getting easy access to medical records and buying insurance, you can see blockchain applications everywhere.

Here are some of the areas where you can see the use of blockchain applications and how they have changed various industries.

1. Ripple

Ripple is useful for increasing banking transactions. The implementation of blockchain technology in the financial sector is much more profound than any other sector. Ripple proves this. It is one of the greatest tools to record and complete financial transactions.

It develops a large network despite strict physical boundaries. As there is no such third-party involvement present, the cost of these transactions is lower than usual. At the same time, the network also remains transparent and quite secured.

It is normally seen that financial transactions that happen globally are

error-prone and take a lot of time. In addition to this, when the transaction

fees and exchange rates get added up, the total cost usually gets high.

However, Ripple offers real-time international transactions without spending too much money. It has the network of about 200+ institutions making the process affordable, secure, and fast for all sorts of international transactions.

2. Etherisc

This blockchain application helps in automating flight insurance. Insurance is another area where blockchain is gaining popularity. Through this application, insurers can make smart contracts rather than getting involved in the traditional contracts that are usually complex. Etherisc is the blockchain application that helps customers buy flight insurance. If the flight gets canceled or delayed, they do not have to wait for months to get the payment back. This application ensures an on-time payout.

#blockchain #blockchain-technology #blockchain-development #blockchain-use-cases #blockchain-a #blockchain-technologies #technology #decentralization

Thandeka Abrahams

Thandeka Abrahams

1646737200

A Collection About Awesome Blockchains

Mining Digital Gold one Block at a Time?! • Don't Expect to Get Insanely Rich (Quick) • Tulips :tulip::tulip::tulip: (like Blockchains) are Great and Gorgeous (and will Endure)

b0 = Block.first(
        { from: "Dutchgrown", to: "Vincent", what: "Tulip Bloemendaal Sunset", qty: 10 },
        { from: "Keukenhof",  to: "Anne",    what: "Tulip Semper Augustus",    qty: 7  } )

b1 = Block.next( b0,
        { from: "Flowers",    to: "Ruben",   what: "Tulip Admiral van Eijck",  qty: 5  },
        { from: "Vicent",     to: "Anne",    what: "Tulip Bloemendaal Sunset", qty: 3  },
        { from: "Anne",       to: "Julia",   what: "Tulip Semper Augustus",    qty: 1  },
        { from: "Julia",      to: "Luuk",    what: "Tulip Semper Augustus",    qty: 1  } )
...

(Source: blockchain_with_transactions.rb)

Awesome Blockchains

A collection about awesome blockchains - open distributed databases w/ crypto hashes incl. git ;-). Blockchains are the new tulips :tulip::tulip::tulip:.

Contents:

What's News?

For blockchain books, see the new Best of Crypto Books page »

The Open Blockchains Book of the Year 2020 Award Goes To...

Libra Shrugged: How Facebook Tried to Take Over the Money by David Gerard, November 2020, 182 Pages -- Introduction: Taking over the money ++ A user's guide to Libra ++ The genesis of Libra: Beller's blockchain ++ To launch a Libra: Let’s start a crypto ++ Bitcoin: why Libra is like this ++ The Libra White Papers ++ Banking the unbanked ++ The Libra Reserve plan and economic stability ++ Libra, privacy and your digital identity ++ The regulators recoil in horror ++ David Marcus before the US House and Senate ++ July to September 2019: Libra runs the gauntlet ++ October 2019: Libra's bad month ++ Mark Zuckerberg before the US House ++ November 2019: The comedown ++ Central bank digital currencies ++ Epilogue: Libra 2.0: not dead yet ++ Appendix: 2010–2013: The rise and fall of Facebook Credits

For more about Diem (formerly Libra), see the Awesome Diem (formerly Libra) and Move page »

For crypto quotes, see the new 100+ Best of Crypto Quotes - I HODL, you HODL, we HODL! - BREAKING: BITCOIN JUST BROKE $22 000! page »

The Best Crypto Quote "Oracle Saying" of the Year 2020 Award Goes To...

SEC Investor Education:

  • Don't understand an investment?
  • Don't invest in it.

Yes, but what if there's only 21 million of it?

- Trolly McTrollface

Frequently Asked Questions (F.A.Q.s) & Answers

Q: What's a Blockchain?

A: A blockchain is a distributed database with a list (that is, chain) of records (that is, blocks) linked and secured by digital fingerprints (that is, cryptho hashes). Example from blockchain.rb:

[#<Block:0x1eed2a0
  @timestamp     = 1637-09-15 20:52:38,
  @data          = "Genesis",
  @previous_hash = "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  @hash          = "edbd4e11e69bc399a9ccd8faaea44fb27410fe8e3023bb9462450a0a9c4caa1b">,
 #<Block:0x1eec9a0
  @timestamp     = 1637-09-15 21:02:38,
  @data          = "Transaction Data...",
  @previous_hash = "edbd4e11e69bc399a9ccd8faaea44fb27410fe8e3023bb9462450a0a9c4caa1b",
  @hash          = "eb8ecbf6d5870763ae246e37539d82e37052cb32f88bb8c59971f9978e437743">,
 #<Block:0x1eec838
  @timestamp     = 1637-09-15 21:12:38,
  @data          = "Transaction Data......",
  @previous_hash = "eb8ecbf6d5870763ae246e37539d82e37052cb32f88bb8c59971f9978e437743",
  @hash          = "be50017ee4bbcb33844b3dc2b7c4e476d46569b5df5762d14ceba9355f0a85f4">,
  ...

