1594279380
Types Of Transformations For Better Normal Distribution
Hello world, this is my first blog for the Data Science community. In this blog, we are going to see the various types of transformations of data to better fit for normal distribution (Gaussian Distribution).
We know that in the regression analysis the response variable should be normally distributed to get better prediction results.
Most of the data scientists claim they are getting more accurate results when they transform the independent variables too. It means skew correction for the independent variables. Lower the skewness better the result.
Transformation is nothing but taking a mathematical function and applying it to the data.
Let us get started!
Overview
- Log Transformation
- Square-Root Transformation
- Reciprocal Transformation
- Box-Cox Transformation
- Yeo-Johnson Transformation (Bonus)
For better clarity visit my Github repo here
1. Log Transformation :
Numerical variables may have high skewed and non-normal distribution (Gaussian Distribution) caused by outliers, highly exponential distributions, etc. Therefore we go for data transformation.
In Log transformation each variable of x will be replaced by log(x) with base 10, base 2, or natural log.
import numpy as np
log_target = np.log1p(df["Target"])
The above plot is the comparison of original and Log transformed data. Here we see the skewness is reduced in the transformed data. (best skew value should be nearly zero)
2. Square-Root Transformation :
This transformation will give a moderate effect on distribution. The main advantage of square root transformation is, it can be applied to zero values.
Here the x will replace by the square root(x). It is weaker than the Log Transformation.
sqrt_target = df["Target"]**(1/2)
#statistical-analysis #statistics #data analysis
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1593156510
Basic Data Types in Python | Python Web Development For Beginners
At the end of 2019, Python is one of the fastest-growing programming languages. More than 10% of developers have opted for Python development.
In the programming world, Data types play an important role. Each Variable is stored in different data types and responsible for various functions. Python had two different objects, and They are mutable and immutable objects.
Table of Contents hide
III Built-in data types in Python
Mutable objects
The Size and declared value and its sequence of the object can able to be modified called mutable objects.
Mutable Data Types are list, dict, set, byte array
Immutable objects
The Size and declared value and its sequence of the object can able to be modified.
Immutable data types are int, float, complex, String, tuples, bytes, and frozen sets.
id() and type() is used to know the Identity and data type of the object
a**=25+**85j
type**(a)**
output**:<class’complex’>**
b**={1:10,2:“Pinky”****}**
id**(b)**
output**:**238989244168
Built-in data types in Python
a**=str(“Hello python world”)****#str**
b**=int(18)****#int**
c**=float(20482.5)****#float**
d**=complex(5+85j)****#complex**
e**=list((“python”,“fast”,“growing”,“in”,2018))****#list**
f**=tuple((“python”,“easy”,“learning”))****#tuple**
g**=range(10)****#range**
h**=dict(name=“Vidu”,age=36)****#dict**
i**=set((“python”,“fast”,“growing”,“in”,2018))****#set**
j**=frozenset((“python”,“fast”,“growing”,“in”,2018))****#frozenset**
k**=bool(18)****#bool**
l**=bytes(8)****#bytes**
m**=bytearray(8)****#bytearray**
n**=memoryview(bytes(18))****#memoryview**
Numbers (int,Float,Complex)
Numbers are stored in numeric Types. when a number is assigned to a variable, Python creates Number objects.
#signed interger
age**=**18
print**(age)**
Output**:**18
Python supports 3 types of numeric data.
int (signed integers like 20, 2, 225, etc.)
float (float is used to store floating-point numbers like 9.8, 3.1444, 89.52, etc.)
complex (complex numbers like 8.94j, 4.0 + 7.3j, etc.)
A complex number contains an ordered pair, i.e., a + ib where a and b denote the real and imaginary parts respectively).
String
The string can be represented as the sequence of characters in the quotation marks. In python, to define strings we can use single, double, or triple quotes.
# String Handling
‘Hello Python’
#single (') Quoted String
“Hello Python”
# Double (") Quoted String
“”“Hello Python”“”
‘’‘Hello Python’‘’
# triple (‘’') (“”") Quoted String
In python, string handling is a straightforward task, and python provides various built-in functions and operators for representing strings.
The operator “+” is used to concatenate strings and “*” is used to repeat the string.
