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Learn Python Module 1 - Introduction to Python | Python Crash Course
This Edureka video is Module 1 in the Learn Python Series where we will be getting a brief introduction to Python, why is it used, and its fundamental concepts.
- MODULE 1 - Python Introduction (https://morioh.com/p/421844697f24)
- MODULE 2 - Python Operators (https://morioh.com/p/78bc0f4ef2ea)
- MODULE 3 - Python Data Types (https://morioh.com/p/fa8a8a024ace)
- MODULE 4 - Python Functions (https://morioh.com/p/0d63a47ea167)
- MODULE 5 - Python Conditional Statements (https://morioh.com/p/b12cf9df73bb)
- MODULE 6 - Python Loops (https://morioh.com/p/e9a2a4de6577)
- MODULE 7 - Python Classes (https://morioh.com/p/755987007d1c)
- MODULE 8 - Python OOPs (https://morioh.com/p/bd4681fbd68e)
- MODULE 9 - Python File Handling (https://morioh.com/p/2dc667848db6)
- MODULE 10 - Python Practice Programs (https://morioh.com/p/58e7fe40fbef)
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A Pure PHP Implementation Of The MessagePack Serialization Format
msgpack.php
A pure PHP implementation of the MessagePack serialization format.
Features
- Fully compliant with the latest MessagePack specification
- Supports streaming unpacking
- Supports unsigned 64-bit integers handling
- Supports object serialization
- Fully tested
- Relatively fast
Installation
The recommended way to install the library is through Composer:
composer require rybakit/msgpack
Usage
Packing
To pack values you can either use an instance of a Packer:
$packer = new Packer();
$packed = $packer->pack($value);
or call a static method on the MessagePack class:
$packed = MessagePack::pack($value);
In the examples above, the method pack automatically packs a value depending on its type. However, not all PHP types can be uniquely translated to MessagePack types. For example, the MessagePack format defines map and array types, which are represented by a single array type in PHP. By default, the packer will pack a PHP array as a MessagePack array if it has sequential numeric keys, starting from 0 and as a MessagePack map otherwise:
$mpArr1 = $packer->pack([1, 2]); // MP array [1, 2]
$mpArr2 = $packer->pack([0 => 1, 1 => 2]); // MP array [1, 2]
$mpMap1 = $packer->pack([0 => 1, 2 => 3]); // MP map {0: 1, 2: 3}
$mpMap2 = $packer->pack([1 => 2, 2 => 3]); // MP map {1: 2, 2: 3}
$mpMap3 = $packer->pack(['a' => 1, 'b' => 2]); // MP map {a: 1, b: 2}
However, sometimes you need to pack a sequential array as a MessagePack map. To do this, use the packMap method:
$mpMap = $packer->packMap([1, 2]); // {0: 1, 1: 2}
Here is a list of type-specific packing methods:
$packer->packNil(); // MP nil
$packer->packBool(true); // MP bool
$packer->packInt(42); // MP int
$packer->packFloat(M_PI); // MP float (32 or 64)
$packer->packFloat32(M_PI); // MP float 32
$packer->packFloat64(M_PI); // MP float 64
$packer->packStr('foo'); // MP str
$packer->packBin("\x80"); // MP bin
$packer->packArray([1, 2]); // MP array
$packer->packMap(['a' => 1]); // MP map
$packer->packExt(1, "\xaa"); // MP ext
Check the "Custom types" section below on how to pack custom types.
Packing options
The Packer object supports a number of bitmask-based options for fine-tuning the packing process (defaults are in bold):
| Name | Description |
|---|---|
FORCE_STR | Forces PHP strings to be packed as MessagePack UTF-8 strings |
FORCE_BIN | Forces PHP strings to be packed as MessagePack binary data |
DETECT_STR_BIN | Detects MessagePack str/bin type automatically |
FORCE_ARR | Forces PHP arrays to be packed as MessagePack arrays |
FORCE_MAP | Forces PHP arrays to be packed as MessagePack maps |
DETECT_ARR_MAP | Detects MessagePack array/map type automatically |
FORCE_FLOAT32 | Forces PHP floats to be packed as 32-bits MessagePack floats |
FORCE_FLOAT64 | Forces PHP floats to be packed as 64-bits MessagePack floats |
The type detection mode (
DETECT_STR_BIN/DETECT_ARR_MAP) adds some overhead which can be noticed when you pack large (16- and 32-bit) arrays or strings. However, if you know the value type in advance (for example, you only work with UTF-8 strings or/and associative arrays), you can eliminate this overhead by forcing the packer to use the appropriate type, which will save it from running the auto-detection routine. Another option is to explicitly specify the value type. The library provides 2 auxiliary classes for this,MapandBin. Check the "Custom types" section below for details.
Examples:
// detect str/bin type and pack PHP 64-bit floats (doubles) to MP 32-bit floats
$packer = new Packer(PackOptions::DETECT_STR_BIN | PackOptions::FORCE_FLOAT32);
// these will throw MessagePack\Exception\InvalidOptionException
$packer = new Packer(PackOptions::FORCE_STR | PackOptions::FORCE_BIN);
$packer = new Packer(PackOptions::FORCE_FLOAT32 | PackOptions::FORCE_FLOAT64);
Unpacking
To unpack data you can either use an instance of a BufferUnpacker:
$unpacker = new BufferUnpacker();
$unpacker->reset($packed);
$value = $unpacker->unpack();
or call a static method on the MessagePack class:
$value = MessagePack::unpack($packed);
If the packed data is received in chunks (e.g. when reading from a stream), use the tryUnpack method, which attempts to unpack data and returns an array of unpacked messages (if any) instead of throwing an InsufficientDataException:
while ($chunk = ...) {
$unpacker->append($chunk);
if ($messages = $unpacker->tryUnpack()) {
return $messages;
}
}
If you want to unpack from a specific position in a buffer, use seek:
$unpacker->seek(42); // set position equal to 42 bytes
$unpacker->seek(-8); // set position to 8 bytes before the end of the buffer
To skip bytes from the current position, use skip:
$unpacker->skip(10); // set position to 10 bytes ahead of the current position
To get the number of remaining (unread) bytes in the buffer:
$unreadBytesCount = $unpacker->getRemainingCount();
To check whether the buffer has unread data:
$hasUnreadBytes = $unpacker->hasRemaining();
If needed, you can remove already read data from the buffer by calling:
$releasedBytesCount = $unpacker->release();
With the read method you can read raw (packed) data:
$packedData = $unpacker->read(2); // read 2 bytes
Besides the above methods BufferUnpacker provides type-specific unpacking methods, namely:
$unpacker->unpackNil(); // PHP null
$unpacker->unpackBool(); // PHP bool
$unpacker->unpackInt(); // PHP int
$unpacker->unpackFloat(); // PHP float
$unpacker->unpackStr(); // PHP UTF-8 string
$unpacker->unpackBin(); // PHP binary string
$unpacker->unpackArray(); // PHP sequential array
$unpacker->unpackMap(); // PHP associative array
$unpacker->unpackExt(); // PHP MessagePack\Type\Ext object
Unpacking options
The BufferUnpacker object supports a number of bitmask-based options for fine-tuning the unpacking process (defaults are in bold):
| Name | Description |
|---|---|
BIGINT_AS_STR | Converts overflowed integers to strings [1] |
BIGINT_AS_GMP | Converts overflowed integers to GMP objects [2] |
BIGINT_AS_DEC | Converts overflowed integers to Decimal\Decimal objects [3] |
1. The binary MessagePack format has unsigned 64-bit as its largest integer data type, but PHP does not support such integers, which means that an overflow can occur during unpacking.
2. Make sure the GMP extension is enabled.
3. Make sure the Decimal extension is enabled.
Examples:
$packedUint64 = "\xcf"."\xff\xff\xff\xff"."\xff\xff\xff\xff";
$unpacker = new BufferUnpacker($packedUint64);
var_dump($unpacker->unpack()); // string(20) "18446744073709551615"
$unpacker = new BufferUnpacker($packedUint64, UnpackOptions::BIGINT_AS_GMP);
var_dump($unpacker->unpack()); // object(GMP) {...}
$unpacker = new BufferUnpacker($packedUint64, UnpackOptions::BIGINT_AS_DEC);
var_dump($unpacker->unpack()); // object(Decimal\Decimal) {...}
Custom types
In addition to the basic types, the library provides functionality to serialize and deserialize arbitrary types. This can be done in several ways, depending on your use case. Let's take a look at them.
Type objects
If you need to serialize an instance of one of your classes into one of the basic MessagePack types, the best way to do this is to implement the CanBePacked interface in the class. A good example of such a class is the Map type class that comes with the library. This type is useful when you want to explicitly specify that a given PHP array should be packed as a MessagePack map without triggering an automatic type detection routine:
$packer = new Packer();
$packedMap = $packer->pack(new Map([1, 2, 3]));
$packedArray = $packer->pack([1, 2, 3]);
More type examples can be found in the src/Type directory.
Type transformers
As with type objects, type transformers are only responsible for serializing values. They should be used when you need to serialize a value that does not implement the CanBePacked interface. Examples of such values could be instances of built-in or third-party classes that you don't own, or non-objects such as resources.
A transformer class must implement the CanPack interface. To use a transformer, it must first be registered in the packer. Here is an example of how to serialize PHP streams into the MessagePack bin format type using one of the supplied transformers, StreamTransformer:
$packer = new Packer(null, [new StreamTransformer()]);
$packedBin = $packer->pack(fopen('/path/to/file', 'r+'));
More type transformer examples can be found in the src/TypeTransformer directory.
Extensions
In contrast to the cases described above, extensions are intended to handle extension types and are responsible for both serialization and deserialization of values (types).
An extension class must implement the Extension interface. To use an extension, it must first be registered in the packer and the unpacker.
The MessagePack specification divides extension types into two groups: predefined and application-specific. Currently, there is only one predefined type in the specification, Timestamp.