Q: What's a Hash? What's a (One-Way) Crypto(graphic) Hash Digest Checksum?

A: A hash e.g. eb8ecbf6d5870763ae246e37539d82e37052cb32f88bb8c59971f9978e437743 is a small digest checksum calculated with a one-way crypto(graphic) hash digest checksum function e.g. SHA256 (Secure Hash Algorithm 256 Bits) from the data. Example from blockchain.rb:

def calc_hash
  sha = Digest::SHA256.new
  sha.update( @timestamp.to_s + @previous_hash + @data )
  sha.hexdigest   ## returns "eb8ecbf6d5870763ae246e37539d82e37052cb32f88bb8c59971f9978e437743"
end

A blockchain uses

  • the block timestamp (e.g. 1637-09-15 20:52:38) and
  • the hash from the previous block (e.g. edbd4e11e69bc399a9ccd8faaea44fb27410fe8e3023bb9462450a0a9c4caa1b) and finally
  • the block data (e.g. Transaction Data...)

to calculate the new hash digest checksum, that is, the hash e.g. be50017ee4bbcb33844b3dc2b7c4e476d46569b5df5762d14ceba9355f0a85f4.

Q: What's a Merkle Tree?

A: A Merkle tree is a hash tree named after Ralph Merkle who patented the concept in 1979 (the patent expired in 2002). A hash tree is a generalization of hash lists or hash chains where every leaf node (in the tree) is labelled with a data block and every non-leaf node (in the tree) is labelled with the crypto(graphic) hash of the labels of its child nodes. For more see the Merkle tree Wikipedia Article.

Note: By adding crypto(graphic) hash functions you can "merkelize" any data structure.

Q: What's a Merkelized DAG (Directed Acyclic Graph)?

A: It's a blockchain secured by crypto(graphic) hashes that uses a directed acyclic graph data structure (instead of linear "classic" linked list).

Note: Git uses merkelized dag (directed acyclic graph)s for its blockchains.

Q: Is the Git Repo a Blockchain?

A: Yes, every branch in the git repo is a blockchain. The "classic" Satoshi-blockchain is like a git repo with a single master branch (only).

Do-It-Yourself (DIY) - Build Your Own Blockchain

Python • Ruby • JavaScript • Java • Go

Python

Let's Build the Tiniest Blockchain in Python Series by Gerald Nash

Build Your Own Blockchain: A Python Tutorial by Eric Munsing, March 2017, (Source)

Learn Blockchains by Building One (in Python) by Daniel van Flymen, September 2017, (Source) -- The fastest way to learn how Blockchains work is to build one

Build Your Own Blockchain (in Python 3) Series by Jack Schultz, (Source)

A Practical Introduction to Blockchain with Python by Adil Moujahid, March 2018, (Source)

Ruby

How Does Bitcoin Force Consensus Among Byzantine Generals? by Fabio Akita, November 2017

blockchain-lite - Build your own blockchains with crypto hashes; revolutionize the world with blockchains, blockchains, blockchains one block at a time! by Gerald Bauer, Ruby Advent Calendar 2017 / Day 1, December 2017

merkletree library - Build Your Own Crypto Hash Trees; Grow Your Own Money on Trees by Gerald Bauer, Ruby Advent Calendar 2017 / Day 19, December 2017

centralbank command line tool (and library) - Print Your Own Money / Cryptocurrency; Run Your Own Federated Central Bank Nodes on the Blockchain Peer-to-Peer over HTTP by Gerald Bauer, Ruby Advent Calendar 2017 / Day 24, December 2017

A guide to building a blockchain & cryptocurrency from scratch (Source) by Antoine Fink, April 2021

Crystal

Write your own blockchain and Proof-of-Work (PoW) algorithm using Crystal by Bradford Lamson-Scribner, May 2018, (Source)

JavaScript

Writing a Tiny Blockchain in JavaScript by Xavier Decuyper, July 2017

Node.js Blockchain Imlementation: BrewChain: Chain+WebSockets+HTTP Server by Darren Beck, November 2017, (Source) -- Protecting the tea making ledger from unscrupulous colleagues

Build your own Blockchain in Javascript/Visualization of Blockchains by Nam Chu Hoai, January 2018

TypeScript

Naivecoin: a tutorial for building a cryptocurrency by Lauri Hartikka, (Source)

Java

Creating Your First Blockchain with Java, Part 1 by Kass, December 2017, (Source)

Kotlin

Let's implement a cryptocurrency in Kotlin by Vasily Fomin, July 2018, (Source)

SQL

Blockchain by Example in SQL Server by Benjamin Campbell, December 2017, (Source)

Rust

Building Blockchain in Rust Series by Jacob Lindahl, GeekLaunch, (Source), (Slide Decks in PDF)

Go

Building Blockchain in Go Series by Ivan Kuznetsov, (Source)

Blockchain Series in Go by by Coral Health (Source)

Talk Notes

More

See Build your own Blockchain / Cryptocurrency @ Build your own (insert technology here)

