Why Business Cards Printing are essential for your business

No matter how technological advancement helps in communication but business card printing still worth it. Most businesses prefer to have and share business cards to develop a direct relationship with the potential market. It is an important part of the promotional and branding strategy and effectively described the brand’s nature. It gives ease in sharing the business-related information in the public like at conference, workshops and other.

Moreover, a quality visiting card printing online provides the impression of products or services. According to the random research, it is stated that most of the customers draw the conclusion about the business and its products from the card quality or its printing. So, a smart business card with the right size and content is essential for the business.

Here are the factors that will help to understand the importance of the business card in the brand promotion or more:

Provide Contact Details:

One of the main reasons behind business card printing is the contact sharing features. The card contains contact details, name, logo, and other related information that helps the client to reach the business. Further, it helps to describe the brand or product nature before approaching the product or services. Other than the technology usage or sharing of the information through devices, business cards are most suitable and a handy item that worth a lot for the customers.

The impression of the Brand:

The business card is a source that will deliver the first impression of the brand or business towards the potential buyers. It is something handy with the physical touch that develops a direct relationship with the potential market. While going to print business cards that quality, printing style, and overall outlook matters a lot. Because it works as the first impression of the business and its product or services for the potential market. So, the worthy card made with durable material and have an attractive color combination or layout can capture the interest easily.

It contains the company logo, name, design, and color combination that quickly attain the interest of the audience. On other hand, it is an important factor to pay attention to while making the designing and printing decision about the business card.

Direct Marketing Facility:

No doubt there are multiple marketing and promotional tools are available for the product or business promotion. But engraved business cards online is something incredible and handy that provide the physical touch experience. It works as the marketing or promotional element that helps in sharing the details directly to the potential market. With the more physical interaction that the business cards offer to the buyers and business.

The important thing that has to be considered in making the custom business cards, related to the content adjustment, design, and color combination. It helps to capture the buyer’s interest and deliver the right impression towards them.

Appreciated in Different Cultures:

The business cards preferably deliver the right knowledge and impression about the product or services. It described the brand position, nature of the products or services, and other relevant skills. In most cultures, it is appreciated to have and share physical business cards as an information-sharing tool. In face-to-face interaction, develops a network and promotes sharing the business information in a circle.

Ease to Provide a Business Reference:

In business cards, online people find multiple opportunities in designing and Printing Services with a significant impression. It helps to make an easy referral related to particular services and a person with a skill set. The business car not only contains the address, contact information, or brand-related knowledge. It provides details about the particular person and reflects the skill set. Multiple factors truly help to describe the right impression of the brand through color, text, and images.

A tool to Develop Trust:

For business growth and development, it is important to gain the trust level of the customers. With the custom business cards, it is easier to attain the trust of the customers. in the competitive business atmosphere for a business survival trust is the only key, that can be over the product or on a company as well. Through the business card, it is easier to exchange and share personal warmth feelings.

With Business Cards Printing, it is easier to show more graphical representation through colors and design. Moreover, with the physical touch, it is easier to give trust feelings or more.

Final Consideration!

In the competitive business world, the business card is a source to deliver information and capture the interest of potential buyers. It helps to impress the audience and provide relevant product details and skills that build trust or act as the direct promotional tool.

#business cards printing #visiting card printing online #go print business cards #engraved business cards online #custom business cards #business cards online

What is GEEK

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Exploring Mutable and Immutable in Python

In this Python article, let's learn about Mutable and Immutable in Python. 

Mutable and Immutable in Python

Mutable is a fancy way of saying that the internal state of the object is changed/mutated. So, the simplest definition is: An object whose internal state can be changed is mutable. On the other hand, immutable doesn’t allow any change in the object once it has been created.

Both of these states are integral to Python data structure. If you want to become more knowledgeable in the entire Python Data Structure, take this free course which covers multiple data structures in Python including tuple data structure which is immutable. You will also receive a certificate on completion which is sure to add value to your portfolio.

Mutable Definition

Mutable is when something is changeable or has the ability to change. In Python, ‘mutable’ is the ability of objects to change their values. These are often the objects that store a collection of data.

Immutable Definition

Immutable is the when no change is possible over time. In Python, if the value of an object cannot be changed over time, then it is known as immutable. Once created, the value of these objects is permanent.

List of Mutable and Immutable objects

Objects of built-in type that are mutable are:

• Lists
• Sets
• Dictionaries
• User-Defined Classes (It purely depends upon the user to define the characteristics) 

Objects of built-in type that are immutable are:

• Numbers (Integer, Rational, Float, Decimal, Complex & Booleans)
• Strings
• Tuples
• Frozen Sets
• User-Defined Classes (It purely depends upon the user to define the characteristics)

Object mutability is one of the characteristics that makes Python a dynamically typed language. Though Mutable and Immutable in Python is a very basic concept, it can at times be a little confusing due to the intransitive nature of immutability.

Objects in Python

In Python, everything is treated as an object. Every object has these three attributes:

• Identity – This refers to the address that the object refers to in the computer’s memory.
• Type – This refers to the kind of object that is created. For example- integer, list, string etc. 
• Value – This refers to the value stored by the object. For example – List=[1,2,3] would hold the numbers 1,2 and 3

While ID and Type cannot be changed once it’s created, values can be changed for Mutable objects.

Check out this free python certificate course to get started with Python.

Mutable Objects in Python

I believe, rather than diving deep into the theory aspects of mutable and immutable in Python, a simple code would be the best way to depict what it means in Python. Hence, let us discuss the below code step-by-step:

#Creating a list which contains name of Indian cities  

cities = [‘Delhi’, ‘Mumbai’, ‘Kolkata’]

# Printing the elements from the list cities, separated by a comma & space

for city in cities:
		print(city, end=’, ’)

Output [1]: Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata

#Printing the location of the object created in the memory address in hexadecimal format

print(hex(id(cities)))

Output [2]: 0x1691d7de8c8

#Adding a new city to the list cities

cities.append(‘Chennai’)

#Printing the elements from the list cities, separated by a comma & space 

for city in cities:
	print(city, end=’, ’)

Output [3]: Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai

#Printing the location of the object created in the memory address in hexadecimal format

print(hex(id(cities)))

Output [4]: 0x1691d7de8c8

The above example shows us that we were able to change the internal state of the object ‘cities’ by adding one more city ‘Chennai’ to it, yet, the memory address of the object did not change. This confirms that we did not create a new object, rather, the same object was changed or mutated. Hence, we can say that the object which is a type of list with reference variable name ‘cities’ is a MUTABLE OBJECT.