Timestamp
The Timestamp extension type is a predefined type. Support for this type in the library is done through the TimestampExtension class. This class is responsible for handling Timestamp objects, which represent the number of seconds and optional adjustment in nanoseconds:
$timestampExtension = new TimestampExtension();
$packer = new Packer();
$packer = $packer->extendWith($timestampExtension);
$unpacker = new BufferUnpacker();
$unpacker = $unpacker->extendWith($timestampExtension);
$packedTimestamp = $packer->pack(Timestamp::now());
$timestamp = $unpacker->reset($packedTimestamp)->unpack();
$seconds = $timestamp->getSeconds();
$nanoseconds = $timestamp->getNanoseconds();
When using the MessagePack class, the Timestamp extension is already registered:
$packedTimestamp = MessagePack::pack(Timestamp::now());
$timestamp = MessagePack::unpack($packedTimestamp);
Application-specific extensions
In addition, the format can be extended with your own types. For example, to make the built-in PHP DateTime objects first-class citizens in your code, you can create a corresponding extension, as shown in the example. Please note, that custom extensions have to be registered with a unique extension ID (an integer from 0 to 127).
More extension examples can be found in the examples/MessagePack directory.
To learn more about how extension types can be useful, check out this article.
Exceptions
If an error occurs during packing/unpacking, a PackingFailedException or an UnpackingFailedException will be thrown, respectively. In addition, an InsufficientDataException can be thrown during unpacking.
An InvalidOptionException will be thrown in case an invalid option (or a combination of mutually exclusive options) is used.
Tests
Run tests as follows:
vendor/bin/phpunit
Also, if you already have Docker installed, you can run the tests in a docker container. First, create a container:
./dockerfile.sh | docker build -t msgpack -
The command above will create a container named msgpack with PHP 8.1 runtime. You may change the default runtime by defining the PHP_IMAGE environment variable:
PHP_IMAGE='php:8.0-cli' ./dockerfile.sh | docker build -t msgpack -
See a list of various images here.
Then run the unit tests:
docker run --rm -v $PWD:/msgpack -w /msgpack msgpack
Fuzzing
To ensure that the unpacking works correctly with malformed/semi-malformed data, you can use a testing technique called Fuzzing. The library ships with a help file (target) for PHP-Fuzzer and can be used as follows:
php-fuzzer fuzz tests/fuzz_buffer_unpacker.php
Performance
To check performance, run:
php -n -dzend_extension=opcache.so \
-dpcre.jit=1 -dopcache.enable=1 -dopcache.enable_cli=1 \
tests/bench.php
Example output
Filter: MessagePack\Tests\Perf\Filter\ListFilter
Rounds: 3
Iterations: 100000
=============================================
Test/Target Packer BufferUnpacker
---------------------------------------------
nil .................. 0.0030 ........ 0.0139
false ................ 0.0037 ........ 0.0144
true ................. 0.0040 ........ 0.0137
7-bit uint #1 ........ 0.0052 ........ 0.0120
7-bit uint #2 ........ 0.0059 ........ 0.0114
7-bit uint #3 ........ 0.0061 ........ 0.0119
5-bit sint #1 ........ 0.0067 ........ 0.0126
5-bit sint #2 ........ 0.0064 ........ 0.0132
5-bit sint #3 ........ 0.0066 ........ 0.0135
8-bit uint #1 ........ 0.0078 ........ 0.0200
8-bit uint #2 ........ 0.0077 ........ 0.0212
8-bit uint #3 ........ 0.0086 ........ 0.0203
16-bit uint #1 ....... 0.0111 ........ 0.0271
16-bit uint #2 ....... 0.0115 ........ 0.0260
16-bit uint #3 ....... 0.0103 ........ 0.0273
32-bit uint #1 ....... 0.0116 ........ 0.0326
32-bit uint #2 ....... 0.0118 ........ 0.0332
32-bit uint #3 ....... 0.0127 ........ 0.0325
64-bit uint #1 ....... 0.0140 ........ 0.0277
64-bit uint #2 ....... 0.0134 ........ 0.0294
64-bit uint #3 ....... 0.0134 ........ 0.0281
8-bit int #1 ......... 0.0086 ........ 0.0241
8-bit int #2 ......... 0.0089 ........ 0.0225
8-bit int #3 ......... 0.0085 ........ 0.0229
16-bit int #1 ........ 0.0118 ........ 0.0280
16-bit int #2 ........ 0.0121 ........ 0.0270
16-bit int #3 ........ 0.0109 ........ 0.0274
32-bit int #1 ........ 0.0128 ........ 0.0346
32-bit int #2 ........ 0.0118 ........ 0.0339
32-bit int #3 ........ 0.0135 ........ 0.0368
64-bit int #1 ........ 0.0138 ........ 0.0276
64-bit int #2 ........ 0.0132 ........ 0.0286
64-bit int #3 ........ 0.0137 ........ 0.0274
64-bit int #4 ........ 0.0180 ........ 0.0285
64-bit float #1 ...... 0.0134 ........ 0.0284
64-bit float #2 ...... 0.0125 ........ 0.0275
64-bit float #3 ...... 0.0126 ........ 0.0283
fix string #1 ........ 0.0035 ........ 0.0133
fix string #2 ........ 0.0094 ........ 0.0216
fix string #3 ........ 0.0094 ........ 0.0222
fix string #4 ........ 0.0091 ........ 0.0241
8-bit string #1 ...... 0.0122 ........ 0.0301
8-bit string #2 ...... 0.0118 ........ 0.0304
8-bit string #3 ...... 0.0119 ........ 0.0315
16-bit string #1 ..... 0.0150 ........ 0.0388
16-bit string #2 ..... 0.1545 ........ 0.1665
32-bit string ........ 0.1570 ........ 0.1756
wide char string #1 .. 0.0091 ........ 0.0236
wide char string #2 .. 0.0122 ........ 0.0313
8-bit binary #1 ...... 0.0100 ........ 0.0302
8-bit binary #2 ...... 0.0123 ........ 0.0324
8-bit binary #3 ...... 0.0126 ........ 0.0327
16-bit binary ........ 0.0168 ........ 0.0372
32-bit binary ........ 0.1588 ........ 0.1754
fix array #1 ......... 0.0042 ........ 0.0131
fix array #2 ......... 0.0294 ........ 0.0367
fix array #3 ......... 0.0412 ........ 0.0472
16-bit array #1 ...... 0.1378 ........ 0.1596
16-bit array #2 ........... S ............. S
32-bit array .............. S ............. S
complex array ........ 0.1865 ........ 0.2283
fix map #1 ........... 0.0725 ........ 0.1048
fix map #2 ........... 0.0319 ........ 0.0405
fix map #3 ........... 0.0356 ........ 0.0665
fix map #4 ........... 0.0465 ........ 0.0497
16-bit map #1 ........ 0.2540 ........ 0.3028
16-bit map #2 ............. S ............. S
32-bit map ................ S ............. S
complex map .......... 0.2372 ........ 0.2710
fixext 1 ............. 0.0283 ........ 0.0358
fixext 2 ............. 0.0291 ........ 0.0371
fixext 4 ............. 0.0302 ........ 0.0355
fixext 8 ............. 0.0288 ........ 0.0384
fixext 16 ............ 0.0293 ........ 0.0359
8-bit ext ............ 0.0302 ........ 0.0439
16-bit ext ........... 0.0334 ........ 0.0499
32-bit ext ........... 0.1845 ........ 0.1888
32-bit timestamp #1 .. 0.0337 ........ 0.0547
32-bit timestamp #2 .. 0.0335 ........ 0.0560
64-bit timestamp #1 .. 0.0371 ........ 0.0575
64-bit timestamp #2 .. 0.0374 ........ 0.0542
64-bit timestamp #3 .. 0.0356 ........ 0.0533
96-bit timestamp #1 .. 0.0362 ........ 0.0699
96-bit timestamp #2 .. 0.0381 ........ 0.0701
96-bit timestamp #3 .. 0.0367 ........ 0.0687
=============================================
Total 2.7618 4.0820
Skipped 4 4
Failed 0 0
Ignored 0 0
With JIT:
php -n -dzend_extension=opcache.so \
-dpcre.jit=1 -dopcache.jit_buffer_size=64M -dopcache.jit=tracing -dopcache.enable=1 -dopcache.enable_cli=1 \
tests/bench.php
Example output
Filter: MessagePack\Tests\Perf\Filter\ListFilter
Rounds: 3
Iterations: 100000
=============================================
Test/Target Packer BufferUnpacker
---------------------------------------------
nil .................. 0.0005 ........ 0.0054
false ................ 0.0004 ........ 0.0059
true ................. 0.0004 ........ 0.0059
7-bit uint #1 ........ 0.0010 ........ 0.0047
7-bit uint #2 ........ 0.0010 ........ 0.0046
7-bit uint #3 ........ 0.0010 ........ 0.0046
5-bit sint #1 ........ 0.0025 ........ 0.0046
5-bit sint #2 ........ 0.0023 ........ 0.0046
5-bit sint #3 ........ 0.0024 ........ 0.0045
8-bit uint #1 ........ 0.0043 ........ 0.0081
8-bit uint #2 ........ 0.0043 ........ 0.0079
8-bit uint #3 ........ 0.0041 ........ 0.0080
16-bit uint #1 ....... 0.0064 ........ 0.0095
16-bit uint #2 ....... 0.0064 ........ 0.0091
16-bit uint #3 ....... 0.0064 ........ 0.0094
32-bit uint #1 ....... 0.0085 ........ 0.0114
32-bit uint #2 ....... 0.0077 ........ 0.0122
32-bit uint #3 ....... 0.0077 ........ 0.0120
64-bit uint #1 ....... 0.0085 ........ 0.0159
64-bit uint #2 ....... 0.0086 ........ 0.0157
64-bit uint #3 ....... 0.0086 ........ 0.0158
8-bit int #1 ......... 0.0042 ........ 0.0080
8-bit int #2 ......... 0.0042 ........ 0.0080
8-bit int #3 ......... 0.0042 ........ 0.0081
16-bit int #1 ........ 0.0065 ........ 0.0095
16-bit int #2 ........ 0.0065 ........ 0.0090
16-bit int #3 ........ 0.0056 ........ 0.0085
32-bit int #1 ........ 0.0067 ........ 0.0107
32-bit int #2 ........ 0.0066 ........ 0.0106
32-bit int #3 ........ 0.0063 ........ 0.0104
64-bit int #1 ........ 0.0072 ........ 0.0162
64-bit int #2 ........ 0.0073 ........ 0.0174