Samples

Blockchain from Scratch - Ruby Version

class Block

  attr_reader :timestamp
  attr_reader :data
  attr_reader :previous_hash
  attr_reader :hash

  def initialize(data, previous_hash)
    @timestamp     = Time.now
    @data          = data
    @previous_hash = previous_hash
    @hash          = calc_hash
  end

  def self.first( data="Genesis" )    # create genesis (big bang! first) block
    ## note: uses all zero for previous_hash ("0")
    Block.new( data, "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000" )
  end

  def self.next( previous, data="Transaction Data..." )
    Block.new( data, previous.hash )
  end

private

  def calc_hash
    sha = Digest::SHA256.new
    sha.update( @timestamp.to_s + @previous_hash + @data )
    sha.hexdigest
  end

end  # class Block


#####
## let's get started
##   build a blockchain a block at a time

b0 = Block.first( "Genesis" )
b1 = Block.next( b0, "Transaction Data..." )
b2 = Block.next( b1, "Transaction Data......" )
b3 = Block.next( b2, "More Transaction Data..." )

blockchain = [b0, b1, b2, b3]

pp blockchain

(Source: blockchain.rb)

will pretty print (pp) something like:

[#<Block:0x1eed2a0
  @timestamp     = 1637-09-15 20:52:38,
  @data          = "Genesis",
  @previous_hash = "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  @hash          = "edbd4e11e69bc399a9ccd8faaea44fb27410fe8e3023bb9462450a0a9c4caa1b">,
 #<Block:0x1eec9a0
  @timestamp     = 1637-09-15 21:02:38,
  @data          = "Transaction Data...",
  @previous_hash = "edbd4e11e69bc399a9ccd8faaea44fb27410fe8e3023bb9462450a0a9c4caa1b",
  @hash          = "eb8ecbf6d5870763ae246e37539d82e37052cb32f88bb8c59971f9978e437743">,
 #<Block:0x1eec838
  @timestamp     = 1637-09-15 21:12:38,
  @data          = "Transaction Data......",
  @previous_hash = "eb8ecbf6d5870763ae246e37539d82e37052cb32f88bb8c59971f9978e437743",
  @hash          = "be50017ee4bbcb33844b3dc2b7c4e476d46569b5df5762d14ceba9355f0a85f4">,
 #<Block:0x1eec6d0
  @timestamp     = 1637-09-15 21:22:38,
  @data          = "More Transaction Data...",
  @previous_hash = "be50017ee4bbcb33844b3dc2b7c4e476d46569b5df5762d14ceba9355f0a85f4",
  @hash          = "5ee2981606328abfe0c3b1171440f0df746c1e1f8b3b56c351727f7da7ae5d8d">]

Comments from the reddit ruby posting:

Wait, so a blockchain is just a linked list?

No. A linked list is only required to have a reference to the previous element, a block must have an identifier depending on the previous block's identifier, meaning that you cannot replace a block without recomputing every single block that comes after. In this implementation that happens as the previous digest is input in the calc_hash method.

What about Proof of Work / Waste?

Let's add a proof of work / waste to the blockchain. In the classic blockchain you have to compute a block hash that starts with leading zeros (00). The more leading zeros the harder (more difficult) to compute. Let's keep it easy to compute with two leading zeros (00), that is, 16^2 = 256 possibilites (^1,2). Three leading zeros (000) would be 16^3 = 4_096 possibilites and four zeros (0000) would be 16^4 = 65_536 and so on.

(^1): 16 possibilties because it's a hex or hexadecimal or base 16 number, that is, 0 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 a (10) b (11) c (12) d (13) e (14) f (15).

(^2): A random secure hash algorithm needs on average 256 tries (might be lets say 305 tries, for example, because it's NOT a perfect statistic distribution of possibilities).

Example:

def compute_hash_with_proof_of_work( difficulty="00" )
  nonce = 0
  loop do
    hash = calc_hash_with_nonce( nonce )
    if hash.start_with?( difficulty )  
      return [nonce,hash]     ## bingo! proof of work if hash starts with leading zeros (00)
    else
      nonce += 1              ## keep trying (and trying and trying)
    end
  end
end

def calc_hash_with_nonce( nonce=0 )
  sha = Digest::SHA256.new
  sha.update( nonce.to_s + @timestamp.to_s + @previous_hash + @data )
  sha.hexdigest
end

(Source: blockchain_with_proof_of_work.rb)

Let's rerun the sample with the proof of work machinery added. Now the sample will pretty print (pp) something like:

[#<Block:0x1e204f0
  @timestamp     = 1637-09-20 20:13:38,
  @data          = "Genesis",
  @previous_hash = "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  @nonce         = 242,
  @hash          = "00b8e77e27378f9aa0afbcea3a2882bb62f6663771dee053364beb1887e18bcf">,
 #<Block:0x1e56e20
  @timestamp     = 1637-09-20 20:23:38,
  @data          = "Transaction Data...",
  @previous_hash = "00b8e77e27378f9aa0afbcea3a2882bb62f6663771dee053364beb1887e18bcf",
  @nonce         = 46,
  @hash          = "00aae8d2e9387e13c71b33f8cd205d336ac250d2828011f5970062912985a9af">,
 #<Block:0x1e2bd58
  @timestamp     = 1637-09-20 20:33:38,
  @data          = "Transaction Data......",
  @previous_hash = "00aae8d2e9387e13c71b33f8cd205d336ac250d2828011f5970062912985a9af",
  @nonce         = 350,
  @hash          = "00ea45e0f4683c3bec4364f349ee2b6816be0c9fd95cfd5ffcc6ed572c62f190">,
 #<Block:0x1fa8338
  @timestamp     = 1637-09-20 20:43:38,
  @data          = "More Transaction Data...",
  @previous_hash = "00ea45e0f4683c3bec4364f349ee2b6816be0c9fd95cfd5ffcc6ed572c62f190",
  @nonce         = 59,
  @hash          = "00436f0fca677652963e904ce4c624606a255946b921132d5b1f70f7d86c4ab8">]

See the difference? All hashes now start with leading zeros (00) and the nonce is the random "lucky number" that makes it happen. That's the magic behind the proof of work.