Let us now discuss the term IMMUTABLE. Considering that we understood what mutable stands for, it is obvious that the definition of immutable will have ‘NOT’ included in it. Here is the simplest definition of immutable– An object whose internal state can NOT be changed is IMMUTABLE.

Again, if you try and concentrate on different error messages, you have encountered, thrown by the respective IDE; you use you would be able to identify the immutable objects in Python. For instance, consider the below code & associated error message with it, while trying to change the value of a Tuple at index 0. 

#Creating a Tuple with variable name ‘foo’

foo = (1, 2)

#Changing the index[0] value from 1 to 3

foo[0] = 3
	
TypeError: 'tuple' object does not support item assignment 

Immutable Objects in Python

Once again, a simple code would be the best way to depict what immutable stands for. Hence, let us discuss the below code step-by-step:

#Creating a Tuple which contains English name of weekdays

weekdays = ‘Sunday’, ‘Monday’, ‘Tuesday’, ‘Wednesday’, ‘Thursday’, ‘Friday’, ‘Saturday’

# Printing the elements of tuple weekdays

print(weekdays)

Output [1]:  (‘Sunday’, ‘Monday’, ‘Tuesday’, ‘Wednesday’, ‘Thursday’, ‘Friday’, ‘Saturday’)

#Printing the location of the object created in the memory address in hexadecimal format

print(hex(id(weekdays)))

Output [2]: 0x1691cc35090

#tuples are immutable, so you cannot add new elements, hence, using merge of tuples with the # + operator to add a new imaginary day in the tuple ‘weekdays’

weekdays  +=  ‘Pythonday’,

#Printing the elements of tuple weekdays

print(weekdays)

Output [3]: (‘Sunday’, ‘Monday’, ‘Tuesday’, ‘Wednesday’, ‘Thursday’, ‘Friday’, ‘Saturday’, ‘Pythonday’)

#Printing the location of the object created in the memory address in hexadecimal format

print(hex(id(weekdays)))

Output [4]: 0x1691cc8ad68

This above example shows that we were able to use the same variable name that is referencing an object which is a type of tuple with seven elements in it. However, the ID or the memory location of the old & new tuple is not the same. We were not able to change the internal state of the object ‘weekdays’. The Python program manager created a new object in the memory address and the variable name ‘weekdays’ started referencing the new object with eight elements in it.  Hence, we can say that the object which is a type of tuple with reference variable name ‘weekdays’ is an IMMUTABLE OBJECT.

Also Read: Understanding the Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) in Python

Where can you use mutable and immutable objects:

Mutable objects can be used where you want to allow for any updates. For example, you have a list of employee names in your organizations, and that needs to be updated every time a new member is hired. You can create a mutable list, and it can be updated easily.

Immutability offers a lot of useful applications to different sensitive tasks we do in a network centred environment where we allow for parallel processing. By creating immutable objects, you seal the values and ensure that no threads can invoke overwrite/update to your data. This is also useful in situations where you would like to write a piece of code that cannot be modified. For example, a debug code that attempts to find the value of an immutable object.

Watch outs:  Non transitive nature of Immutability:

OK! Now we do understand what mutable & immutable objects in Python are. Let’s go ahead and discuss the combination of these two and explore the possibilities. Let’s discuss, as to how will it behave if you have an immutable object which contains the mutable object(s)? Or vice versa? Let us again use a code to understand this behaviour–

#creating a tuple (immutable object) which contains 2 lists(mutable) as it’s elements

#The elements (lists) contains the name, age & gender 

person = (['Ayaan', 5, 'Male'], ['Aaradhya', 8, 'Female'])

#printing the tuple

print(person)

Output [1]: (['Ayaan', 5, 'Male'], ['Aaradhya', 8, 'Female'])

#printing the location of the object created in the memory address in hexadecimal format

print(hex(id(person)))

Output [2]: 0x1691ef47f88

#Changing the age for the 1st element. Selecting 1st element of tuple by using indexing [0] then 2nd element of the list by using indexing [1] and assigning a new value for age as 4

person[0][1] = 4

#printing the updated tuple

print(person)

Output [3]: (['Ayaan', 4, 'Male'], ['Aaradhya', 8, 'Female'])

#printing the location of the object created in the memory address in hexadecimal format

print(hex(id(person)))

Output [4]: 0x1691ef47f88

In the above code, you can see that the object ‘person’ is immutable since it is a type of tuple. However, it has two lists as it’s elements, and we can change the state of lists (lists being mutable). So, here we did not change the object reference inside the Tuple, but the referenced object was mutated.

Also Read: Real-Time Object Detection Using TensorFlow

Same way, let’s explore how it will behave if you have a mutable object which contains an immutable object? Let us again use a code to understand the behaviour–

#creating a list (mutable object) which contains tuples(immutable) as it’s elements

list1 = [(1, 2, 3), (4, 5, 6)]

#printing the list

print(list1)

Output [1]: [(1, 2, 3), (4, 5, 6)]

#printing the location of the object created in the memory address in hexadecimal format

print(hex(id(list1)))

Output [2]: 0x1691d5b13c8	

#changing object reference at index 0

list1[0] = (7, 8, 9)

#printing the list

Output [3]: [(7, 8, 9), (4, 5, 6)]

#printing the location of the object created in the memory address in hexadecimal format

print(hex(id(list1)))

Output [4]: 0x1691d5b13c8

As an individual, it completely depends upon you and your requirements as to what kind of data structure you would like to create with a combination of mutable & immutable objects. I hope that this information will help you while deciding the type of object you would like to select going forward.