64-bit int #3 ........ 0.0072 ........ 0.0164
64-bit int #4 ........ 0.0077 ........ 0.0161
64-bit float #1 ...... 0.0053 ........ 0.0135
64-bit float #2 ...... 0.0053 ........ 0.0135
64-bit float #3 ...... 0.0052 ........ 0.0135
fix string #1 ....... -0.0002 ........ 0.0044
fix string #2 ........ 0.0035 ........ 0.0067
fix string #3 ........ 0.0035 ........ 0.0077
fix string #4 ........ 0.0033 ........ 0.0078
8-bit string #1 ...... 0.0059 ........ 0.0110
8-bit string #2 ...... 0.0063 ........ 0.0121
8-bit string #3 ...... 0.0064 ........ 0.0124
16-bit string #1 ..... 0.0099 ........ 0.0146
16-bit string #2 ..... 0.1522 ........ 0.1474
32-bit string ........ 0.1511 ........ 0.1483
wide char string #1 .. 0.0039 ........ 0.0084
wide char string #2 .. 0.0073 ........ 0.0123
8-bit binary #1 ...... 0.0040 ........ 0.0112
8-bit binary #2 ...... 0.0075 ........ 0.0123
8-bit binary #3 ...... 0.0077 ........ 0.0129
16-bit binary ........ 0.0096 ........ 0.0145
32-bit binary ........ 0.1535 ........ 0.1479
fix array #1 ......... 0.0008 ........ 0.0061
fix array #2 ......... 0.0121 ........ 0.0165
fix array #3 ......... 0.0193 ........ 0.0222
16-bit array #1 ...... 0.0607 ........ 0.0479
16-bit array #2 ........... S ............. S
32-bit array .............. S ............. S
complex array ........ 0.0749 ........ 0.0824
fix map #1 ........... 0.0329 ........ 0.0431
fix map #2 ........... 0.0161 ........ 0.0189
fix map #3 ........... 0.0205 ........ 0.0262
fix map #4 ........... 0.0252 ........ 0.0205
16-bit map #1 ........ 0.1016 ........ 0.0927
16-bit map #2 ............. S ............. S
32-bit map ................ S ............. S
complex map .......... 0.1096 ........ 0.1030
fixext 1 ............. 0.0157 ........ 0.0161
fixext 2 ............. 0.0175 ........ 0.0183
fixext 4 ............. 0.0156 ........ 0.0185
fixext 8 ............. 0.0163 ........ 0.0184
fixext 16 ............ 0.0164 ........ 0.0182
8-bit ext ............ 0.0158 ........ 0.0207
16-bit ext ........... 0.0203 ........ 0.0219
32-bit ext ........... 0.1614 ........ 0.1539
32-bit timestamp #1 .. 0.0195 ........ 0.0249
32-bit timestamp #2 .. 0.0188 ........ 0.0260
64-bit timestamp #1 .. 0.0207 ........ 0.0281
64-bit timestamp #2 .. 0.0212 ........ 0.0291
64-bit timestamp #3 .. 0.0207 ........ 0.0295
96-bit timestamp #1 .. 0.0222 ........ 0.0358
96-bit timestamp #2 .. 0.0228 ........ 0.0353
96-bit timestamp #3 .. 0.0210 ........ 0.0319
=============================================
Total 1.6432 1.9674
Skipped 4 4
Failed 0 0
Ignored 0 0
You may change default benchmark settings by defining the following environment variables:
| Name | Default |
|---|---|
| MP_BENCH_TARGETS | pure_p,pure_u, see a list of available targets |
| MP_BENCH_ITERATIONS | 100_000 |
| MP_BENCH_DURATION | not set |
| MP_BENCH_ROUNDS | 3 |
| MP_BENCH_TESTS | -@slow, see a list of available tests |
For example:
export MP_BENCH_TARGETS=pure_p
export MP_BENCH_ITERATIONS=1000000
export MP_BENCH_ROUNDS=5
# a comma separated list of test names
export MP_BENCH_TESTS='complex array, complex map'
# or a group name
# export MP_BENCH_TESTS='-@slow' // @pecl_comp
# or a regexp
# export MP_BENCH_TESTS='/complex (array|map)/'
Another example, benchmarking both the library and the PECL extension:
MP_BENCH_TARGETS=pure_p,pure_u,pecl_p,pecl_u \
php -n -dextension=msgpack.so -dzend_extension=opcache.so \
-dpcre.jit=1 -dopcache.enable=1 -dopcache.enable_cli=1 \
tests/bench.php
Example output
Filter: MessagePack\Tests\Perf\Filter\ListFilter
Rounds: 3
Iterations: 100000
===========================================================================
Test/Target Packer BufferUnpacker msgpack_pack msgpack_unpack
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
nil .................. 0.0031 ........ 0.0141 ...... 0.0055 ........ 0.0064
false ................ 0.0039 ........ 0.0154 ...... 0.0056 ........ 0.0053
true ................. 0.0038 ........ 0.0139 ...... 0.0056 ........ 0.0044
7-bit uint #1 ........ 0.0061 ........ 0.0110 ...... 0.0059 ........ 0.0046
7-bit uint #2 ........ 0.0065 ........ 0.0119 ...... 0.0042 ........ 0.0029
7-bit uint #3 ........ 0.0054 ........ 0.0117 ...... 0.0045 ........ 0.0025
5-bit sint #1 ........ 0.0047 ........ 0.0103 ...... 0.0038 ........ 0.0022
5-bit sint #2 ........ 0.0048 ........ 0.0117 ...... 0.0038 ........ 0.0022
5-bit sint #3 ........ 0.0046 ........ 0.0102 ...... 0.0038 ........ 0.0023
8-bit uint #1 ........ 0.0063 ........ 0.0174 ...... 0.0039 ........ 0.0031
8-bit uint #2 ........ 0.0063 ........ 0.0167 ...... 0.0040 ........ 0.0029
8-bit uint #3 ........ 0.0063 ........ 0.0168 ...... 0.0039 ........ 0.0030
16-bit uint #1 ....... 0.0092 ........ 0.0222 ...... 0.0049 ........ 0.0030
16-bit uint #2 ....... 0.0096 ........ 0.0227 ...... 0.0042 ........ 0.0046
16-bit uint #3 ....... 0.0123 ........ 0.0274 ...... 0.0059 ........ 0.0051
32-bit uint #1 ....... 0.0136 ........ 0.0331 ...... 0.0060 ........ 0.0048
32-bit uint #2 ....... 0.0130 ........ 0.0336 ...... 0.0070 ........ 0.0048
32-bit uint #3 ....... 0.0127 ........ 0.0329 ...... 0.0051 ........ 0.0048
64-bit uint #1 ....... 0.0126 ........ 0.0268 ...... 0.0055 ........ 0.0049
64-bit uint #2 ....... 0.0135 ........ 0.0281 ...... 0.0052 ........ 0.0046
64-bit uint #3 ....... 0.0131 ........ 0.0274 ...... 0.0069 ........ 0.0044
8-bit int #1 ......... 0.0077 ........ 0.0236 ...... 0.0058 ........ 0.0044
8-bit int #2 ......... 0.0087 ........ 0.0244 ...... 0.0058 ........ 0.0048
8-bit int #3 ......... 0.0084 ........ 0.0241 ...... 0.0055 ........ 0.0049
16-bit int #1 ........ 0.0112 ........ 0.0271 ...... 0.0048 ........ 0.0045
16-bit int #2 ........ 0.0124 ........ 0.0292 ...... 0.0057 ........ 0.0049
16-bit int #3 ........ 0.0118 ........ 0.0270 ...... 0.0058 ........ 0.0050
32-bit int #1 ........ 0.0137 ........ 0.0366 ...... 0.0058 ........ 0.0051
32-bit int #2 ........ 0.0133 ........ 0.0366 ...... 0.0056 ........ 0.0049
32-bit int #3 ........ 0.0129 ........ 0.0350 ...... 0.0052 ........ 0.0048
64-bit int #1 ........ 0.0145 ........ 0.0254 ...... 0.0034 ........ 0.0025
64-bit int #2 ........ 0.0097 ........ 0.0214 ...... 0.0034 ........ 0.0025
64-bit int #3 ........ 0.0096 ........ 0.0287 ...... 0.0059 ........ 0.0050
64-bit int #4 ........ 0.0143 ........ 0.0277 ...... 0.0059 ........ 0.0046
64-bit float #1 ...... 0.0134 ........ 0.0281 ...... 0.0057 ........ 0.0052
64-bit float #2 ...... 0.0141 ........ 0.0281 ...... 0.0057 ........ 0.0050
64-bit float #3 ...... 0.0144 ........ 0.0282 ...... 0.0057 ........ 0.0050
fix string #1 ........ 0.0036 ........ 0.0143 ...... 0.0066 ........ 0.0053
fix string #2 ........ 0.0107 ........ 0.0222 ...... 0.0065 ........ 0.0068
fix string #3 ........ 0.0116 ........ 0.0245 ...... 0.0063 ........ 0.0069
fix string #4 ........ 0.0105 ........ 0.0253 ...... 0.0083 ........ 0.0077
8-bit string #1 ...... 0.0126 ........ 0.0318 ...... 0.0075 ........ 0.0088
8-bit string #2 ...... 0.0121 ........ 0.0295 ...... 0.0076 ........ 0.0086
8-bit string #3 ...... 0.0125 ........ 0.0293 ...... 0.0130 ........ 0.0093
16-bit string #1 ..... 0.0159 ........ 0.0368 ...... 0.0117 ........ 0.0086
16-bit string #2 ..... 0.1547 ........ 0.1686 ...... 0.1516 ........ 0.1373
32-bit string ........ 0.1558 ........ 0.1729 ...... 0.1511 ........ 0.1396
wide char string #1 .. 0.0098 ........ 0.0237 ...... 0.0066 ........ 0.0065
wide char string #2 .. 0.0128 ........ 0.0291 ...... 0.0061 ........ 0.0082
8-bit binary #1 ........... I ............. I ........... F ............. I
8-bit binary #2 ........... I ............. I ........... F ............. I
8-bit binary #3 ........... I ............. I ........... F ............. I
16-bit binary ............. I ............. I ........... F ............. I
32-bit binary ............. I ............. I ........... F ............. I
fix array #1 ......... 0.0040 ........ 0.0129 ...... 0.0120 ........ 0.0058
fix array #2 ......... 0.0279 ........ 0.0390 ...... 0.0143 ........ 0.0165
fix array #3 ......... 0.0415 ........ 0.0463 ...... 0.0162 ........ 0.0187
16-bit array #1 ...... 0.1349 ........ 0.1628 ...... 0.0334 ........ 0.0341
16-bit array #2 ........... S ............. S ........... S ............. S
32-bit array .............. S ............. S ........... S ............. S
complex array ............. I ............. I ........... F ............. F
fix map #1 ................ I ............. I ........... F ............. I
fix map #2 ........... 0.0345 ........ 0.0391 ...... 0.0143 ........ 0.0168
fix map #3 ................ I ............. I ........... F ............. I
fix map #4 ........... 0.0459 ........ 0.0473 ...... 0.0151 ........ 0.0163
16-bit map #1 ........ 0.2518 ........ 0.2962 ...... 0.0400 ........ 0.0490
16-bit map #2 ............. S ............. S ........... S ............. S