Blockchain from Scratch - JavaScript Version

class Block {

  constructor(data, previousHash) {
    this.timestamp    = new Date()
    this.data         = data
    this.previousHash = previousHash
    this.hash         = this.calcHash()
  }

  calcHash() {
    var sha = SHA256.create()
    sha.update( this.timestamp.toString() + this.previousHash + this.data )
    return sha.hex()
  }

  static first( data="Genesis" ) {    // create genesis (big bang! first) block
    // uses all-zero previousHash
    return new Block( data, "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000" )
  }

  static next( previous, data="Transaction Data..." ) {
    return new Block( data, previous.hash )
  }
}


//////
// let's get started
//   build a blockchain a block at a time

b0 = Block.first( "Genesis" )
b1 = Block.next( b0, "Transaction Data..." )
b2 = Block.next( b1, "Transaction Data......" )
b3 = Block.next( b2, "More Transaction Data..." )


blockchain = [b0, b1, b2, b3]

console.log( blockchain )

(Source: blockchain.js)

will log something like:

[ Block {
     timestamp    : 1637-09-18 08:25:54,
     data         : 'Genesis',
     previousHash : '0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000',
     hash         : 'c396de4c03ddb5275661982adc75ce5fc5905d2a2457d1266c74436c1f3c50f1' },
   Block {
     timestamp    : 1637-09-18 08:35:54,
     data         : 'Transaction Data...',
     previousHash : 'c396de4c03ddb5275661982adc75ce5fc5905d2a2457d1266c74436c1f3c50f1',
     hash         : '493131e09c069645c82795c96e4715cea0f5558be514b5096d853a5b9899154a' },
   Block {
     timestamp    : 1637-09-18 08:45:54,
     data         : 'Transaction Data......',
     previousHash : '493131e09c069645c82795c96e4715cea0f5558be514b5096d853a5b9899154a',
     hash         : '97aa3cb5052615d60ff8e6b41bef606562588c4874f011970ac2f218e2f0f4a8' },
   Block {
     timestamp    : 1637-09-18 08:55:54,
     data         : 'More Transaction Data...',
     previousHash : '97aa3cb5052615d60ff8e6b41bef606562588c4874f011970ac2f218e2f0f4a8',
     hash         : 'e10e020f832e46c2b60e1c3c0412bd370b2fde5f0f782c16eb87d0313ea0d3a3' } ]

Blockchain Articles

Reflections on the Blockchain by Rufus Pollock (Open Knowledge Foundation), July 2016 -- The DAO: Code is not Law – and It’s Dangerous to Think So ++ The Internet changed the world - surely the Blockchain will too? ++ Gold-rush or Internet-rush? ++ Governance Matters in Bitcoin ++ The Myth of a Costless, Ownerless Network ++ Lessons from History

On the Dangers of a Blockchain Monoculture by Tony Arcieri, January 2016 -- The Bitcoin blockchain: the world's worst database ++ Next-generation protocols ++ Decentralized ledger protocols ++ Bitcoin-NG ++ Blockchain! Blockchain! Blockchain! ++ The great decentralized database in the sky

I Don’t Believe in Blockchain by Tim Bray, May 2017

Minimum Viable Blockchain by Ilya Grigorik, May 2014 -- Securing transactions with triple-entry bookkeeping ++ Securing transactions with PKI ++ Balance = Σ(receipts) ++ Multi-party transfers & verification ++ Double-spending and distributed consensus - Requirements for a distributed consensus network; Protecting the network from Sybil attacks; Proof-of-work as a participation requirement ++ Building the minimum viable blockchain - Adding "blocks" & transaction fee incentives; Racing to claim the transaction fees; Resolving chain conflicts; Blocks are never final ++ Properties of the (minimum viable) blockchain

Blockchains by analogies and applications: How blockchain compares to Git, Raft, and other technologies. by Kieren James-Lubin, January 2016 -- Blockchains are databases ++ Understanding transactions ++ Persistent, replicated databases (related technology: Git) ++ Peer-to-peer networks (related technology: BitTorrent) ++ Distributed consensus (related technology: distributed databases, Raft) ++ Minting new coins (mining) ++ Embedded identities (related technology: TLS) ++ Smart contracts: Like SQL expressions & triggers ++ What can we really do with blockchains?