Before I end our discussion on IMMUTABILITY, allow me to use the word ‘CAVITE’ when we discuss the String and Integers. There is an exception, and you may see some surprising results while checking the truthiness for immutability. For instance:
#creating an object of integer type with value 10 and reference variable name ‘x’ 

x = 10
 

#printing the value of ‘x’

print(x)

Output [1]: 10

#Printing the location of the object created in the memory address in hexadecimal format

print(hex(id(x)))

Output [2]: 0x538fb560

#creating an object of integer type with value 10 and reference variable name ‘y’

y = 10

#printing the value of ‘y’

print(y)

Output [3]: 10

#Printing the location of the object created in the memory address in hexadecimal format

print(hex(id(y)))

Output [4]: 0x538fb560

As per our discussion and understanding, so far, the memory address for x & y should have been different, since, 10 is an instance of Integer class which is immutable. However, as shown in the above code, it has the same memory address. This is not something that we expected. It seems that what we have understood and discussed, has an exception as well.

Quick check – Python Data Structures

Immutability of Tuple

Tuples are immutable and hence cannot have any changes in them once they are created in Python. This is because they support the same sequence operations as strings. We all know that strings are immutable. The index operator will select an element from a tuple just like in a string. Hence, they are immutable.

Exceptions in immutability

Like all, there are exceptions in the immutability in python too. Not all immutable objects are really mutable. This will lead to a lot of doubts in your mind. Let us just take an example to understand this.

Consider a tuple ‘tup’.

Now, if we consider tuple tup = (‘GreatLearning’,[4,3,1,2]) ;

We see that the tuple has elements of different data types. The first element here is a string which as we all know is immutable in nature. The second element is a list which we all know is mutable. Now, we all know that the tuple itself is an immutable data type. It cannot change its contents. But, the list inside it can change its contents. So, the value of the Immutable objects cannot be changed but its constituent objects can. change its value.

FAQs

1. Difference between mutable vs immutable in Python?

Mutable Object	Immutable Object
State of the object can be modified after it is created.	State of the object can’t be modified once it is created.
They are not thread safe.	They are thread safe
Mutable classes are not final.	It is important to make the class final before creating an immutable object.

2. What are the mutable and immutable data types in Python?

• Some mutable data types in Python are:

list, dictionary, set, user-defined classes.

• Some immutable data types are: 

int, float, decimal, bool, string, tuple, range.

3. Are lists mutable in Python?

Lists in Python are mutable data types as the elements of the list can be modified, individual elements can be replaced, and the order of elements can be changed even after the list has been created.
(Examples related to lists have been discussed earlier in this blog.)

4. Why are tuples called immutable types?

Tuple and list data structures are very similar, but one big difference between the data types is that lists are mutable, whereas tuples are immutable. The reason for the tuple’s immutability is that once the elements are added to the tuple and the tuple has been created; it remains unchanged.

A programmer would always prefer building a code that can be reused instead of making the whole data object again. Still, even though tuples are immutable, like lists, they can contain any Python object, including mutable objects.

5. Are sets mutable in Python?

A set is an iterable unordered collection of data type which can be used to perform mathematical operations (like union, intersection, difference etc.). Every element in a set is unique and immutable, i.e. no duplicate values should be there, and the values can’t be changed. However, we can add or remove items from the set as the set itself is mutable.

6. Are strings mutable in Python?

Strings are not mutable in Python. Strings are a immutable data types which means that its value cannot be updated.

Join Great Learning Academy’s free online courses and upgrade your skills today.

---

Original article source at: https://www.mygreatlearning.com

#python 

How to Bash Read Command

Bash has no built-in function to take the user’s input from the terminal. The read command of Bash is used to take the user’s input from the terminal. This command has different options to take an input from the user in different ways. Multiple inputs can be taken using the single read command. Different ways of using this command in the Bash script are described in this tutorial.

Syntax

read [options] [var1, var2, var3…]

The read command can be used without any argument or option. Many types of options can be used with this command to take the input of the particular data type. It can take more input from the user by defining the multiple variables with this command.

Some Useful Options of the Read Command

Some options of the read command require an additional parameter to use. The most commonly used options of the read command are mentioned in the following:

Option	Purpose
-d <delimiter>	It is used to take the input until the delimiter value is provided.
-n <number>	It is used to take the input of a particular number of characters from the terminal and stop taking the input earlier based on the delimiter.
-N <number>	It is used to take the input of the particular number of characters from the terminal, ignoring the delimiter.
-p <prompt>	It is used to print the output of the prompt message before taking the input.
-s	It is used to take the input without an echo. This option is mainly used to take the input for the password input.
-a	It is used to take the input for the indexed array.
-t <time>	It is used to set a time limit for taking the input.
-u <file descriptor>	It is used to take the input from the file.
-r	It is used to disable the backslashes.

 

Different Examples of the Read Command

The uses of read command with different options are shown in this part of this tutorial.

Example 1: Using Read Command without Any Option and variable

Create a Bash file with the following script that takes the input from the terminal using the read command without any option and variable. If no variable is used with the read command, the input value is stored in the $REPLY variable. The value of this variable is printed later after taking the input.

#!/bin/bash  
#Print the prompt message
echo "Enter your favorite color: "  
#Take the input
read  
#Print the input value
echo "Your favorite color is $REPLY"

Output:

The following output appears if the “Blue” value is taken as an input:

Example 2: Using Read Command with a Variable

Create a Bash file with the following script that takes the input from the terminal using the read command with a variable. The method of taking the single or multiple variables using a read command is shown in this example. The values of all variables are printed later.

#!/bin/bash  
#Print the prompt message
echo "Enter the product name: "  
#Take the input with a single variable
read item

#Print the prompt message
echo "Enter the color variations of the product: "  
#Take three input values in three variables
read color1 color2 color3

#Print the input value
echo "The product name is $item."  
#Print the input values
echo "Available colors are $color1, $color2, and $color3."