32-bit map ................ S ............. S ........... S ............. S
complex map .......... 0.2380 ........ 0.2682 ...... 0.0545 ........ 0.0579
fixext 1 .................. I ............. I ........... F ............. F
fixext 2 .................. I ............. I ........... F ............. F
fixext 4 .................. I ............. I ........... F ............. F
fixext 8 .................. I ............. I ........... F ............. F
fixext 16 ................. I ............. I ........... F ............. F
8-bit ext ................. I ............. I ........... F ............. F
16-bit ext ................ I ............. I ........... F ............. F
32-bit ext ................ I ............. I ........... F ............. F
32-bit timestamp #1 ....... I ............. I ........... F ............. F
32-bit timestamp #2 ....... I ............. I ........... F ............. F
64-bit timestamp #1 ....... I ............. I ........... F ............. F
64-bit timestamp #2 ....... I ............. I ........... F ............. F
64-bit timestamp #3 ....... I ............. I ........... F ............. F
96-bit timestamp #1 ....... I ............. I ........... F ............. F
96-bit timestamp #2 ....... I ............. I ........... F ............. F
96-bit timestamp #3 ....... I ............. I ........... F ............. F
===========================================================================
Total 1.5625 2.3866 0.7735 0.7243
Skipped 4 4 4 4
Failed 0 0 24 17
Ignored 24 24 0 7
With JIT:
MP_BENCH_TARGETS=pure_p,pure_u,pecl_p,pecl_u \
php -n -dextension=msgpack.so -dzend_extension=opcache.so \
-dpcre.jit=1 -dopcache.jit_buffer_size=64M -dopcache.jit=tracing -dopcache.enable=1 -dopcache.enable_cli=1 \
tests/bench.php
Example output
Filter: MessagePack\Tests\Perf\Filter\ListFilter
Rounds: 3
Iterations: 100000
===========================================================================
Test/Target Packer BufferUnpacker msgpack_pack msgpack_unpack
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
nil .................. 0.0001 ........ 0.0052 ...... 0.0053 ........ 0.0042
false ................ 0.0007 ........ 0.0060 ...... 0.0057 ........ 0.0043
true ................. 0.0008 ........ 0.0060 ...... 0.0056 ........ 0.0041
7-bit uint #1 ........ 0.0031 ........ 0.0046 ...... 0.0062 ........ 0.0041
7-bit uint #2 ........ 0.0021 ........ 0.0043 ...... 0.0062 ........ 0.0041
7-bit uint #3 ........ 0.0022 ........ 0.0044 ...... 0.0061 ........ 0.0040
5-bit sint #1 ........ 0.0030 ........ 0.0048 ...... 0.0062 ........ 0.0040
5-bit sint #2 ........ 0.0032 ........ 0.0046 ...... 0.0062 ........ 0.0040
5-bit sint #3 ........ 0.0031 ........ 0.0046 ...... 0.0062 ........ 0.0040
8-bit uint #1 ........ 0.0054 ........ 0.0079 ...... 0.0062 ........ 0.0050
8-bit uint #2 ........ 0.0051 ........ 0.0079 ...... 0.0064 ........ 0.0044
8-bit uint #3 ........ 0.0051 ........ 0.0082 ...... 0.0062 ........ 0.0044
16-bit uint #1 ....... 0.0077 ........ 0.0094 ...... 0.0065 ........ 0.0045
16-bit uint #2 ....... 0.0077 ........ 0.0094 ...... 0.0063 ........ 0.0045
16-bit uint #3 ....... 0.0077 ........ 0.0095 ...... 0.0064 ........ 0.0047
32-bit uint #1 ....... 0.0088 ........ 0.0119 ...... 0.0063 ........ 0.0043
32-bit uint #2 ....... 0.0089 ........ 0.0117 ...... 0.0062 ........ 0.0039
32-bit uint #3 ....... 0.0089 ........ 0.0118 ...... 0.0063 ........ 0.0044
64-bit uint #1 ....... 0.0097 ........ 0.0155 ...... 0.0063 ........ 0.0045
64-bit uint #2 ....... 0.0095 ........ 0.0153 ...... 0.0061 ........ 0.0045
64-bit uint #3 ....... 0.0096 ........ 0.0156 ...... 0.0063 ........ 0.0047
8-bit int #1 ......... 0.0053 ........ 0.0083 ...... 0.0062 ........ 0.0044
8-bit int #2 ......... 0.0052 ........ 0.0080 ...... 0.0062 ........ 0.0044
8-bit int #3 ......... 0.0052 ........ 0.0080 ...... 0.0062 ........ 0.0043
16-bit int #1 ........ 0.0089 ........ 0.0097 ...... 0.0069 ........ 0.0046
16-bit int #2 ........ 0.0075 ........ 0.0093 ...... 0.0063 ........ 0.0043
16-bit int #3 ........ 0.0075 ........ 0.0094 ...... 0.0062 ........ 0.0046
32-bit int #1 ........ 0.0086 ........ 0.0122 ...... 0.0063 ........ 0.0044
32-bit int #2 ........ 0.0087 ........ 0.0120 ...... 0.0066 ........ 0.0046
32-bit int #3 ........ 0.0086 ........ 0.0121 ...... 0.0060 ........ 0.0044
64-bit int #1 ........ 0.0096 ........ 0.0149 ...... 0.0060 ........ 0.0045
64-bit int #2 ........ 0.0096 ........ 0.0157 ...... 0.0062 ........ 0.0044
64-bit int #3 ........ 0.0096 ........ 0.0160 ...... 0.0063 ........ 0.0046
64-bit int #4 ........ 0.0097 ........ 0.0157 ...... 0.0061 ........ 0.0044
64-bit float #1 ...... 0.0079 ........ 0.0153 ...... 0.0056 ........ 0.0044
64-bit float #2 ...... 0.0079 ........ 0.0152 ...... 0.0057 ........ 0.0045
64-bit float #3 ...... 0.0079 ........ 0.0155 ...... 0.0057 ........ 0.0044
fix string #1 ........ 0.0010 ........ 0.0045 ...... 0.0071 ........ 0.0044
fix string #2 ........ 0.0048 ........ 0.0075 ...... 0.0070 ........ 0.0060
fix string #3 ........ 0.0048 ........ 0.0086 ...... 0.0068 ........ 0.0060
fix string #4 ........ 0.0050 ........ 0.0088 ...... 0.0070 ........ 0.0059
8-bit string #1 ...... 0.0081 ........ 0.0129 ...... 0.0069 ........ 0.0062
8-bit string #2 ...... 0.0086 ........ 0.0128 ...... 0.0069 ........ 0.0065
8-bit string #3 ...... 0.0086 ........ 0.0126 ...... 0.0115 ........ 0.0065
16-bit string #1 ..... 0.0105 ........ 0.0137 ...... 0.0128 ........ 0.0068
16-bit string #2 ..... 0.1510 ........ 0.1486 ...... 0.1526 ........ 0.1391
32-bit string ........ 0.1517 ........ 0.1475 ...... 0.1504 ........ 0.1370
wide char string #1 .. 0.0044 ........ 0.0085 ...... 0.0067 ........ 0.0057
wide char string #2 .. 0.0081 ........ 0.0125 ...... 0.0069 ........ 0.0063
8-bit binary #1 ........... I ............. I ........... F ............. I
8-bit binary #2 ........... I ............. I ........... F ............. I
8-bit binary #3 ........... I ............. I ........... F ............. I
16-bit binary ............. I ............. I ........... F ............. I
32-bit binary ............. I ............. I ........... F ............. I
fix array #1 ......... 0.0014 ........ 0.0059 ...... 0.0132 ........ 0.0055
fix array #2 ......... 0.0146 ........ 0.0156 ...... 0.0155 ........ 0.0148
fix array #3 ......... 0.0211 ........ 0.0229 ...... 0.0179 ........ 0.0180
16-bit array #1 ...... 0.0673 ........ 0.0498 ...... 0.0343 ........ 0.0388
16-bit array #2 ........... S ............. S ........... S ............. S
32-bit array .............. S ............. S ........... S ............. S
complex array ............. I ............. I ........... F ............. F
fix map #1 ................ I ............. I ........... F ............. I
fix map #2 ........... 0.0148 ........ 0.0180 ...... 0.0156 ........ 0.0179
fix map #3 ................ I ............. I ........... F ............. I
fix map #4 ........... 0.0252 ........ 0.0201 ...... 0.0214 ........ 0.0167
16-bit map #1 ........ 0.1027 ........ 0.0836 ...... 0.0388 ........ 0.0510
16-bit map #2 ............. S ............. S ........... S ............. S
32-bit map ................ S ............. S ........... S ............. S
complex map .......... 0.1104 ........ 0.1010 ...... 0.0556 ........ 0.0602
fixext 1 .................. I ............. I ........... F ............. F
fixext 2 .................. I ............. I ........... F ............. F
fixext 4 .................. I ............. I ........... F ............. F
fixext 8 .................. I ............. I ........... F ............. F
fixext 16 ................. I ............. I ........... F ............. F
8-bit ext ................. I ............. I ........... F ............. F
16-bit ext ................ I ............. I ........... F ............. F
32-bit ext ................ I ............. I ........... F ............. F
32-bit timestamp #1 ....... I ............. I ........... F ............. F
32-bit timestamp #2 ....... I ............. I ........... F ............. F
64-bit timestamp #1 ....... I ............. I ........... F ............. F
64-bit timestamp #2 ....... I ............. I ........... F ............. F
64-bit timestamp #3 ....... I ............. I ........... F ............. F
96-bit timestamp #1 ....... I ............. I ........... F ............. F
96-bit timestamp #2 ....... I ............. I ........... F ............. F
96-bit timestamp #3 ....... I ............. I ........... F ............. F
===========================================================================
Total 0.9642 1.0909 0.8224 0.7213
Skipped 4 4 4 4
Failed 0 0 24 17
Ignored 24 24 0 7
Note that the msgpack extension (v2.1.2) doesn't support ext, bin and UTF-8 str types.