Blockchain Books

Attack of the 50 Foot Blockchain: Bitcoin, Blockchain, Ethereum & Smart Contracts by David Gerard, London, 2017 -- What is a bitcoin? ++ The Bitcoin ideology ++ The incredible promises of Bitcoin! ++ Early Bitcoin: the rise to the first bubble ++ How Bitcoin mining centralised ++ Who is Satoshi Nakamoto? ++ Spending bitcoins in 2017 ++ Trading bitcoins in 2017: the second crypto bubble ++ Altcoins ++ Smart contracts, stupid humans ++ Business bafflegab, but on the Blockchain ++ Case study: Why you can’t put the music industry on a blockchain

Mastering Bitcoin - Programming the Open Blockchain 2nd Edition, by Andreas M. Antonopoulos, 2017 - FREE (Online Source Version) -- What Is Bitcoin? ++ How Bitcoin Works ++ Bitcoin Core: The Reference Implementation ++ Keys, Addresses ++ Wallets ++ Transactions ++ Advanced Transactions and Scripting ++ The Bitcoin Network ++ The Blockchain ++ Mining and Consensus ++ Bitcoin Security ++ Blockchain Applications

BEWARE: Bitcoin is a gigantic ponzi scheme¹. To the moon!? The new gold standard!? Do NOT "invest" trying to get-rich-quick HODLing. Why not? The bitcoin code is archaic and out-of-date. Burn, baby, burn! Proof-of-work / waste is a global energy environmental disaster using 300 kW/h per bitcoin transaction (!) that's about 179 kilograms of CO₂ emissions². Programmable money (or the internet of value) for all future generations with (bitcoin) script without loops and jumps (gotos) and all "stateless"!? LOL.

¹: (Source: Best of Bitcoin Maximalist - Scammers, Morons, Clowns, Shills & BagHODLers - Inside The New New Crypto Ponzi Economics)

²: Assuming let's say 0.596 kilograms of CO₂ per kW/h (that's the energy efficiency in Germany) that's about 179 kilograms of CO₂ per bitcoin transaction (300 kW/h × 0.596 kg). For more insights see the Bitcoin Energy Consumption Index.

Programming Bitcoin from Scratch by Jimmy Song, 2019 - FREE (Online Source Version) -- Chapter 6 - Script - How Script Works • Example Operations • Parsing the Script Fields • Combining the Script Fields • Standard Scripts • p2pk • Problems with p2pk • Solving the Problems with p2pkh • Scripts Can Be Arbitrarily Constructed • Conclusion ++ Chapter 8 - Pay-to-Script Hash - Bare Multisig • Coding OP_CHECKMULTISIG • Problems with Bare Multisig • Pay-to-Script-Hash (p2sh) • Coding p2sh • Conclusion ++ Chapter 13 - Segregated Witness - Pay-to-Witness-Pubkey-Hash (p2wpkh) • p2wpkh Transactions • p2sh-p2wpkh • Coding p2wpkh and p2sh-p2wpkh • Pay-to-Witness-Script-Hash (p2wsh) • p2sh-p2wsh • Coding p2wsh and p2sh-p2wsh • Other Improvements • Conclusion

Programming Bitcoin Script Transaction (Crypto) Contracts Step-by-Step ( Beta / Rough Draft ) by Gerald Bauer et al, 2019 - FREE (Online Version) -- Let's start with building your own bitcoin stack machine from zero / scratch and let's run your own bitcoin ops (operations)...

Programming Blockchains in Ruby from Scratch Step-by-Step Starting w/ Crypto Hashes... ( Beta / Rough Draft ) by Gerald Bauer et al, 2018 - FREE (Online Version) -- (Crypto) Hash ++ (Crypto) Block ++ (Crypto) Block with Proof-of-Work ++ Blockchain! Blockchain! Blockchain! ++ Blockchain Broken? ++ Timestamping ++ Mining, Mining, Mining - What's Your Hash Rate? ++ Bitcoin, Bitcoin, Bitcoin ++ (Crypto) Block with Transactions (Tx)

Mastering Ethereum - Building Contract Services and Decentralized Apps on the Blockchain - by Andreas M. Antonopoulos, Gavin Wood, 2018 - FREE (Online Source Version) What is Ethereum ++ Introduction ++ Ethereum Clients ++ Ethereum Testnets ++ Keys and Addresses ++ Wallets ++ Transactions ++ Contract Services ++ Tokens ++ Oracles ++ Accounting & Gas ++ EVM (Ethereum Virtual Machine) ++
Consensus ++
DevP2P (Peer-To-Peer) Protocol ++ Dev Tools and Frameworks ++ Decentralized Apps ++ Ethereum Standards (EIPs/ERCs)

Building Decentralized Apps on the Ethereum Blockchain by Roberto Infante, 2018 - FREE chapter 1 -- Understanding decentralized applications ++ The Ethereum blockchain ++ Building contract services in (JavaScript-like) Solidity ++ Running contract services on the Ethereum blockchain ++ Developing Ethereum Decentralized apps with Truffle ++ Best design and security practice

Programming Crypto Blockchain Contracts Step-by-Step Book / Guide ( Beta / Rough Draft ) by Gerald Bauer et al, 2019 - FREE (Online Version) -- Let's Start with Ponzi & Pyramid Schemes. Run Your Own Lotteries, Gambling Casinos and more on the Blockchain World Computer...