“Hello”+“python”
output**:****‘Hello python’**
"python "*****2
'Output : Python python ’
#python web development #data types in python #list of all python data types #python data types #python datatypes #python types #python variable type
1624252974
Digital Transformation Consulting Services & solutions
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1596716340
A Deep Dive Into the Transformer Architecture – The Transformer Models
Transformers for Natural Language Processing
It may seem like a long time since the world of natural language processing (NLP) was transformed by the seminal “Attention is All You Need” paper by Vaswani et al., but in fact that was less than 3 years ago. The relative recency of the introduction of transformer architectures and the ubiquity with which they have upended language tasks speaks to the rapid rate of progress in machine learning and artificial intelligence. There’s no better time than now to gain a deep understanding of the inner workings of transformer architectures, especially with transformer models making big inroads into diverse new applications like predicting chemical reactions and reinforcement learning.
Whether you’re an old hand or you’re only paying attention to transformer style architecture for the first time, this article should offer something for you. First, we’ll dive deep into the fundamental concepts used to build the original 2017 Transformer. Then we’ll touch on some of the developments implemented in subsequent transformer models. Where appropriate we’ll point out some limitations and how modern models inheriting ideas from the original Transformer are trying to overcome various shortcomings or improve performance.
What Do Transformers Do?
Transformers are the current state-of-the-art type of model for dealing with sequences. Perhaps the most prominent application of these models is in text processing tasks, and the most prominent of these is machine translation. In fact, transformers and their conceptual progeny have infiltrated just about every benchmark leaderboard in natural language processing (NLP), from question answering to grammar correction. In many ways transformer architectures are undergoing a surge in development similar to what we saw with convolutional neural networks following the 2012 ImageNet competition, for better and for worse.
#natural language processing #ai artificial intelligence #transformers #transformer architecture #transformer models
1596525540
A Deep Dive Into the Transformer Architecture
Transformers for Natural Language Processing
It may seem like a long time since the world of natural language processing (NLP) was transformed by the seminal “Attention is All You Need” paper by Vaswani et al., but in fact that was less than 3 years ago. The relative recency of the introduction of transformer architectures and the ubiquity with which they have upended language tasks speaks to the rapid rate of progress in machine learning and artificial intelligence. There’s no better time than now to gain a deep understanding of the inner workings of transformer architectures, especially with transformer models making big inroads into diverse new applications like predicting chemical reactions and reinforcement learning.
Whether you’re an old hand or you’re only paying attention to transformer style architecture for the first time, this article should offer something for you. First, we’ll dive deep into the fundamental concepts used to build the original 2017 Transformer. Then we’ll touch on some of the developments implemented in subsequent transformer models. Where appropriate we’ll point out some limitations and how modern models inheriting ideas from the original Transformer are trying to overcome various shortcomings or improve performance.
What Do Transformers Do?
Transformers are the current state-of-the-art type of model for dealing with sequences. Perhaps the most prominent application of these models is in text processing tasks, and the most prominent of these is machine translation. In fact, transformers and their conceptual progeny have infiltrated just about every benchmark leaderboard in natural language processing (NLP), from question answering to grammar correction. In many ways transformer architectures are undergoing a surge in development similar to what we saw with convolutional neural networks following the 2012 ImageNet competition, for better and for worse.
#natural language processing #ai artificial intelligence #transformers #transformer architecture #transformer models #ai
1596736920
A Deep Dive Into the Transformer Architecture
Transformers for Natural Language Processing
It may seem like a long time since the world of natural language processing (NLP) was transformed by the seminal “Attention is All You Need” paper by Vaswani et al., but in fact that was less than 3 years ago. The relative recency of the introduction of transformer architectures and the ubiquity with which they have upended language tasks speaks to the rapid rate of progress in machine learning and artificial intelligence. There’s no better time than now to gain a deep understanding of the inner workings of transformer architectures, especially with transformer models making big inroads into diverse new applications like predicting chemical reactions and reinforcement learning.
Whether you’re an old hand or you’re only paying attention to transformer style architecture for the first time, this article should offer something for you. First, we’ll dive deep into the fundamental concepts used to build the original 2017 Transformer. Then we’ll touch on some of the developments implemented in subsequent transformer models. Where appropriate we’ll point out some limitations and how modern models inheriting ideas from the original Transformer are trying to overcome various shortcomings or improve performance.
What Do Transformers Do?
Transformers are the current state-of-the-art type of model for dealing with sequences. Perhaps the most prominent application of these models is in text processing tasks, and the most prominent of these is machine translation. In fact, transformers and their conceptual progeny have infiltrated just about every benchmark leaderboard in natural language processing (NLP), from question answering to grammar correction. In many ways transformer architectures are undergoing a surge in development similar to what we saw with convolutional neural networks following the 2012 ImageNet competition, for better and for worse.
#natural language processing #ai artificial intelligence #transformers #transformer architecture #transformer models