License
The library is released under the MIT License. See the bundled LICENSE file for details.
Author: rybakit
Source Code: https://github.com/rybakit/msgpack.php
License: MIT License
1648641360
Treebender: A Symbolic Natural Language Parsing Library for Rust
Treebender
A symbolic natural language parsing library for Rust, inspired by HDPSG.
What is this?
This is a library for parsing natural or constructed languages into syntax trees and feature structures. There's no machine learning or probabilistic models, everything is hand-crafted and deterministic.
You can find out more about the motivations of this project in this blog post.
But what are you using it for?
I'm using this to parse a constructed language for my upcoming xenolinguistics game, Themengi.
Motivation
Using a simple 80-line grammar, introduced in the tutorial below, we can parse a simple subset of English, checking reflexive pronoun binding, case, and number agreement.
$ cargo run --bin cli examples/reflexives.fgr
> she likes himself
Parsed 0 trees
> her likes herself
Parsed 0 trees
> she like herself
Parsed 0 trees
> she likes herself
Parsed 1 tree
(0..3: S
(0..1: N (0..1: she))
(1..2: TV (1..2: likes))
(2..3: N (2..3: herself)))
[
child-2: [
case: acc
pron: ref
needs_pron: #0 she
num: sg
child-0: [ word: herself ]
]
child-1: [
tense: nonpast
child-0: [ word: likes ]
num: #1 sg
]
child-0: [
child-0: [ word: she ]
case: nom
pron: #0
num: #1
]
]
Low resource language? Low problem! No need to train on gigabytes of text, just write a grammar using your brain. Let's hypothesize that in American Sign Language, topicalized nouns (expressed with raised eyebrows) must appear first in the sentence. We can write a small grammar (18 lines), and plug in some sentences:
$ cargo run --bin cli examples/asl-wordorder.fgr -n
> boy sit
Parsed 1 tree
(0..2: S
(0..1: NP ((0..1: N (0..1: boy))))
(1..2: IV (1..2: sit)))
> boy throw ball
Parsed 1 tree
(0..3: S
(0..1: NP ((0..1: N (0..1: boy))))
(1..2: TV (1..2: throw))
(2..3: NP ((2..3: N (2..3: ball)))))
> ball nm-raised-eyebrows boy throw
Parsed 1 tree
(0..4: S
(0..2: NP
(0..1: N (0..1: ball))
(1..2: Topic (1..2: nm-raised-eyebrows)))
(2..3: NP ((2..3: N (2..3: boy))))
(3..4: TV (3..4: throw)))
> boy throw ball nm-raised-eyebrows
Parsed 0 trees
Tutorial
As an example, let's say we want to build a parser for English reflexive pronouns (himself, herself, themselves, themself, itself). We'll also support number ("He likes X" v.s. "They like X") and simple embedded clauses ("He said that they like X").
Grammar files are written in a custom language, similar to BNF, called Feature GRammar (.fgr). There's a VSCode syntax highlighting extension for these files available as fgr-syntax.
We'll start by defining our lexicon. The lexicon is the set of terminal symbols (symbols in the actual input) that the grammar will match. Terminal symbols must start with a lowercase letter, and non-terminal symbols must start with an uppercase letter.
// pronouns
N -> he
N -> him
N -> himself
N -> she
N -> her
N -> herself
N -> they
N -> them
N -> themselves
N -> themself
// names, lowercase as they are terminals
N -> mary
N -> sue
N -> takeshi
N -> robert
// complementizer
Comp -> that
// verbs -- intransitive, transitive, and clausal
IV -> falls
IV -> fall
IV -> fell
TV -> likes
TV -> like
TV -> liked
CV -> says
CV -> say
CV -> said
Next, we can add our sentence rules (they must be added at the top, as the first rule in the file is assumed to be the top-level rule):
// sentence rules
S -> N IV
S -> N TV N
S -> N CV Comp S
// ... previous lexicon ...
Assuming this file is saved as examples/no-features.fgr (which it is :wink:), we can test this file with the built-in CLI:
$ cargo run --bin cli examples/no-features.fgr
> he falls
Parsed 1 tree
(0..2: S
(0..1: N (0..1: he))
(1..2: IV (1..2: falls)))
[
child-1: [ child-0: [ word: falls ] ]
child-0: [ child-0: [ word: he ] ]
]
> he falls her
Parsed 0 trees
> he likes her
Parsed 1 tree
(0..3: S
(0..1: N (0..1: he))
(1..2: TV (1..2: likes))
(2..3: N (2..3: her)))
[
child-2: [ child-0: [ word: her ] ]
child-1: [ child-0: [ word: likes ] ]
child-0: [ child-0: [ word: he ] ]
]
> he likes
Parsed 0 trees
> he said that he likes her
Parsed 1 tree
(0..6: S
(0..1: N (0..1: he))
(1..2: CV (1..2: said))
(2..3: Comp (2..3: that))
(3..6: S
(3..4: N (3..4: he))
(4..5: TV (4..5: likes))
(5..6: N (5..6: her))))
[
child-0: [ child-0: [ word: he ] ]
child-2: [ child-0: [ word: that ] ]
child-1: [ child-0: [ word: said ] ]
child-3: [
child-2: [ child-0: [ word: her ] ]
child-1: [ child-0: [ word: likes ] ]
child-0: [ child-0: [ word: he ] ]
]
]
> he said that he
Parsed 0 trees
This grammar already parses some correct sentences, and blocks some trivially incorrect ones. However, it doesn't care about number, case, or reflexives right now:
> she likes himself // unbound reflexive pronoun
Parsed 1 tree
(0..3: S
(0..1: N (0..1: she))
(1..2: TV (1..2: likes))
(2..3: N (2..3: himself)))
[
child-0: [ child-0: [ word: she ] ]
child-2: [ child-0: [ word: himself ] ]
child-1: [ child-0: [ word: likes ] ]
]
> him like her // incorrect case on the subject pronoun, should be nominative
// (he) instead of accusative (him)
Parsed 1 tree
(0..3: S
(0..1: N (0..1: him))
(1..2: TV (1..2: like))
(2..3: N (2..3: her)))
[
child-0: [ child-0: [ word: him ] ]
child-1: [ child-0: [ word: like ] ]
child-2: [ child-0: [ word: her ] ]
]
> he like her // incorrect verb number agreement
Parsed 1 tree
(0..3: S
(0..1: N (0..1: he))
(1..2: TV (1..2: like))
(2..3: N (2..3: her)))
[
child-2: [ child-0: [ word: her ] ]
child-1: [ child-0: [ word: like ] ]
child-0: [ child-0: [ word: he ] ]
]
To fix this, we need to add features to our lexicon, and restrict the sentence rules based on features.
Features are added with square brackets, and are key: value pairs separated by commas. **top** is a special feature value, which basically means "unspecified" -- we'll come back to it later. Features that are unspecified are also assumed to have a **top** value, but sometimes explicitly stating top is more clear.
/// Pronouns
// The added features are:
// * num: sg or pl, whether this noun wants a singular verb (likes) or
// a plural verb (like). note this is grammatical number, so for example
// singular they takes plural agreement ("they like X", not *"they likes X")
// * case: nom or acc, whether this noun is nominative or accusative case.
// nominative case goes in the subject, and accusative in the object.
// e.g., "he fell" and "she likes him", not *"him fell" and *"her likes he"
// * pron: he, she, they, or ref -- what type of pronoun this is
// * needs_pron: whether this is a reflexive that needs to bind to another
// pronoun.
N[ num: sg, case: nom, pron: he ] -> he
N[ num: sg, case: acc, pron: he ] -> him
N[ num: sg, case: acc, pron: ref, needs_pron: he ] -> himself
N[ num: sg, case: nom, pron: she ] -> she
N[ num: sg, case: acc, pron: she ] -> her
N[ num: sg, case: acc, pron: ref, needs_pron: she] -> herself
N[ num: pl, case: nom, pron: they ] -> they
N[ num: pl, case: acc, pron: they ] -> them
N[ num: pl, case: acc, pron: ref, needs_pron: they ] -> themselves
N[ num: sg, case: acc, pron: ref, needs_pron: they ] -> themself
// Names
// The added features are:
// * num: sg, as people are singular ("mary likes her" / *"mary like her")
// * case: **top**, as names can be both subjects and objects
// ("mary likes her" / "she likes mary")
// * pron: whichever pronoun the person uses for reflexive agreement
// mary pron: she => mary likes herself
// sue pron: they => sue likes themself
// takeshi pron: he => takeshi likes himself
N[ num: sg, case: **top**, pron: she ] -> mary
N[ num: sg, case: **top**, pron: they ] -> sue
N[ num: sg, case: **top**, pron: he ] -> takeshi
N[ num: sg, case: **top**, pron: he ] -> robert
// Complementizer doesn't need features
Comp -> that
// Verbs -- intransitive, transitive, and clausal
// The added features are:
// * num: sg, pl, or **top** -- to match the noun numbers.
// **top** will match either sg or pl, as past-tense verbs in English
// don't agree in number: "he fell" and "they fell" are both fine
// * tense: past or nonpast -- this won't be used for agreement, but will be
// copied into the final feature structure, and the client code could do
// something with it
IV[ num: sg, tense: nonpast ] -> falls
IV[ num: pl, tense: nonpast ] -> fall
IV[ num: **top**, tense: past ] -> fell
TV[ num: sg, tense: nonpast ] -> likes
TV[ num: pl, tense: nonpast ] -> like
TV[ num: **top**, tense: past ] -> liked
CV[ num: sg, tense: nonpast ] -> says
CV[ num: pl, tense: nonpast ] -> say
CV[ num: **top**, tense: past ] -> said
Now that our lexicon is updated with features, we can update our sentence rules to constrain parsing based on those features. This uses two new features, tags and unification. Tags allow features to be associated between nodes in a rule, and unification controls how those features are compatible. The rules for unification are:
- A string feature can unify with a string feature with the same value
- A top feature can unify with anything, and the nodes are merged
- A complex feature ([ ... ] structure) is recursively unified with another complex feature.
If unification fails anywhere, the parse is aborted and the tree is discarded. This allows the programmer to discard trees if features don't match.