Programming Cryptocurrencies and Blockchains in Ruby ( Beta / Rough Draft ) by Gerald Bauer et al, 2018 - FREE (Online Version) @ Yuki & Moto Press Bookshelf -- Digital $$$ Alchemy - What's a Blockchain? - How-To Turn Digital Bits Into $$$ or €€€? • Decentralize Payments. Decentralize Transactions. Decentralize Blockchains. • The Proof of the Pudding is ... The Bitcoin (BTC) Blockchain(s) ++ Building Blockchains from Scratch - A Blockchain in Ruby in 20 Lines! A Blockchain is a Data Structure • What about Proof-of-Work? What about Consensus? • Find the Lucky Number - Nonce == Number Used Once ++ Adding Transactions - The World's Worst Database - Bitcoin Blockchain Mining • Tulips on the Blockchain! Adding Transactions ++ Blockchain Lite - Basic Blocks • Proof-of-Work Blocks • Transactions ++ Merkle Tree - Build Your Own Crypto Hash Trees; Grow Your Own Money on Trees • What's a Merkle Tree? • Transactions ++ Central Bank - Run Your Own Federated Central Bank Nodes on the Blockchain Peer-to-Peer over HTTP • Inside Mining - Printing Cryptos, Cryptos, Cryptos on the Blockchain ++ Awesome Crypto ++ Case Studies - Dutch Gulden • Shilling • CryptoKitties (and CryptoCopycats)

Blockchain for Dummies, IBM Limited Edition by Manav Gupta, 2017 - FREE (Digital Download w/ Email) -- Grasping Blockchain Fundamentals ++ Taking a Look at How Blockchain Works ++ Propelling Business with Blockchains ++ Blockchain in Action: Use Cases ++ Hyperledger, a Linux Foundation Project ++ Ten Steps to Your First Blockchain application

Get Rich Quick "Business Blockchain" Bible - The Secrets of Free Easy Money, 2018 - FREE -- Step 1: Sell hot air. How? ++ Step 2: Pump up your tokens. How? ++ Step 3: Revolutionize the World. How?

Best of Bitcoin Maximalist - Scammers, Morons, Clowns, Shills & BagHODLers - Inside The New New Crypto Ponzi Economics by Trolly McTrollface, et al, 2018 - FREE

Crypto Facts - Decentralize Payments - Efficient, Low Cost, Fair, Clean - True or False? by Nouriel Roubini, David Gerard, et al, 2018 - FREE

Crypto is the Mother of All Scams and (Now Busted) Bubbles - While Blockchain Is The Most Over-Hyped Technology Ever, No Better than a Spreadsheet/Database by Nouriel Roubini, 2018 - FREE

IslandCoin White Paper - A Pen and Paper Cash System - How to Run a Blockchain on a Deserted Island by Tal Kol -- Motivation ++ Consensus ++ Transaction and Block Specification - Transaction format • Block format • Genesis block ++ References

Blockchain (Lite) Crypto Hash Libraries

Ruby • JavaScript

Ruby

blockchain.lite (github: openblockchains/blockchain.lite.rb, gem: blockchain-lite) - build your own blockchain with crypto hashes - revolutionize the world with blockchains, blockchains, blockchains one block at a time

require 'blockchain-lite'

b0 = Block.first( "Genesis" )
b1 = Block.next( b0, "Transaction Data..." )
b2 = Block.next( b1, "Transaction Data......" )
b3 = Block.next( b2, "More Transaction Data..." )

blockchain = [b0, b1, b2, b3]

pp blockchain

will pretty print (pp) something like:

[#<Block:0x1eed2a0
  @timestamp     = 1637-09-15 20:52:38,
  @data          = "Genesis",
  @previous_hash = "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  @hash          = "edbd4e11e69bc399a9ccd8faaea44fb27410fe8e3023bb9462450a0a9c4caa1b">,
 #<Block:0x1eec9a0
  @timestamp     = 1637-09-15 21:02:38,
  @data          = "Transaction Data...",
  @hash          = "eb8ecbf6d5870763ae246e37539d82e37052cb32f88bb8c59971f9978e437743",
  @previous_hash = "edbd4e11e69bc399a9ccd8faaea44fb27410fe8e3023bb9462450a0a9c4caa1b">,
  ...

JavaScript

blockchain.lite (github: openblockchains/blockchain.lite.js, npm: blockchain-lite) - build your own blockchain with crypto hashes - revolutionize the world with blockchains, blockchains, blockchains one block at a time

const Blocks = require( "blockchain-lite" )

// use basic block
let Block = Blocks.basic

let b0 = Block.first( 'Genesis' )
let b1 = Block.next( b0, 'Transaction Data...' )
let b2 = Block.next( b1, 'Transaction Data......' )
let b3 = Block.next( b2, 'More Transaction Data...' )

let blockchain = [b0, b1, b2, b3]

console.log( blockchain )

will log something like:

[ Block {
    timestamp:     2017-09-25 17:03:38,
    data:         'Genesis',
    previousHash: '0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000',
    hash:         '08f4fa71628c5bc6b430228738bc8c41afaf508ece0b1cf9c9cac53d02e11829' },
  Block {
    timestamp:     2017-09-25 17:13:38,
    data:         'Transaction Data...',
    previousHash: '08f4fa71628c5bc6b430228738bc8c41afaf508ece0b1cf9c9cac53d02e11829',
    hash:         '740a4aeb3441484c96d1e7f63d31b716220ccee3b6fe94547cae2afbb6010626' },
  Block {
    timestamp:     2017-09-25 17:23:38,
    data:         'Transaction Data......',
    previousHash: '740a4aeb3441484c96d1e7f63d31b716220ccee3b6fe94547cae2afbb6010626',
    hash:         '28b6892a069e2ff7f1c3128ab495d7cd9b9b1636a51a7f69db93a14b1ee6b1a7' },
  Block {
    timestamp:     2017-09-25 17:33:38,
    data:         'More Transaction Data...',
    previousHash: '28b6892a069e2ff7f1c3128ab495d7cd9b9b1636a51a7f69db93a14b1ee6b1a7',
    hash:         '4cc0329b2c0cb32e0451fa3179bd944d4cd0fcf410939172f979e9fd2aa9f5f3' } ]

Git, Git, Git - The Stupid Content Tracker with Crypto Hashes

Everything is local. Distributed is the new centralized.