Output:

The following output appears after taking a single input first and three inputs later:

Example 3: Using Read Command with -p Option

Create a Bash file with the following script that takes the input from the terminal using the read command with a variable and the -p option. The input value is printed later.

#!/bin/bash  
#Take the input with the prompt message
read -p "Enter the book name: " book
#Print the input value
echo "Book name: $book"

Output:

The following output appears after taking the input:

Example 4: Using Read Command with -s Option

Create a Bash file with the following script that takes the input from the terminal using the read command with a variable and the -s option. The input value of the password will not be displayed for the -s option. The input values are checked later for authentication. A success or failure message is also printed.

#!/bin/bash  
#Take the input with the prompt message
read -p "Enter your email: " email
#Take the secret input with the prompt message
read -sp "Enter your password: " password

#Add newline
echo ""

#Check the email and password for authentication
if [[ $email == "admin@example.com" && $password == "secret" ]]
then
   #Print the success message
   echo "Authenticated."
else
   #Print the failure message
   echo "Not authenticated."
fi

Output:

The following output appears after taking the valid and invalid input values:

Example 5: Using Read Command with -a Option

Create a Bash file with the following script that takes the input from the terminal using the read command with a variable and the -a option. The array values are printed later after taking the input values from the terminal.

#!/bin/bash  
echo "Enter the country names: "  
#Take multiple inputs using an array  
read -a countries

echo "Country names are:"
#Read the array values
for country in ${countries[@]}
do
    echo $country
done

Output:

The following output appears after taking the array values:

Example 6: Using Read Command with -n Option

Create a Bash file with the following script that takes the input from the terminal using the read command with a variable and the -n option.

#!/bin/bash  
#Print the prompt message
echo "Enter the product code: "  
#Take the input of five characters
read -n 5 code
#Add newline
echo ""
#Print the input value
echo "The product code is $code"

Output:

The following output appears if the “78342” value is taken as input:

Example 7: Using Read Command with -t Option

Create a Bash file with the following script that takes the input from the terminal using the read command with a variable and the -t option.

#!/bin/bash  
#Print the prompt message
echo -n "Write the result of 10-6: "  
#Take the input of five characters
read -t 3 answer

#Check the input value
if [[ $answer == "4" ]]
then
   echo "Correct answer."
else
   echo "Incorrect answer."
fi

Output:

The following output appears after taking the correct and incorrect input values:

Conclusion

The uses of some useful options of the read command are explained in this tutorial using multiple examples to know the basic uses of the read command.

Original article source at: https://linuxhint.com/

#bash #command 

Why Business Cards Printing are essential for your business

No matter how technological advancement helps in communication but business card printing still worth it. Most businesses prefer to have and share business cards to develop a direct relationship with the potential market. It is an important part of the promotional and branding strategy and effectively described the brand’s nature. It gives ease in sharing the business-related information in the public like at conference, workshops and other.

Moreover, a quality visiting card printing online provides the impression of products or services. According to the random research, it is stated that most of the customers draw the conclusion about the business and its products from the card quality or its printing. So, a smart business card with the right size and content is essential for the business.

Here are the factors that will help to understand the importance of the business card in the brand promotion or more:

Provide Contact Details:

One of the main reasons behind business card printing is the contact sharing features. The card contains contact details, name, logo, and other related information that helps the client to reach the business. Further, it helps to describe the brand or product nature before approaching the product or services. Other than the technology usage or sharing of the information through devices, business cards are most suitable and a handy item that worth a lot for the customers.

The impression of the Brand:

The business card is a source that will deliver the first impression of the brand or business towards the potential buyers. It is something handy with the physical touch that develops a direct relationship with the potential market. While going to print business cards that quality, printing style, and overall outlook matters a lot. Because it works as the first impression of the business and its product or services for the potential market. So, the worthy card made with durable material and have an attractive color combination or layout can capture the interest easily.

It contains the company logo, name, design, and color combination that quickly attain the interest of the audience. On other hand, it is an important factor to pay attention to while making the designing and printing decision about the business card.

Direct Marketing Facility:

No doubt there are multiple marketing and promotional tools are available for the product or business promotion. But engraved business cards online is something incredible and handy that provide the physical touch experience. It works as the marketing or promotional element that helps in sharing the details directly to the potential market. With the more physical interaction that the business cards offer to the buyers and business.

The important thing that has to be considered in making the custom business cards, related to the content adjustment, design, and color combination. It helps to capture the buyer’s interest and deliver the right impression towards them.

Appreciated in Different Cultures:

The business cards preferably deliver the right knowledge and impression about the product or services. It described the brand position, nature of the products or services, and other relevant skills. In most cultures, it is appreciated to have and share physical business cards as an information-sharing tool. In face-to-face interaction, develops a network and promotes sharing the business information in a circle.

Ease to Provide a Business Reference:

In business cards, online people find multiple opportunities in designing and Printing Services with a significant impression. It helps to make an easy referral related to particular services and a person with a skill set. The business car not only contains the address, contact information, or brand-related knowledge. It provides details about the particular person and reflects the skill set. Multiple factors truly help to describe the right impression of the brand through color, text, and images.

A tool to Develop Trust:

For business growth and development, it is important to gain the trust level of the customers. With the custom business cards, it is easier to attain the trust of the customers. in the competitive business atmosphere for a business survival trust is the only key, that can be over the product or on a company as well. Through the business card, it is easier to exchange and share personal warmth feelings.

With Business Cards Printing, it is easier to show more graphical representation through colors and design. Moreover, with the physical touch, it is easier to give trust feelings or more.

Final Consideration!

In the competitive business world, the business card is a source to deliver information and capture the interest of potential buyers. It helps to impress the audience and provide relevant product details and skills that build trust or act as the direct promotional tool.