// Sentence rules
// Intransitive verb:
// * Subject must be nominative case
// * Subject and verb must agree in number (copied through #1)
S -> N[ case: nom, num: #1 ] IV[ num: #1 ]
// Transitive verb:
// * Subject must be nominative case
// * Subject and verb must agree in number (copied through #2)
// * If there's a reflexive in the object position, make sure its `needs_pron`
// feature matches the subject's `pron` feature. If the object isn't a
// reflexive, then its `needs_pron` feature will implicitly be `**top**`, so
// will unify with anything.
S -> N[ case: nom, pron: #1, num: #2 ] TV[ num: #2 ] N[ case: acc, needs_pron: #1 ]
// Clausal verb:
// * Subject must be nominative case
// * Subject and verb must agree in number (copied through #1)
// * Reflexives can't cross clause boundaries (*"He said that she likes himself"),
// so we can ignore reflexives and delegate to inner clause rule
S -> N[ case: nom, num: #1 ] CV[ num: #1 ] Comp S
Now that we have this augmented grammar (available as examples/reflexives.fgr), we can try it out and see that it rejects illicit sentences that were previously accepted, while still accepting valid ones:
> he fell
Parsed 1 tree
(0..2: S
(0..1: N (0..1: he))
(1..2: IV (1..2: fell)))
[
child-1: [
child-0: [ word: fell ]
num: #0 sg
tense: past
]
child-0: [
pron: he
case: nom
num: #0
child-0: [ word: he ]
]
]
> he like him
Parsed 0 trees
> he likes himself
Parsed 1 tree
(0..3: S
(0..1: N (0..1: he))
(1..2: TV (1..2: likes))
(2..3: N (2..3: himself)))
[
child-1: [
num: #0 sg
child-0: [ word: likes ]
tense: nonpast
]
child-2: [
needs_pron: #1 he
num: sg
child-0: [ word: himself ]
pron: ref
case: acc
]
child-0: [
child-0: [ word: he ]
pron: #1
num: #0
case: nom
]
]
> he likes herself
Parsed 0 trees
> mary likes herself
Parsed 1 tree
(0..3: S
(0..1: N (0..1: mary))
(1..2: TV (1..2: likes))
(2..3: N (2..3: herself)))
[
child-0: [
pron: #0 she
num: #1 sg
case: nom
child-0: [ word: mary ]
]
child-1: [
tense: nonpast
child-0: [ word: likes ]
num: #1
]
child-2: [
child-0: [ word: herself ]
num: sg
pron: ref
case: acc
needs_pron: #0
]
]
> mary likes themself
Parsed 0 trees
> sue likes themself
Parsed 1 tree
(0..3: S
(0..1: N (0..1: sue))
(1..2: TV (1..2: likes))
(2..3: N (2..3: themself)))
[
child-0: [
pron: #0 they
child-0: [ word: sue ]
case: nom
num: #1 sg
]
child-1: [
tense: nonpast
num: #1
child-0: [ word: likes ]
]
child-2: [
needs_pron: #0
case: acc
pron: ref
child-0: [ word: themself ]
num: sg
]
]
> sue likes himself
Parsed 0 trees
If this is interesting to you and you want to learn more, you can check out my blog series, the excellent textbook Syntactic Theory: A Formal Introduction (2nd ed.), and the DELPH-IN project, whose work on the LKB inspired this simplified version.
Using from code
I need to write this section in more detail, but if you're comfortable with Rust, I suggest looking through the codebase. It's not perfect, it started as one of my first Rust projects (after migrating through F# -> TypeScript -> C in search of the right performance/ergonomics tradeoff), and it could use more tests, but overall it's not too bad.
Basically, the processing pipeline is:
- Make a
Grammarstruct
Grammaris defined inrules.rs.- The easiest way to make a
GrammarisGrammar::parse_from_file, which is mostly a hand-written recusive descent parser inparse_grammar.rs. Yes, I recognize the irony here.
- It takes input (in
Grammar::parse, which does everything for you, orGrammar::parse_chart, which just does the chart) - The input is first chart-parsed in
earley.rs - Then, a forest is built from the chart, in
forest.rs, using an algorithm I found in a very useful blog series I forget the URL for, because the algorithms in the academic literature for this are... weird. - Finally, the feature unification is used to prune the forest down to only valid trees. It would be more efficient to do this during parsing, but meh.
The most interesting thing you can do via code and not via the CLI is probably getting at the raw feature DAG, as that would let you do things like pronoun coreference. The DAG code is in featurestructure.rs, and should be fairly approachable -- there's a lot of Rust ceremony around Rc<RefCell<...>> because using an arena allocation crate seemed too harlike overkill, but that is somewhat mitigated by the NodeRef type alias. Hit me up at https://vgel.me/contact if you need help with anything here!
Download Details:
Author: vgel
Source Code: https://github.com/vgel/treebender
License: MIT License
1667488080
Py Rouge: A Full Python Implementation Of The ROUGE Metric
Py-rouge
A full Python implementation of the ROUGE metric, producing same results as in the official perl implementation.
Important remarks
- The original Porter stemmer in NLTK is slightly different than the one use in the official ROUGE perl script as it has been written by end. Therefore, there might be slightly different stems for certain words. For DUC2004 dataset, I have identified these words and this script produces same stems.
- The official ROUGE perl script use resampling strategy to compute the average with confidence intervals. Therefore, we might have a difference
<3e-5for ROUGE-L as well as ROUGE-W and<4e-5for ROUGE-N. - Finally, ROUGE-1.5.5. has a bug: should have $tmpTextLen += $sLen at line 2101. Here, the last sentence, $limitBytes is taken instead of $limitBytes-$tmpTextLen (as $tmpTextLen is never updated with bytes length limit). It has been fixed in this code. This bug does not have a consequence for the default evaluation
-b 665.
In case of doubts, please see all the implemented tests to compare outputs between the official ROUGE-1.5.5 and this script.
Installation
Package is uploaded on PyPI <https://pypi.org/project/py-rouge>_.
You can install it with pip:
pip install py-rouge
or do it manually:
git clone https://github.com/Diego999/py-rouge
cd py-rouge
python setup.py install
Issues/Pull Requests/Feedbacks
Don't hesitate to contact for any feedback or create issues/pull requests (especially if you want to rewrite the stemmer implemented in ROUGE-1.5.5 in python ;)).
Example
import rouge
def prepare_results(m, p, r, f):
return '\t{}:\t{}: {:5.2f}\t{}: {:5.2f}\t{}: {:5.2f}'.format(m, 'P', 100.0 * p, 'R', 100.0 * r, 'F1', 100.0 * f)
for aggregator in ['Avg', 'Best', 'Individual']:
print('Evaluation with {}'.format(aggregator))
apply_avg = aggregator == 'Avg'
apply_best = aggregator == 'Best'
evaluator = rouge.Rouge(metrics=['rouge-n', 'rouge-l', 'rouge-w'],
max_n=4,
limit_length=True,
length_limit=100,
length_limit_type='words',
apply_avg=apply_avg,
apply_best=apply_best,
alpha=0.5, # Default F1_score
weight_factor=1.2,
stemming=True)
hypothesis_1 = "King Norodom Sihanouk has declined requests to chair a summit of Cambodia 's top political leaders , saying the meeting would not bring any progress in deadlocked negotiations to form a government .\nGovernment and opposition parties have asked King Norodom Sihanouk to host a summit meeting after a series of post-election negotiations between the two opposition groups and Hun Sen 's party to form a new government failed .\nHun Sen 's ruling party narrowly won a majority in elections in July , but the opposition _ claiming widespread intimidation and fraud _ has denied Hun Sen the two-thirds vote in parliament required to approve the next government .\n"
references_1 = ["Prospects were dim for resolution of the political crisis in Cambodia in October 1998.\nPrime Minister Hun Sen insisted that talks take place in Cambodia while opposition leaders Ranariddh and Sam Rainsy, fearing arrest at home, wanted them abroad.\nKing Sihanouk declined to chair talks in either place.\nA U.S. House resolution criticized Hun Sen's regime while the opposition tried to cut off his access to loans.\nBut in November the King announced a coalition government with Hun Sen heading the executive and Ranariddh leading the parliament.\nLeft out, Sam Rainsy sought the King's assurance of Hun Sen's promise of safety and freedom for all politicians.",
"Cambodian prime minister Hun Sen rejects demands of 2 opposition parties for talks in Beijing after failing to win a 2/3 majority in recent elections.\nSihanouk refuses to host talks in Beijing.\nOpposition parties ask the Asian Development Bank to stop loans to Hun Sen's government.\nCCP defends Hun Sen to the US Senate.\nFUNCINPEC refuses to share the presidency.\nHun Sen and Ranariddh eventually form a coalition at summit convened by Sihanouk.\nHun Sen remains prime minister, Ranariddh is president of the national assembly, and a new senate will be formed.\nOpposition leader Rainsy left out.\nHe seeks strong assurance of safety should he return to Cambodia.\n",
]
hypothesis_2 = "China 's government said Thursday that two prominent dissidents arrested this week are suspected of endangering national security _ the clearest sign yet Chinese leaders plan to quash a would-be opposition party .\nOne leader of a suppressed new political party will be tried on Dec. 17 on a charge of colluding with foreign enemies of China '' to incite the subversion of state power , '' according to court documents given to his wife on Monday .\nWith attorneys locked up , harassed or plain scared , two prominent dissidents will defend themselves against charges of subversion Thursday in China 's highest-profile dissident trials in two years .\n"
references_2 = "Hurricane Mitch, category 5 hurricane, brought widespread death and destruction to Central American.\nEspecially hard hit was Honduras where an estimated 6,076 people lost their lives.\nThe hurricane, which lingered off the coast of Honduras for 3 days before moving off, flooded large areas, destroying crops and property.\nThe U.S. and European Union were joined by Pope John Paul II in a call for money and workers to help the stricken area.\nPresident Clinton sent Tipper Gore, wife of Vice President Gore to the area to deliver much needed supplies to the area, demonstrating U.S. commitment to the recovery of the region.\n"
all_hypothesis = [hypothesis_1, hypothesis_2]
all_references = [references_1, references_2]