Quotes - Blockchains and Git

Yep, that's the joke. Nobody has been able to explain to me how the "blockchain" buzzword is significantly different to "git repo". -- Yaakov

But if you said "let's build a currency where all transactions are stored in a git repo" you wouldn't be taken seriously for even 24 hrs. -- Yaakov

Soon explaining git like "a git repo is like a blockchain with commits instead of blocks". -- Nicolás Berger

"A local branch is like a state channel. It can be pushed and merged into the master blockchain at any moment." -- Nicolás Berger

The #Blockchain has changed the world. Here I make the argument that the #Blockchain is just like #git. -- Jackson Kelley

git merge [-m REF] [-g BLOB] --push Merge and push all signed commits to the blockchain. -- Git Commands

Books

Learn Enough Git to Be Dangerous by Michael Hartl - FREE (Online Version) -- Getting started ++ Backing up and sharing ++ Intermediate workflow ++ Collaborating ++ Conclusion ++ Advanced setup

Pro Git by Scott Chacon and Ben Straub, 2nd Edition, 2014 - FREE (Online Version) -- Getting Started ++ Git Basics ++ Git Branching ++ Git on the Server ++ Distributed Git ++ GitHub ++ Git Tools ++ Customizing Git ++ Git and Other Systems ++ Git Internals ++ A1: Git in Other Environments ++ A2: Embedding Git in your Applications ++ A3: Git Commands

Git gets easier once you get the basic idea that branches are homeomorphic endofunctors mapping submanifolds of a Hilbert space. -- Anonymous

Open Distributed Databases on Git

football.db - open public domain football datasets (incl. clubs, national teams, leagues, match schedules, etc.)

world.db - open public domain world (country) datasets

beer.db - open public domain beer & brewery datasets

Add a beer transaction to the #blockchain on #git and win a free Wiener Lager beer! Cheers. Prost. -- Gerald Bauer @ Austria Codes

Open Distributed (Hyper) Ledger Books on Git

Shilling (or Schilling) - Shilling on the Blockchain! - Rock-Solid Alpine Dollar from Austria

Tulips - Tulips on the Blockchain! - Learn by Example from the Real World (Anno 1637) - Buy! Sell! Hold! Enjoy the Beauty of Admiral of Admirals, Semper Augustus, and More

Classic Tulip Mania

A period in the Dutch Golden Age during which contract prices for bulbs of the recently introduced tulip reached extraordinarily high levels and then dramatically collapsed in February 1637.

Quotes - Blockchains are the next Internets / Tulips

People who compare digital tokens to tulips are essentially saying digital tokens are a bubble backed by nothing but pure hype and speculation.

What they fail to understand is that tulips come from dirt, not a blockchain.

And as we all know, blockchain is possibly the best technological innovation since the internet. It will have a tremendous impact on global business and society in general. -- TulipToken

Books

Tulipomania: The Story of the World's Most Coveted Flower & the Extraordinary Passions It Aroused by Mike Dash, 2001 -- A Mania for Tulips ++ The Valley of Tien Shan ++ Within the Abode of Bliss ++ Stranger from the East ++ Clusius ++ Leiden ++ An Adornment to the Cleavage ++ The Tulip in the Mirror ++ Florists ++ Boom ++ At the Sign of the Golden Grape ++ The Orphans of Wouter Winkel ++ Bust ++ Goddess of Whores ++ At the Court of the Tulip King ++ Late Flowering

Tulipmania: Money, Honor, and Knowledge in the Dutch Golden Age by Anne Goldgar, 2007 -- Something Strange ++ Art & Flowers ++ Bloemisten ++ Grieving Money ++ Bad Faith ++ Cabbage Fever ++ Glossary ++ A Note on Money

Breaking News: CryptoKitties (Yes, Cute Little Cartoon Cats) on the Blockchain!

Collectible. Breedable. Adorable.

Collect and breed digital cats. Start meow. Buy! Sell! Hold!

Learn more @ cryptokitties.co

Latest (and Greatest) Investment Opportunity!

Blockchain has unlocked the magic of digital scarcity, and combining that with the power of making the digital goods persistent gives them a potential value that is only limited by how much prestige a wealthy person might place on ownership of the item.

-- Justin Poirier‏

All I want for Christmas is a CryptoKitty.

-- Kayla Williams

I got a fever. And the only prescription is more CryptoKitties.

-- Eduardo Salazar

My Gen 7 CryptoKitty #104375. The Future is Meow.

-- Anshul Dhawan

  • Fabulous Persian Spock Gerbil Gold Cottoncandy - Extremely rare gen 5 swift virgin | 2.9 ETH
  • Rarity: 0.00264% Gen 5 JAGUAR FABULOUS GOLD DALI!! VIRGIN!
  • Rarity: 0.0015% Princess Bubblegum is now for sale! Gen 12 | Brisk | Virgin | Chartreux | Bubblegum | Otaku | Emeraldgreen | Saycheese | Mauveover | Spock - Starts ETH 20/Ends ETH 10
  • Gold ducat, Gen 5, Virgin, Swift. Very cheap
  • Cheap Gen 1 cute kittie with rare genes! Only 0.125 ETH
  • UNIQUE Virgin Peach Googly Gold Mauveover gen:2 cooldown:1 0.87992% RARE
  • SUPER CHEAP: Gerbil, Ragdoll, Scarlet, Chestnut, Cotton Candy!!! 0.02 ETH (~$14)
  • I'm giving away a Gen 1 FAST Gold for free...

