A Guide on How to Write a Clean Code

In this article, I’m going to talk about writing clean code in general and then end up with some examples. As an Android developer having a clean code has always been challenging for me which needs lots of effort and that’s just coding and coding 💻 …

Rules We Should Follow

1. Ignore duplication (imply **DRY **principle-Don’t Repeat Yourself)
2. Minimize entities, classes, and functions (avoid repetition)
3. It should be readable and simple
4. Be testable as it makes your code flexible and maintainable
5. Follow SOLIDprinciples

_S = _Single-responsibility principle:_ A class should only have one purpose._

_O = _Open-closed principle_: _A class should be open for extension, but closed for modification.

_L = _Liskov substitution principle_: _Abstraction should be able to provide all needs of child class.

_I = _Interface segregation principle_: _Small interface is better than big one.

_D = _Dependency Inversion Principle:_ A class should depend on abstraction, not implementation._

6. Be careful with dependencies

As many as possible try to have one-directional dependency. When dependency goes in multiple directions, things get much more complicated which makes hard to update and change.

7. Don’t hardcode

Define constant or use variables instead of hardcoding the values which will not only help readability but also make it easy to change if it is being used at multiple places.

Now let’s start writing Clean Code 🚀 …

#java #programming #clean-code

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Buddha Community

How to Find the Stinky Parts of Your Code (Part II)

There are more code smells. Let’s keep changing the aromas. We see several symptoms and situations that make us doubt the quality of our development. Let’s look at some possible solutions.

Most of these smells are just hints of something that might be wrong. They are not rigid rules.

This is part II. Part I can be found here.

Code Smell 06 - Too Clever Programmer

The code is difficult to read, there are tricky with names without semantics. Sometimes using language’s accidental complexity.

_Image Source: NeONBRAND on _Unsplash

Problems

• Readability
• Maintainability
• Code Quality
• Premature Optimization

Solutions

1. Refactor the code
2. Use better names

Examples

• Optimized loops

Exceptions

• Optimized code for low-level operations.

Sample Code

Wrong

function primeFactors(n){
	  var f = [],  i = 0, d = 2;  

	  for (i = 0; n >= 2; ) {
	     if(n % d == 0){
	       f[i++]=(d); 
	       n /= d;
	    }
	    else{
	      d++;
	    }     
	  }
	  return f;
	}

Right

function primeFactors(numberToFactor){
	  var factors = [], 
	      divisor = 2,
	      remainder = numberToFactor;

	  while(remainder>=2){
	    if(remainder % divisor === 0){
	       factors.push(divisor); 
	       remainder = remainder/ divisor;
	    }
	    else{
	      divisor++;
	    }     
	  }
	  return factors;
	}

Detection

Automatic detection is possible in some languages. Watch some warnings related to complexity, bad names, post increment variables, etc.

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Static Code Analysis: What It Is? How to Use It?

Static code analysis refers to the technique of approximating the runtime behavior of a program. In other words, it is the process of predicting the output of a program without actually executing it.

Lately, however, the term “Static Code Analysis” is more commonly used to refer to one of the applications of this technique rather than the technique itself — program comprehension — understanding the program and detecting issues in it (anything from syntax errors to type mismatches, performance hogs likely bugs, security loopholes, etc.). This is the usage we’d be referring to throughout this post.

“The refinement of techniques for the prompt discovery of error serves as well as any other as a hallmark of what we mean by science.”

• J. Robert Oppenheimer

Outline

We cover a lot of ground in this post. The aim is to build an understanding of static code analysis and to equip you with the basic theory, and the right tools so that you can write analyzers on your own.

We start our journey with laying down the essential parts of the pipeline which a compiler follows to understand what a piece of code does. We learn where to tap points in this pipeline to plug in our analyzers and extract meaningful information. In the latter half, we get our feet wet, and write four such static analyzers, completely from scratch, in Python.

Note that although the ideas here are discussed in light of Python, static code analyzers across all programming languages are carved out along similar lines. We chose Python because of the availability of an easy to use ast module, and wide adoption of the language itself.

How does it all work?

Before a computer can finally “understand” and execute a piece of code, it goes through a series of complicated transformations:

As you can see in the diagram (go ahead, zoom it!), the static analyzers feed on the output of these stages. To be able to better understand the static analysis techniques, let’s look at each of these steps in some more detail:

Scanning

The first thing that a compiler does when trying to understand a piece of code is to break it down into smaller chunks, also known as tokens. Tokens are akin to what words are in a language.