scores = evaluator.get_scores(all_hypothesis, all_references)
for metric, results in sorted(scores.items(), key=lambda x: x[0]):
if not apply_avg and not apply_best: # value is a type of list as we evaluate each summary vs each reference
for hypothesis_id, results_per_ref in enumerate(results):
nb_references = len(results_per_ref['p'])
for reference_id in range(nb_references):
print('\tHypothesis #{} & Reference #{}: '.format(hypothesis_id, reference_id))
print('\t' + prepare_results(metric,results_per_ref['p'][reference_id], results_per_ref['r'][reference_id], results_per_ref['f'][reference_id]))
print()
else:
print(prepare_results(metric, results['p'], results['r'], results['f']))
print()
It produces the following output:
Evaluation with Avg
rouge-1: P: 28.62 R: 26.46 F1: 27.49
rouge-2: P: 4.21 R: 3.92 F1: 4.06
rouge-3: P: 0.80 R: 0.74 F1: 0.77
rouge-4: P: 0.00 R: 0.00 F1: 0.00
rouge-l: P: 30.52 R: 28.57 F1: 29.51
rouge-w: P: 15.85 R: 8.28 F1: 10.87
Evaluation with Best
rouge-1: P: 30.44 R: 28.36 F1: 29.37
rouge-2: P: 4.74 R: 4.46 F1: 4.59
rouge-3: P: 1.06 R: 0.98 F1: 1.02
rouge-4: P: 0.00 R: 0.00 F1: 0.00
rouge-l: P: 31.54 R: 29.71 F1: 30.60
rouge-w: P: 16.42 R: 8.82 F1: 11.47
Evaluation with Individual
Hypothesis #0 & Reference #0:
rouge-1: P: 38.54 R: 35.58 F1: 37.00
Hypothesis #0 & Reference #1:
rouge-1: P: 45.83 R: 43.14 F1: 44.44
Hypothesis #1 & Reference #0:
rouge-1: P: 15.05 R: 13.59 F1: 14.29
Hypothesis #0 & Reference #0:
rouge-2: P: 7.37 R: 6.80 F1: 7.07
Hypothesis #0 & Reference #1:
rouge-2: P: 9.47 R: 8.91 F1: 9.18
Hypothesis #1 & Reference #0:
rouge-2: P: 0.00 R: 0.00 F1: 0.00
Hypothesis #0 & Reference #0:
rouge-3: P: 2.13 R: 1.96 F1: 2.04
Hypothesis #0 & Reference #1:
rouge-3: P: 1.06 R: 1.00 F1: 1.03
Hypothesis #1 & Reference #0:
rouge-3: P: 0.00 R: 0.00 F1: 0.00
Hypothesis #0 & Reference #0:
rouge-4: P: 0.00 R: 0.00 F1: 0.00
Hypothesis #0 & Reference #1:
rouge-4: P: 0.00 R: 0.00 F1: 0.00
Hypothesis #1 & Reference #0:
rouge-4: P: 0.00 R: 0.00 F1: 0.00
Hypothesis #0 & Reference #0:
rouge-l: P: 42.11 R: 39.39 F1: 40.70
Hypothesis #0 & Reference #1:
rouge-l: P: 46.19 R: 43.92 F1: 45.03
Hypothesis #1 & Reference #0:
rouge-l: P: 16.88 R: 15.50 F1: 16.16
Hypothesis #0 & Reference #0:
rouge-w: P: 22.27 R: 11.49 F1: 15.16
Hypothesis #0 & Reference #1:
rouge-w: P: 24.56 R: 13.60 F1: 17.51
Hypothesis #1 & Reference #0:
rouge-w: P: 8.29 R: 4.04 F1: 5.43Download Details:
Author: Diego999
Source Code: https://github.com/Diego999/py-rouge
License: Apache-2.0 license
1666422720
FederatedScope: An Easy-to-use Federated Learning Platform in Python
FederatedScope is a comprehensive federated learning platform that provides convenient usage and flexible customization for various federated learning tasks in both academia and industry. Based on an event-driven architecture, FederatedScope integrates rich collections of functionalities to satisfy the burgeoning demands from federated learning, and aims to build up an easy-to-use platform for promoting learning safely and effectively.
A detailed tutorial is provided on our website: federatedscope.io
You can try FederatedScope via FederatedScope Playground or Google Colab.
News
[10-05-2022] Our benchmark paper for personalized FL, pFL-Bench has been accepted by NeurIPS'22, Dataset and Benchmark Track!- [08-18-2022] Our KDD 2022 paper on federated graph learning receives the KDD Best Paper Award for ADS track!
- [07-30-2022] We release FederatedScope v0.2.0!
- [06-17-2022] We release pFL-Bench, a comprehensive benchmark for personalized Federated Learning (pFL), containing 10+ datasets and 20+ baselines. [code, pdf]
- [06-17-2022] We release FedHPO-B, a benchmark suite for studying federated hyperparameter optimization. [code, pdf]
- [06-17-2022] We release B-FHTL, a benchmark suit for studying federated hetero-task learning. [code, pdf]
- [06-13-2022] Our project was receiving an attack, which has been resolved. More details.
- [05-25-2022] Our paper FederatedScope-GNN has been accepted by KDD'2022!
- [05-06-2022] We release FederatedScope v0.1.0!
Code Structure
FederatedScope
├── federatedscope
│ ├── core
│ | ├── workers # Behaviors of participants (i.e., server and clients)
│ | ├── trainers # Details of local training
│ | ├── aggregators # Details of federated aggregation
│ | ├── configs # Customizable configurations
│ | ├── monitors # The monitor module for logging and demonstrating
│ | ├── communication.py # Implementation of communication among participants
│ | ├── fed_runner.py # The runner for building and running an FL course
│ | ├── ... ..
│ ├── cv # Federated learning in CV
│ ├── nlp # Federated learning in NLP
│ ├── gfl # Graph federated learning
│ ├── autotune # Auto-tunning for federated learning
│ ├── contrib
│ ├── main.py
│ ├── ... ...
├── scripts # Scripts for reproducing existing algorithms
├── benchmark # We release several benchmarks for convenient and fair comparisons
├── doc # For automatic documentation
├── enviornment # Installation requirements and provided docker files
├── materials # Materials of related topics (e.g., paper lists)
│ ├── notebook
│ ├── paper_list
│ ├── tutorial
│ ├── ... ...
├── tests # Unittest modules for continuous integration
├── LICENSE
└── setup.py
Quick Start
We provide an end-to-end example for users to start running a standard FL course with FederatedScope.
Step 1. Installation
First of all, users need to clone the source code and install the required packages (we suggest python version >= 3.9). You can choose between the following two installation methods (via docker or conda) to install FederatedScope.
git clone https://github.com/alibaba/FederatedScope.git
cd FederatedScope
Use Docker
You can build docker image and run with docker env (cuda 11 and torch 1.10):
docker build -f environment/docker_files/federatedscope-torch1.10.Dockerfile -t alibaba/federatedscope:base-env-torch1.10 .
docker run --gpus device=all --rm -it --name "fedscope" -w $(pwd) alibaba/federatedscope:base-env-torch1.10 /bin/bash
If you need to run with down-stream tasks such as graph FL, change the requirement/docker file name into another one when executing the above commands:
# environment/requirements-torch1.10.txt ->
environment/requirements-torch1.10-application.txt
# environment/docker_files/federatedscope-torch1.10.Dockerfile ->
environment/docker_files/federatedscope-torch1.10-application.Dockerfile
Note: You can choose to use cuda 10 and torch 1.8 via changing torch1.10 to torch1.8. The docker images are based on the nvidia-docker. Please pre-install the NVIDIA drivers and nvidia-docker2 in the host machine. See more details here.
Use Conda
We recommend using a new virtual environment to install FederatedScope:
conda create -n fs python=3.9
conda activate fs
If your backend is torch, please install torch in advance (torch-get-started). For example, if your cuda version is 11.3 please execute the following command:
conda install -y pytorch=1.10.1 torchvision=0.11.2 torchaudio=0.10.1 cudatoolkit=11.3 -c pytorch -c conda-forge
For users with Apple M1 chips:
conda install pytorch torchvision torchaudio -c pytorch
# Downgrade torchvision to avoid segmentation fault
python -m pip install torchvision==0.11.3
Finally, after the backend is installed, you can install FederatedScope from source:
From source
python setup.py install
# Or (for dev mode)
pip install -e .[dev]
pre-commit install
Now, you have successfully installed the minimal version of FederatedScope. (Optinal) For application version including graph, nlp and speech, run:
bash environment/extra_dependencies_torch1.10-application.sh
Step 2. Prepare datasets
To run an FL task, users should prepare a dataset. The DataZoo provided in FederatedScope can help to automatically download and preprocess widely-used public datasets for various FL applications, including CV, NLP, graph learning, recommendation, etc. Users can directly specify cfg.data.type = DATASET_NAMEin the configuration. For example,
cfg.data.type = 'femnist'
To use customized datasets, you need to prepare the datasets following a certain format and register it. Please refer to Customized Datasets for more details.
Step 3. Prepare models
Then, users should specify the model architecture that will be trained in the FL course. FederatedScope provides a ModelZoo that contains the implementation of widely adopted model architectures for various FL applications. Users can set up cfg.model.type = MODEL_NAME to apply a specific model architecture in FL tasks. For example,
cfg.model.type = 'convnet2'
FederatedScope allows users to use customized models via registering. Please refer to Customized Models for more details about how to customize a model architecture.
Step 4. Start running an FL task
Note that FederatedScope provides a unified interface for both standalone mode and distributed mode, and allows users to change via configuring.
Standalone mode
The standalone mode in FederatedScope means to simulate multiple participants (servers and clients) in a single device, while participants' data are isolated from each other and their models might be shared via message passing.
Here we demonstrate how to run a standard FL task with FederatedScope, with setting cfg.data.type = 'FEMNIST'and cfg.model.type = 'ConvNet2' to run vanilla FedAvg for an image classification task. Users can customize training configurations, such as cfg.federated.total_round_num, cfg.dataloader.batch_size, and cfg.train.optimizer.lr, in the configuration (a .yaml file), and run a standard FL task as:
# Run with default configurations
python federatedscope/main.py --cfg scripts/example_configs/femnist.yaml
# Or with custom configurations
python federatedscope/main.py --cfg scripts/example_configs/femnist.yaml federate.total_round_num 50 dataloader.batch_size 128
Then you can observe some monitored metrics during the training process as:
INFO: Server has been set up ...
INFO: Model meta-info: <class 'federatedscope.cv.model.cnn.ConvNet2'>.
... ...
INFO: Client has been set up ...
INFO: Model meta-info: <class 'federatedscope.cv.model.cnn.ConvNet2'>.