#business cards printing #visiting card printing online #go print business cards #engraved business cards online #custom business cards #business cards online

Best Electric Bikes and Scooters for Rental Business or Campus Facility

The electric scooter revolution has caught on super-fast taking many cities across the globe by storm. eScooters, a renovated version of old-school scooters now turned into electric vehicles are an environmentally friendly solution to current on-demand commute problems. They work on engines, like cars, enabling short traveling distances without hassle. The result is that these groundbreaking electric machines can now provide faster transport for less — cheaper than Uber and faster than Metro.

Since they are durable, fast, easy to operate and maintain, and are more convenient to park compared to four-wheelers, the eScooters trend has and continues to spike interest as a promising growth area. Several companies and universities are increasingly setting up shop to provide eScooter services realizing a would-be profitable business model and a ready customer base that is university students or residents in need of faster and cheap travel going about their business in school, town, and other surrounding areas.

Electric Scooters Trends and Statistics

In many countries including the U.S., Canada, Mexico, U.K., Germany, France, China, Japan, India, Brazil and Mexico and more, a growing number of eScooter users both locals and tourists can now be seen effortlessly passing lines of drivers stuck in the endless and unmoving traffic.

A recent report by McKinsey revealed that the E-Scooter industry will be worth― $200 billion to $300 billion in the United States, $100 billion to $150 billion in Europe, and $30 billion to $50 billion in China in 2030. The e-Scooter revenue model will also spike and is projected to rise by more than 20% amounting to approximately $5 billion.

And, with a necessity to move people away from high carbon prints, traffic and congestion issues brought about by car-centric transport systems in cities, more and more city planners are developing more bike/scooter lanes and adopting zero-emission plans. This is the force behind the booming electric scooter market and the numbers will only go higher and higher.

Companies that have taken advantage of the growing eScooter trend develop an appthat allows them to provide efficient eScooter services. Such an app enables them to be able to locate bike pick-up and drop points through fully integrated google maps.

List of Best Electric Bikes for Rental Business or Campus Facility 2020:

It’s clear that e scooters will increasingly become more common and the e-scooter business model will continue to grab the attention of manufacturers, investors, entrepreneurs. All this should go ahead with a quest to know what are some of the best electric bikes in the market especially for anyone who would want to get started in the electric bikes/scooters rental business.

We have done a comprehensive list of the best electric bikes! Each bike has been reviewed in depth and includes a full list of specs and a photo.

Billy eBike

 https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/enkicycles/billy-were-redefining-joyrides

To start us off is the Billy eBike, a powerful go-anywhere urban electric bike that’s specially designed to offer an exciting ride like no other whether you want to ride to the grocery store, cafe, work or school. The Billy eBike comes in 4 color options – Billy Blue, Polished aluminium, Artic white, and Stealth black.

Price: $2490

Available countries

Available in the USA, Europe, Asia, South Africa and Australia.This item ships from the USA. Buyers are therefore responsible for any taxes and/or customs duties incurred once it arrives in your country.

Features

• Control – Ride with confidence with our ultra-wide BMX bars and a hyper-responsive twist throttle.
• Stealth- Ride like a ninja with our Gates carbon drive that’s as smooth as butter and maintenance-free.
• Drive – Ride further with our high torque fat bike motor, giving a better climbing performance.
• Accelerate – Ride quicker with our 20-inch lightweight cutout rims for improved acceleration.
• Customize – Ride your own way with 5 levels of power control. Each level determines power and speed.
• Flickable – Ride harder with our BMX /MotoX inspired geometry and lightweight aluminum package

Specifications

• Maximum speed: 20 mph (32 km/h)
• Range per charge: 41 miles (66 km)
• Maximum Power: 500W
• Motor type: Fat Bike Motor: Bafang RM G060.500.DC
• Load capacity: 300lbs (136kg)
• Battery type: 13.6Ah Samsung lithium-ion,
• Battery capacity: On/off-bike charging available
• Weight: w/o batt. 48.5lbs (22kg), w/ batt. 54lbs (24.5kg)
• Front Suspension: Fully adjustable air shock, preload/compression damping /lockout
• Rear Suspension: spring, preload adjustment
• Built-in GPS

Why Should You Buy This?

• Riding fun and excitement
• Better climbing ability and faster acceleration.
• Ride with confidence
• Billy folds for convenient storage and transportation.
• Shorty levers connect to disc brakes ensuring you stop on a dime
• belt drives are maintenance-free and clean (no oil or lubrication needed)

**Who Should Ride Billy? **

Both new and experienced riders

**Where to Buy? **Local distributors or ships from the USA.

Genze 200 series e-Bike

 https://www.genze.com/fleet/

Featuring a sleek and lightweight aluminum frame design, the 200-Series ebike takes your riding experience to greater heights. Available in both black and white this ebike comes with a connected app, which allows you to plan activities, map distances and routes while also allowing connections with fellow riders.

Price: $2099.00

Available countries

The Genze 200 series e-Bike is available at GenZe retail locations across the U.S or online via GenZe.com website. Customers from outside the US can ship the product while incurring the relevant charges.

Features

• 2 Frame Options
• 2 Sizes
• Integrated/Removable Battery
• Throttle and Pedal Assist Ride Modes
• Integrated LCD Display
• Connected App
• 24 month warranty
• GPS navigation
• Bluetooth connectivity

Specifications

• Maximum speed: 20 mph with throttle
• Range per charge: 15-18 miles w/ throttle and 30-50 miles w/ pedal assist
• Charging time: 3.5 hours
• Motor type: Brushless Rear Hub Motor
• Gears: Microshift Thumb Shifter
• Battery type: Removable Samsung 36V, 9.6AH Li-Ion battery pack
• Battery capacity: 36V and 350 Wh
• Weight: 46 pounds
• Derailleur: 8-speed Shimano
• Brakes: Dual classic
• Wheels: 26 x 20 inches
• Frame: 16, and 18 inches
• Operating Mode: Analog mode 5 levels of Pedal Assist Thrott­le Mode

Norco from eBikestore

 https://ebikestore.com/shop/norco-vlt-s2/

The Norco VLT S2 is a front suspension e-Bike with solid components alongside the reliable Bosch Performance Line Power systems that offer precise pedal assistance during any riding situation.