A token might consist of either a single character, like (, or literals (like integers, strings, e.g., 7, Bob, etc.), or reserved keywords of that language (e.g, def in Python). Characters which do not contribute towards the semantics of a program, like trailing whitespace, comments, etc. are often discarded by the scanner.

Python provides the tokenize module in its standard library to let you play around with tokens:

Python

1

import io

2

import tokenize

3

4

code = b"color = input('Enter your favourite color: ')"

5

6

for token in tokenize.tokenize(io.BytesIO(code).readline):

7

    print(token)

Python

1

TokenInfo(type=62 (ENCODING),  string='utf-8')

2

TokenInfo(type=1  (NAME),      string='color')

3

TokenInfo(type=54 (OP),        string='=')

4

TokenInfo(type=1  (NAME),      string='input')

5

TokenInfo(type=54 (OP),        string='(')

6

TokenInfo(type=3  (STRING),    string="'Enter your favourite color: '")

7

TokenInfo(type=54 (OP),        string=')')

8

TokenInfo(type=4  (NEWLINE),   string='')

9

TokenInfo(type=0  (ENDMARKER), string='')

(Note that for the sake of readability, I’ve omitted a few columns from the result above — metadata like starting index, ending index, a copy of the line on which a token occurs, etc.)

#code quality #code review #static analysis #static code analysis #code analysis #static analysis tools #code review tips #static code analyzer #static code analysis tool #static analyzer

ECS: Residential & Commercial Cleaning Services in London

Specializing in commercial cleaning, office cleaning, hospital & GP surgery cleaning, residential cleaning, washroom cleaning, school cleaning, Covid cleaning and sanitization, ECS Commercial Cleaning Company London has built up a large, experienced team of highly-skilled team of professionals who ensures work is delivered to highest standards, on time and on budget.

At ECS Commercial Cleaning, we provide a safe, cost-effective and efficient service that covers all your commercial cleaning needs. From residential cleaning, washroom cleaning, school cleaning to office cleaning, hospital & GP surgery cleaning, we cater it all. We have years of experience with all kinds of projects and know the best approach to save you time and money. Our professional knowledge and skills has enabled us to provide high quality cleaning solutions throughout London.

We’ve been delivering commercial cleaning services throughout London with the help of trained and experienced professionals, using only the finest equipment and cleaning solutions. Our team starts cleaning project from initial consultation through to completion on budget and schedule.

ECS Commercial Cleaning strives to keep people first, investing in their professional training and safety. We work hard to create and sustain an environment that helps us to achieve clients’ expectations through consistently excellent service and minimal downtime.

Our Services

With 10 years of market experience, a resource of professional employees and coverage throughout the London, ECS Commercial Cleaning has established itself as one of the leading commercial cleaning company, offering valuable cleaning solutions including:

• commercial cleaning
• office cleaning
• hospital & GP surgery cleaning
• residential cleaning
• washroom cleaning
• school cleaning
• covid cleaning and sanitization

Our clients are the London’s leading retail outlets, office buildings and office premises, schools, hospitals, production and industrial premises and others. Our cleaning solutions offers peace of mind to clients and most importantly ensure that workers are able to do their jobs comfortably and efficiently without compromising safety. Over the years of industry experience, we remain at the forefront of our industry due to our unparalleled customer dedication and unrivalled experience in providing safe, and cost-effective cleaning solutions.

Our Expert Team

ECS Commercial Cleaning provides you with an expert team that completes your cleaning project professionally and efficiently. No matter what cleaning service you require, our aim is to work closely with our clients in order to comprehend their needs and fulfil their specific requirements through tailored cleaning solutions.

With our eco-friendly cleaning products and a team of experienced professionals, we can provide timely cleaning solutions to our clients. Contact ECS Commercial Cleaning on 0161 5462235.

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Embold Is Like Autocorrect For Code, Says Vishal Rai, Founder & CEO

In our digital world, software is king. In a world so heavily dependent on software, poor code quality can result in grave consequence, from billions of dollars in lost revenue, to even fatal accidents. Here’s where Embold comes in—a static code analysis product aimed at empowering developers to do their best work.

Embold is a general-purpose static code analyser that has been designed for developers to analyse and improve their code by identifying issues across four dimensions, including design and duplication. We, at Analytics India Magazine, spoke to founder and CEO, Vishal Rai, to understand how Embold can detect anti-patterns in code for seamless integration.

Embold started a decade ago, with the vision of creating a product that can revolutionise the way developers write and design code. According to Vishal Rai, the idea was to develop a tool for software engineers and developers to write code faster and of better quality. And, after a time of extensive research and development, Vishal Rai, along with his partner Sudarshan Bhide launched their product in 2018.