-- CrypoKittiesMarket

Awesome CryptoKitties (and CryptoCopycats)

A collection about Awesome CryptoKitties (Yes, Cute Little Cartoon Cats) on the Blockchain! and CryptoCopycats - digital collectibles secured on a distributed public databases w/ crypto hashes. Are CryptoPuppies the new CryptoKitties? Learn by Example from the Real World (Anno 2017) - Buy! Sell! Hodl!

More @ cryptocopycats/awesome-cryptokitties

Events, Meetups, Orgs

Revolutionize the world one country at a time. Blockchainers of the world, unite!

Awesome Awesomeness

A curated list of awesome lists.

  • Blockchain Stuff -- a curated list of blockchain and general cryptocurrency resources
  • Awesome Blockchain by Igor Barinov et al -- a curated list of the bitcoin blockchain services
  • Awesome Blockchain by Tim Reznich et al -- a curated list of blockchain services and exchanges
  • Awesome Blockchain by istinspring et al -- a curated list of awesome projects and services based on blockchain technology
  • Awesome Coins by Kenneth Reitz et al -- a guide to crypto-currencies and their algos
  • Awesome CryptoKitties (and CryptoCopycats) by Gerald Bauer et al -- a curated list about the awesome crypto kitties and copycats
  • Awesome Git by Dick Tang et al -- a curated list of amazingly awesome Git tools, resources and shiny things
  • Awesome by Sindre Sorhus et al -- a curated list of awesome lists

Author: openblockchains
Source Code: https://github.com/openblockchains/awesome-blockchains
License: CC0-1.0 License

#blockchain 

Devin Pinto

1606971339

Certified Blockchain Expert™ | Blockchain Certification | Blockchain Council

A multitude of use cases around the numerous industrial segments are now contained in the blockchain technology that once began as the underlying system for Bitcoin trading. One of the main impacts on the financial sector has been felt. Blockchain technology has been publicly adopted by businesses like JP Morgan. The financial sector is suffering from data protection problems, faster transactions, transparency and other bottlenecks that hamper the growth of businesses that rely on monetary transactions from banks and NBFCs. Blockchain could therefore be a possible solution here. Banks and financial sectors can easily solve the disadvantages that hold back the banks’ smooth functioning with Blockchain’s involvement.

Some of the biggest developments we have seen in the Blockchain sector are the development of Blockchain platforms such as Hyperledger Sawtooth, Hyperledger Fabric, Corda, etc This approved Blockchain not only ensures that the system operates efficiently, but also ensures that transactions take place at a faster rate. It actually helps the banking system work much better and in a more effective way.

How the financial sector is impacted by Blockchain:

1. Providing a safe platform-
The need for a secured platform is one of the greatest challenges facing most banking and financial institutions. As most of the transactions and other work have now been digitised, most banks and other allied companies are looking for a stable platform that is free of any mistakes or defects. In addition, there is also a high rise in the need for a network that can efficiently combat data breach problems, and so we have Blockchain. By time-stamping all information or data on it this DLT platform works. This guarantees full security. And with the introduction of approved Blockchain networks, the security feature is even more assured.

2. No third party- Time lag and paperwork are two weaknesses of the financial sector that appear to hold up the processes and ultimately influence the company’s efficiency as well. We can solve these problems with the assistance of Blockchain technology and thus ensure quicker transactions. Blockchain technology operates on peer-to-peer transactions, ensuring that for authentication and approval, there is no need to rely on a third party, which speeds up the transaction process.

3. Tracking and tracing- For banking firms, these features can be highly beneficial. Banks invest a large amount of money on authentication and verification, amid all the efforts of false identity cases, and fraud reports are growing, we can easily put an end to it with Blockchain. As data tracking and tracing becomes simpler and history can be easily traced back, compared to the traditional technologies that banks use, it becomes easier to rely on this platform.

These are the three big benefits that Blockchain can reap from the banking and financial field. Blockchain developers and Blockchain experts are in high demand because of this, and we will see an increase in this number in the times to come.

Conclusion- The Blockchain Council provides Blockchain with the best online certificate programme. This detailed curriculum will allow you to absorb all Blockchain-related knowledge while also learning how to incorporate it. Then what are you going to wait for? Register for today’s Blockchain certification.

#blockchain technology #blockchain development #blockchain expert #blockchain professional #blockchain developer

Ajay Kapoor

1623918965

Custom Blockchain Development & Outsourcing Company India

Being one of leading blockchain development companies in India, we have marked a niche by providing some successful Blockchain based software solutions on ethereum, hyperledger, Smart Contracts, and much more. You can leverage Blockchain technology to enhance data security, complete process automation, reduce data storage cost, eliminates duplication of data and reduce time,

We have industry best experts to provide you feature packed Blockchain development services catering to your business challanges. Get in touch now to explore the benefits of Blockchain for your business!

#blockchain-development-company-in-india #blockchain #blockchain-companies-india #blockchain-outsourcing-companies #blockchain-development-services #blockchain-development-company