Price: $2,699.00

Available countries

This item is available via the various Norco bikes international distributors.

Features

• VLT aluminum frame- for stiffness and wheel security.
• Bosch e-bike system – for their reliability and performance.
• E-bike components – for added durability.
• Hydraulic disc brakes – offer riders more stopping power for safety and control at higher speeds.
• Practical design features – to add convenience and versatility.

Specifications

• Maximum speed: KMC X9 9spd
• Motor type: Bosch Active Line
• Gears: Shimano Altus RD-M2000, SGS, 9 Speed
• Battery type: Power Pack 400
• Battery capacity: 396Wh
• Suspension: SR Suntour suspension fork
• Frame: Norco VLT, Aluminum, 12x142mm TA Dropouts

Bodo EV

http://www.bodoevs.com/bodoev/products_show.asp?product_id=13

Manufactured by Bodo Vehicle Group Limited, the Bodo EV is specially designed for strong power and extraordinary long service to facilitate super amazing rides. The Bodo Vehicle Company is a striking top in electric vehicles brand field in China and across the globe. Their Bodo EV will no doubt provide your riders with high-level riding satisfaction owing to its high-quality design, strength, breaking stability and speed.

Price: $799

Available countries

This item ships from China with buyers bearing the shipping costs and other variables prior to delivery.

Features

• Reliable
• Environment friendly
• Comfortable riding
• Fashionable
• Economical
• Durable – long service life
• Braking stability
• LED lighting technology

Specifications

• Maximum speed: 45km/h
• Range per charge: 50km per person
• Charging time: 8 hours
• Maximum Power: 3000W
• Motor type: Brushless DC Motor
• Load capacity: 100kg
• Battery type: Lead-acid battery
• Battery capacity: 60V 20AH
• Weight: w/o battery 47kg

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Chatbot conversacional de IA con Transformers en Python

Aprenda a usar la biblioteca de transformadores Huggingface para generar respuestas conversacionales con el modelo DialoGPT previamente entrenado en Python.

Los chatbots han ganado mucha popularidad en los últimos años y, a medida que crece el interés en el uso de chatbots para empresas, los investigadores también hicieron un gran trabajo en el avance de los chatbots de IA conversacionales.

En este tutorial, usaremos la biblioteca de transformadores Huggingface para emplear el modelo DialoGPT previamente entrenado para la generación de respuestas conversacionales.

DialoGPT es un modelo de generación de respuesta conversacional neuronal sintonizable a gran escala que se entrenó en 147 millones de conversaciones extraídas de Reddit, y lo bueno es que puede ajustarlo con su conjunto de datos para lograr un mejor rendimiento que el entrenamiento desde cero.

Para comenzar, instalemos transformadores :

$ pip3 install transformers

Abra un nuevo archivo o cuaderno de Python y haga lo siguiente:

from transformers import AutoModelForCausalLM, AutoTokenizer
import torch

# model_name = "microsoft/DialoGPT-large"
model_name = "microsoft/DialoGPT-medium"
# model_name = "microsoft/DialoGPT-small"
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(model_name)
model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(model_name)

Hay tres versiones de DialoGPT; pequeño, mediano y grande. Por supuesto, cuanto más grande, mejor, pero si ejecuta esto en su máquina, creo que el tamaño pequeño o mediano se adapta a su memoria sin problemas. También puede utilizar Google Colab para probar el más grande.

Generación de respuestas con búsqueda codiciosa

En esta sección, usaremos el algoritmo de búsqueda codiciosa para generar respuestas. Es decir, seleccionamos la respuesta del chatbot que tiene la mayor probabilidad de ser seleccionada en cada paso de tiempo.

Hagamos un código para chatear con nuestra IA usando una búsqueda codiciosa:

# chatting 5 times with greedy search
for step in range(5):
    # take user input
    text = input(">> You:")
    # encode the input and add end of string token
    input_ids = tokenizer.encode(text + tokenizer.eos_token, return_tensors="pt")
    # concatenate new user input with chat history (if there is)
    bot_input_ids = torch.cat([chat_history_ids, input_ids], dim=-1) if step > 0 else input_ids
    # generate a bot response
    chat_history_ids = model.generate(
        bot_input_ids,
        max_length=1000,
        pad_token_id=tokenizer.eos_token_id,
    )
    #print the output
    output = tokenizer.decode(chat_history_ids[:, bot_input_ids.shape[-1]:][0], skip_special_tokens=True)
    print(f"DialoGPT: {output}")

Expliquemos el núcleo de este código:

• Primero tomamos información del usuario para chatear.
• Codificamos el texto para input_idsusar el tokenizador DialoGPT, también agregamos el final del token de cadena y lo devolvemos como un tensor de Pytorch.
• Si esta es la primera vez que chateamos con el bot, alimentaremos directamente input_idsnuestro modelo durante una generación. De lo contrario, agregamos el historial de chat usando la concatenación con la ayuda del torch.cat()método.
• Después de eso, usamos el model.generate()método para generar la respuesta del chatbot.
• Por último, como la salida devuelta también es una secuencia tokenizada, decodificamos la secuencia usando tokenizer.decode()y configuramos skip_special_tokenspara Trueasegurarnos de que no veamos ningún token especial molesto como <|endoftext|>. Además, dado que el modelo devuelve la secuencia completa, omitimos el historial de chat anterior e imprimimos solo la respuesta del chatbot recién generada.

A continuación se muestra una discusión de muestra con el bot:

>> You:How can you be rich so quickly?
DialoGPT: I'm not rich, I'm just a rich man.
>> You:Ok, you don't make sense, how old are you ?
DialoGPT: I'm not a rich man, I'm just a rich man.
>> You:How can you be happy ?
DialoGPT: I'm not happy, I'm just a rich man.
>> You:But they say money buys happiness!
DialoGPT: Money buys happiness, but not happiness itself.
>> You:You don't make sense again!
DialoGPT: I'm not happy, I'm just a rich man.

Verá que el modelo repite muchas respuestas, ya que estas son la probabilidad más alta y lo elige cada vez.