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Play

“We have noticed an interesting trend — as teams started becoming bigger, the issues in software started increasing as well and it was very frustrating when you were on programs which weren’t achieving their stated goals because of poor quality,” said Rai. “And that’s where we saw the opportunity of helping companies to write the product as great as Google or Apple and decided to reinvent software analytics.”

Embold — Empowering Developers to Reach Their Highest Potential

Developers always undergo immense pressure of building their products faster at the best quality possible, and such pressure can lead to compromised code quality. This impact of one line of code or one weak link can create significant issues and can massively affect the entire company. And that is why Rai believes that developers need support in being more productive. With Embold, Vishal and Sudharshan brought in a technology that can help developers be more efficient in their work and make the process of software development easy. Explaining the technology, Rai compared it with “autocorrect for code.” He said, “If you look at the legacy tools, they were built for the waterfall model, aka linear-sequential life cycle model, where one release took six months which gave enough time to test the tools. But in the current time, everything is fast, and thus developers require tools that can help them work fast and give them feedback that can be easily implemented in their workflow.” And that’s where Embold’s platform fits into the workflow that helps them find problems and maintain their code.  As a matter of fact, Rai acknowledges that there have been many great tools, already in the market, but all of them have been created for great engineers. However, today, not every engineer is necessarily as experienced as others, and in such cases, it is imperative to make tools that are easy to use and help developers analyse their software. “Embold has been built for the future, the technologies that we have ingrained have neural networks, state-of-the-art in-memory databases and analysers that are far more evolved than legacy tools,” said Rai. “Embold has been created to enable people who aren’t as skilled to write better codes. Not only it fills the skills gap but also brings the new age developers closer to the best developers on the planet.”

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Cory House’s Analogy Between Writing Code and Writing Prose

I’m working through Cory House’s Pluralsight course, Clean Coding Principles in C#, and something interesting has caught my attention.

House makes a strong case between writing code and writing prose. As a writer myself, I’ve long seen the parallels between writing and coding. However, House takes the analogy further, and draws many parallels between writing clean code and the writing you’d find in a book or article.

The analogy is a good one because it’s concrete and relatable: all of us read books and all of us write code.

We know a book is well written when reading it is easy. That’s because:

• Chapters are organized.
• Headers give us specific information about the paragraphs that follow.
• Each paragraph contains one idea.
• Each character is developed.

We can apply the same principles found in writing prose as in writing code. House shows us how.

1. Write variable names that clearly convey your intent, like names in a book.

“Imagine reading a book with random, one-letter abbreviations throughout,” House suggests. Here’s an example: “P was very angry with G for insulting her M…He slept on the C.”

Despite the bad names, House acknowledges, you can probably get the main idea of what’s going on. But you have to work at it.

That’s an important point: the reader shouldn’t have to work at it. It’d be much clearer and easier to read something like this: “Pam was very angry with George for insulting her mom…He slept on the couch.” The non-letter abbreviations have been replaced with clear, meaningful names.

The same principle is true when writing code. It’s clearer and easier to read a variable like employee_total instead of seeing a seemingly random letter, e. “Understanding the programmer’s intent is the biggest problem,” House says. “So we must strive to be crystal clear about what we meant to do.”

Key point: Be intentional with your names.

2. “Functions are like paragraphs, for code.”

In school, most of us probably learned a golden rule of writing paragraphs: one idea per paragraph. A similar rule applies when writing functions: each function has a single purpose.

Key point: It’s easier to read and understand — both paragraphs and functions — that are clear, focused, and don’t do too much.

3. “Initialize variables just in time,” like characters in a book.

You don’t get a list of characters up front when reading a book, House points out. Instead, you’re introduced to a new character “just in time.”

For example, we get introduced to Bob when he enters the story. Otherwise we have to keep track of Bob, Alice, and a slew of other characters unnecessarily. As a reader, that’s burdensome. It makes reading confusing. It’s why authors don’t do this.

The same is true when coding.

If you initialize all of your variables at the top of your file, then the reader has a bunch of things to remember. That’s burdensome. It makes reading confusing. Don’t do this.

“Instead, well-structured functions should….initialize variables just in time,” House says. “When the variable is needed, bring it to life.” Then, get the variable “out of scope.” That way, the reader no longer has to think about it.

Key point: Give your readers what they need — when they need it.

It’s been said that easy reading is hard writing. That’s true for writing both prose and code. Make it easy for your readers: write clear, meaningful code.

#programming #writing #learning #learning-to-code #code #visual studio code