De forma predeterminada, model.generate()utiliza un algoritmo de búsqueda codicioso cuando no se establecen otros parámetros; en las siguientes secciones, agregaremos algunos argumentos a este método para ver si podemos mejorar la generación.

Generación de respuestas con Beam Search

La búsqueda por haz nos permite reducir el riesgo de perder secuencias de alta probabilidad al mantener las num_beamshipótesis más probables en cada paso de tiempo y luego tomar las secuencias que tienen la probabilidad general más alta, el siguiente código generará respuestas de chatbot con búsqueda de haz:

# chatting 5 times with beam search
for step in range(5):
    # take user input
    text = input(">> You:")
    # encode the input and add end of string token
    input_ids = tokenizer.encode(text + tokenizer.eos_token, return_tensors="pt")
    # concatenate new user input with chat history (if there is)
    bot_input_ids = torch.cat([chat_history_ids, input_ids], dim=-1) if step > 0 else input_ids
    # generate a bot response
    chat_history_ids = model.generate(
        bot_input_ids,
        max_length=1000,
        num_beams=3,
        early_stopping=True,
        pad_token_id=tokenizer.eos_token_id
    )
    #print the output
    output = tokenizer.decode(chat_history_ids[:, bot_input_ids.shape[-1]:][0], skip_special_tokens=True)
    print(f"DialoGPT: {output}")

Cuando se ajusta num_beamsa 3de model.generate()método, a continuación, vamos a seleccionar 3 palabras en cada paso de tiempo y desarrollarlas para encontrar la más alta probabilidad global de la secuencia, el establecimiento num_beamsde 1 es la misma que la búsqueda codiciosa.

A continuación se muestra una discusión de muestra con el chatbot usando la búsqueda de haz:

>> You:How can I be rich?
DialoGPT: You can't.
>> You:Why not?
DialoGPT: Because you can't.
>> You:Then how am I supposed to live well?
DialoGPT: You can't.
>> You:So basically, you want me to be a poor guy?
DialoGPT: No, I want you to be a rich guy.
>> You:Ok how to be rich, then?
DialoGPT: I don't know.

Generando respuestas con muestreo

En las secciones anteriores, usamos la búsqueda de rayos y codiciosos para generar la secuencia de probabilidad más alta. Eso es genial para tareas como la traducción automática o el resumen de texto donde el resultado es predecible. Sin embargo, no es la mejor opción para una generación abierta como en los chatbots.

Para una mejor generación, necesitamos introducir algo de aleatoriedad donde muestreamos de una amplia gama de secuencias candidatas basadas en probabilidades:

# chatting 5 times with sampling
for step in range(5):
    # take user input
    text = input(">> You:")
    # encode the input and add end of string token
    input_ids = tokenizer.encode(text + tokenizer.eos_token, return_tensors="pt")
    # concatenate new user input with chat history (if there is)
    bot_input_ids = torch.cat([chat_history_ids, input_ids], dim=-1) if step > 0 else input_ids
    # generate a bot response
    chat_history_ids = model.generate(
        bot_input_ids,
        max_length=1000,
        do_sample=True,
        top_k=0,
        pad_token_id=tokenizer.eos_token_id
    )
    #print the output
    output = tokenizer.decode(chat_history_ids[:, bot_input_ids.shape[-1]:][0], skip_special_tokens=True)
    print(f"DialoGPT: {output}")

Esta vez, establece do_sampleque Truepara el muestreo, y nos pusimos top_ka 0lo que indica que estamos seleccionando todas las probabilidades posibles, vamos a discutir más adelante top_kparámetro.

Aquí hay un chat con estos parámetros:

>> You:Hello, how can I be rich?
DialoGPT: You can't
>> You:Really? then how others get rich?
DialoGPT: They work as money artists
>> You:How to be a money artist?
DialoGPT: I don't know, I don't have enough knowledge on artists
>> You:Alright, thank you!
DialoGPT: No problem, if you need tips pm me.
>> You:Great, you're my savior!
DialoGPT: Thank you for helping a stranger out like me!

Claramente hay algunas mejoras. Sin embargo, el muestreo en una amplia lista de secuencias con bajas probabilidades puede conducir a una generación aleatoria (como se ve en la última oración).

Para mejorarlo aún más, podemos:

• temperatureDisminuir el muestreo , eso nos ayuda a disminuir la probabilidad de elegir palabras de baja probabilidad y aumentar la probabilidad de elegir palabras de alta probabilidad.
• Utilice el muestreo de Top-k en lugar de seleccionar todas las ocurrencias probables, esto nos ayudará a descartar palabras de baja probabilidad para que no sean seleccionadas.

# chatting 5 times with Top K sampling & tweaking temperature
for step in range(5):
    # take user input
    text = input(">> You:")
    # encode the input and add end of string token
    input_ids = tokenizer.encode(text + tokenizer.eos_token, return_tensors="pt")
    # concatenate new user input with chat history (if there is)
    bot_input_ids = torch.cat([chat_history_ids, input_ids], dim=-1) if step > 0 else input_ids
    # generate a bot response
    chat_history_ids = model.generate(
        bot_input_ids,
        max_length=1000,
        do_sample=True,
        top_k=100,
        temperature=0.75,
        pad_token_id=tokenizer.eos_token_id
    )
    #print the output
    output = tokenizer.decode(chat_history_ids[:, bot_input_ids.shape[-1]:][0], skip_special_tokens=True)
    print(f"DialoGPT: {output}")

Ahora, configuramos top_kpara 100muestrear las 100palabras principales ordenadas de forma descendente por probabilidad. También establecemos temperatureen 0.75(el valor predeterminado es 1.0) para brindar una mayor probabilidad de elegir palabras de alta probabilidad, establecer la temperatura en 0.0es lo mismo que la búsqueda codiciosa, establecerla en infinito es lo mismo que completamente aleatorio.

Aquí hay una discusión con estos parámetros:

>> You:How can I get rich?
DialoGPT: I'd also like to know this.
>> You:So you don't know it?
DialoGPT: I know it, but it doesn't matter.
>> You:Really? money matters, man!
DialoGPT: Well, money is money and I gotta get my money.
>> You:Yeah how to get them?
DialoGPT: Well, that's a question. I'd like to know more, just for curiosity's sake, to know what other people have said about how I should get rich.
>> You:Some robots like you told me you have to buy gold, silver or stocks.
DialoGPT: I think my wallet is empty.

Como se puede ver, es mucho mejor ahora, no dude en modificar temperaturey top_kparámetros y ver si puede mejorarlo.

Muestreo de núcleos

El muestreo de núcleo o muestreo de Top-p elige entre las palabras más pequeñas posibles cuya probabilidad acumulada excede el parámetro pque establecimos.

A continuación se muestra un ejemplo con el muestreo de Top-p:

# chatting 5 times with nucleus sampling & tweaking temperature
for step in range(5):
    # take user input
    text = input(">> You:")
    # encode the input and add end of string token
    input_ids = tokenizer.encode(text + tokenizer.eos_token, return_tensors="pt")
    # concatenate new user input with chat history (if there is)
    bot_input_ids = torch.cat([chat_history_ids, input_ids], dim=-1) if step > 0 else input_ids
    # generate a bot response
    chat_history_ids = model.generate(
        bot_input_ids,
        max_length=1000,
        do_sample=True,
        top_p=0.95,
        top_k=0,
        temperature=0.75,
        pad_token_id=tokenizer.eos_token_id
    )
    #print the output
    output = tokenizer.decode(chat_history_ids[:, bot_input_ids.shape[-1]:][0], skip_special_tokens=True)
    print(f"DialoGPT: {output}")

Configuramos top_kpara 0deshabilitar el muestreo de Top-k, pero puede usar ambos métodos, lo que tiende a funcionar mejor. Aquí hay un chat:

>> You:How can I be rich fast?
DialoGPT: Inflation and free money
>> You:lol, but that takes time, I need fast money.
DialoGPT: Your post makes no sense. You just need a lot of money to be rich fast
>> You:Ok how to get a lot of money?
DialoGPT: Buy gold and then trade it for money.
>> You:Hmm, I got your point, thanks.
DialoGPT: No problem. You have to have money to buy gold, but its only good for trading it.
>> You:Yeah, I understand, thank you so much.
DialoGPT: Ok, let me know if you need help

Ahora el chatbot claramente tiene sentido en muchos casos.

Ahora agreguemos algo de código para generar más de una respuesta de chatbot, y luego elegimos qué respuesta incluir en la siguiente entrada:

# chatting 5 times with nucleus & top-k sampling & tweaking temperature & multiple
# sentences
for step in range(5):
    # take user input
    text = input(">> You:")
    # encode the input and add end of string token
    input_ids = tokenizer.encode(text + tokenizer.eos_token, return_tensors="pt")
    # concatenate new user input with chat history (if there is)
    bot_input_ids = torch.cat([chat_history_ids, input_ids], dim=-1) if step > 0 else input_ids
    # generate a bot response
    chat_history_ids_list = model.generate(
        bot_input_ids,
        max_length=1000,
        do_sample=True,
        top_p=0.95,
        top_k=50,
        temperature=0.75,
        num_return_sequences=5,
        pad_token_id=tokenizer.eos_token_id
    )
    #print the outputs
    for i in range(len(chat_history_ids_list)):
      output = tokenizer.decode(chat_history_ids_list[i][bot_input_ids.shape[-1]:], skip_special_tokens=True)
      print(f"DialoGPT {i}: {output}")
    choice_index = int(input("Choose the response you want for the next input: "))
    chat_history_ids = torch.unsqueeze(chat_history_ids_list[choice_index], dim=0)

He configurado num_return_sequencespara 5devolver 5 oraciones a la vez, tenemos que elegir la que se incluirá en la siguiente secuencia. Así es como fue:

>> You:Hello, friend.
DialoGPT 0: Hey there!
DialoGPT 1: I am your friend, and I am also your friend.
DialoGPT 2: Hello. :
DialoGPT 3: Hiya! How are you?
DialoGPT 4: Hello. I like your username.
Choose the response you want for the next input: 3
>> You:Fine, thanks, what about you?
DialoGPT 0: Good. Not much to do.
DialoGPT 1: Not much, you?
DialoGPT 2: Fine, thanks.
DialoGPT 3: I'm okay, thank you for asking.
DialoGPT 4: I'm fine too.
Choose the response you want for the next input: 2
>> You:Can you tell me how can I get rich quickly?
DialoGPT 0: Yes, I can!
DialoGPT 1: Yes, just look up how to get rich on Google.
DialoGPT 2: Just keep doing your thing. You'll get rich.
DialoGPT 3: No, I can't.
DialoGPT 4: no, i have no money
Choose the response you want for the next input: 1
>> You:Yeah, but I thought you have an answer...
DialoGPT 0: I'm getting married in the morning.
DialoGPT 1: How do you get rich?
DialoGPT 2: I think there are many good answers, but I could send you one, if you want.
DialoGPT 3: I will, thanks!
DialoGPT 4: I thought you have an answer.
Choose the response you want for the next input: 2
>> You:Yes, please send me.
DialoGPT 0: You can send me link.
DialoGPT 1: I am very interested
DialoGPT 2: I sent you a PM
DialoGPT 3: I'll send you a PM
DialoGPT 4: I am always interested in new ideas.
Choose the response you want for the next input: 2

Conclusión

Y ahí lo tienes, espero que este tutorial te haya ayudado a generar texto en DialoGPT y modelos similares. Para obtener más información sobre cómo generar texto, le recomiendo que lea la guía Cómo generar texto con Transformers .

Te dejo ajustando los parámetros para ver si puedes hacer que el bot funcione mejor.

Además, puede combinar esto con tutoriales de texto a voz y de voz a texto para crear un asistente virtual como Alexa , Siri , Cortana , etc.

#python #chatbot #ai