... ...
INFO: {'Role': 'Client #5', 'Round': 0, 'Results_raw': {'train_loss': 207.6341676712036, 'train_acc': 0.02, 'train_total': 50, 'train_loss_regular': 0.0, 'train_avg_loss': 4.152683353424072}}
INFO: {'Role': 'Client #1', 'Round': 0, 'Results_raw': {'train_loss': 209.0940284729004, 'train_acc': 0.02, 'train_total': 50, 'train_loss_regular': 0.0, 'train_avg_loss': 4.1818805694580075}}
INFO: {'Role': 'Client #8', 'Round': 0, 'Results_raw': {'train_loss': 202.24929332733154, 'train_acc': 0.04, 'train_total': 50, 'train_loss_regular': 0.0, 'train_avg_loss': 4.0449858665466305}}
INFO: {'Role': 'Client #6', 'Round': 0, 'Results_raw': {'train_loss': 209.43883895874023, 'train_acc': 0.06, 'train_total': 50, 'train_loss_regular': 0.0, 'train_avg_loss': 4.1887767791748045}}
INFO: {'Role': 'Client #9', 'Round': 0, 'Results_raw': {'train_loss': 208.83140087127686, 'train_acc': 0.0, 'train_total': 50, 'train_loss_regular': 0.0, 'train_avg_loss': 4.1766280174255375}}
INFO: ----------- Starting a new training round (Round #1) -------------
... ...
INFO: Server: Training is finished! Starting evaluation.
INFO: Client #1: (Evaluation (test set) at Round #20) test_loss is 163.029045
... ...
INFO: Server: Final evaluation is finished! Starting merging results.
... ...
Distributed mode
The distributed mode in FederatedScope denotes running multiple procedures to build up an FL course, where each procedure plays as a participant (server or client) that instantiates its model and loads its data. The communication between participants is already provided by the communication module of FederatedScope.
To run with distributed mode, you only need to:
- Prepare isolated data file and set up
cfg.distribute.data_file = PATH/TO/DATAfor each participant; - Change
cfg.federate.model = 'distributed', and specify the role of each participant bycfg.distributed.role = 'server'/'client'. - Set up a valid address by
cfg.distribute.server_host/client_host = x.x.x.xandcfg.distribute.server_port/client_port = xxxx. (Note that for a server, you need to set upserver_hostandserver_portfor listening messages, while for a client, you need to set upclient_hostandclient_portfor listening as well asserver_hostandserver_portfor joining in an FL course)
We prepare a synthetic example for running with distributed mode:
# For server
python federatedscope/main.py --cfg scripts/distributed_scripts/distributed_configs/distributed_server.yaml distribute.data_file 'PATH/TO/DATA' distribute.server_host x.x.x.x distribute.server_port xxxx
# For clients
python federatedscope/main.py --cfg scripts/distributed_scripts/distributed_configs/distributed_client_1.yaml distribute.data_file 'PATH/TO/DATA' distribute.server_host x.x.x.x distribute.server_port xxxx distribute.client_host x.x.x.x distribute.client_port xxxx
python federatedscope/main.py --cfg scripts/distributed_scripts/distributed_configs/distributed_client_2.yaml distribute.data_file 'PATH/TO/DATA' distribute.server_host x.x.x.x distribute.server_port xxxx distribute.client_host x.x.x.x distribute.client_port xxxx
python federatedscope/main.py --cfg scripts/distributed_scripts/distributed_configs/distributed_client_3.yaml distribute.data_file 'PATH/TO/DATA' distribute.server_host x.x.x.x distribute.server_port xxxx distribute.client_host x.x.x.x distribute.client_port xxxx
An executable example with generated toy data can be run with (a script can be found in scripts/run_distributed_lr.sh):
# Generate the toy data
python scripts/distributed_scripts/gen_data.py
# Firstly start the server that is waiting for clients to join in
python federatedscope/main.py --cfg scripts/distributed_scripts/distributed_configs/distributed_server.yaml distribute.data_file toy_data/server_data distribute.server_host 127.0.0.1 distribute.server_port 50051
# Start the client #1 (with another process)
python federatedscope/main.py --cfg scripts/distributed_scripts/distributed_configs/distributed_client_1.yaml distribute.data_file toy_data/client_1_data distribute.server_host 127.0.0.1 distribute.server_port 50051 distribute.client_host 127.0.0.1 distribute.client_port 50052
# Start the client #2 (with another process)
python federatedscope/main.py --cfg scripts/distributed_scripts/distributed_configs/distributed_client_2.yaml distribute.data_file toy_data/client_2_data distribute.server_host 127.0.0.1 distribute.server_port 50051 distribute.client_host 127.0.0.1 distribute.client_port 50053
# Start the client #3 (with another process)
python federatedscope/main.py --cfg scripts/distributed_scripts/distributed_configs/distributed_client_3.yaml distribute.data_file toy_data/client_3_data distribute.server_host 127.0.0.1 distribute.server_port 50051 distribute.client_host 127.0.0.1 distribute.client_port 50054
And you can observe the results as (the IP addresses are anonymized with 'x.x.x.x'):
INFO: Server: Listen to x.x.x.x:xxxx...
INFO: Server has been set up ...
Model meta-info: <class 'federatedscope.core.lr.LogisticRegression'>.
... ...
INFO: Client: Listen to x.x.x.x:xxxx...
INFO: Client (address x.x.x.x:xxxx) has been set up ...
Client (address x.x.x.x:xxxx) is assigned with #1.
INFO: Model meta-info: <class 'federatedscope.core.lr.LogisticRegression'>.
... ...
{'Role': 'Client #2', 'Round': 0, 'Results_raw': {'train_avg_loss': 5.215108394622803, 'train_loss': 333.7669372558594, 'train_total': 64}}
{'Role': 'Client #1', 'Round': 0, 'Results_raw': {'train_total': 64, 'train_loss': 290.9668884277344, 'train_avg_loss': 4.54635763168335}}
----------- Starting a new training round (Round #1) -------------
... ...
INFO: Server: Training is finished! Starting evaluation.
INFO: Client #1: (Evaluation (test set) at Round #20) test_loss is 30.387419
... ...
INFO: Server: Final evaluation is finished! Starting merging results.
... ...
Advanced
As a comprehensive FL platform, FederatedScope provides the fundamental implementation to support requirements of various FL applications and frontier studies, towards both convenient usage and flexible extension, including:
- Personalized Federated Learning: Client-specific model architectures and training configurations are applied to handle the non-IID issues caused by the diverse data distributions and heterogeneous system resources.
- Federated Hyperparameter Optimization: When hyperparameter optimization (HPO) comes to Federated Learning, each attempt is extremely costly due to multiple rounds of communication across participants. It is worth noting that HPO under the FL is unique and more techniques should be promoted such as low-fidelity HPO.
- Privacy Attacker: The privacy attack algorithms are important and convenient to verify the privacy protection strength of the design FL systems and algorithms, which is growing along with Federated Learning.
- Graph Federated Learning: Working on the ubiquitous graph data, Graph Federated Learning aims to exploit isolated sub-graph data to learn a global model, and has attracted increasing popularity.
- Recommendation: As a number of laws and regulations go into effect all over the world, more and more people are aware of the importance of privacy protection, which urges the recommender system to learn from user data in a privacy-preserving manner.
- Differential Privacy: Different from the encryption algorithms that require a large amount of computation resources, differential privacy is an economical yet flexible technique to protect privacy, which has achieved great success in database and is ever-growing in federated learning.
- ...
More supports are coming soon! We have prepared a tutorial to provide more details about how to utilize FederatedScope to enjoy your journey of Federated Learning!
Materials of related topics are constantly being updated, please refer to FL-Recommendation, Federated-HPO, Personalized FL, Federated Graph Learning, FL-NLP, FL-Attacker, FL-Incentive-Mechanism and so on.
Documentation
The classes and methods of FederatedScope have been well documented so that users can generate the API references by:
pip install -r requirements-doc.txt
make html
We put the API references on our website.
Besides, we provide documents for executable scripts and customizable configurations.
License
FederatedScope is released under Apache License 2.0.
Publications
If you find FederatedScope useful for your research or development, please cite the following paper:
@article{federatedscope,
title = {FederatedScope: A Flexible Federated Learning Platform for Heterogeneity},
author = {Xie, Yuexiang and Wang, Zhen and Gao, Dawei and Chen, Daoyuan and Yao, Liuyi and Kuang, Weirui and Li, Yaliang and Ding, Bolin and Zhou, Jingren},
journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2204.05011},
year = {2022},
}
More publications can be found in the Publications.
Contributing
We greatly appreciate any contribution to FederatedScope! We provide a developer version of FederatedScope with additional pre-commit hooks to perform commit checks compared to the official version:
# Install the developer version
pip install -e .[dev]
pre-commit install
# Or switch to the developer version from the official version
pip install pre-commit
pre-commit install
pre-commit run --all-files
You can refer to Contributing to FederatedScope for more details.
Welcome to join in our Slack channel, or DingDing group (please scan the following QR code) for discussion.
| Code Structure | Quick Start | Advanced | Documentation | Publications | Contributing |
Download Details:
Author: alibaba
Source Code: https://github.com/alibaba/FederatedScope
License: Apache-2.0 license
1656856140
A Plugin for D3.js That Allows You to Easy Use Context-menus
d3-context-menu
This is a plugin for d3.js that allows you to easy use context-menus in your visualizations. It's 100% d3 based and done in the "d3 way", so you don't need to worry about including additional frameworks.
Install with Bower
bower install d3-context-menu
Basic usage:
// Define your menu
var menu = [
{
title: 'Item #1',
action: function(d) {
console.log('Item #1 clicked!');
console.log('The data for this circle is: ' + d);
},
disabled: false // optional, defaults to false
},
{
title: 'Item #2',
action: function(d) {
console.log('You have clicked the second item!');
console.log('The data for this circle is: ' + d);
}
}
]
var data = [1, 2, 3];
var g = d3.select('body').append('svg')
.attr('width', 200)
.attr('height', 400)
.append('g');
g.selectAll('circles')
.data(data)
.enter()
.append('circle')
.attr('r', 30)
.attr('fill', 'steelblue')
.attr('cx', function(d) {
return 100;
})
.attr('cy', function(d) {
return d * 100;
})
.on('contextmenu', d3.contextMenu(menu)); // attach menu to element
});
Advanced usage:
Headers and Dividers
Menus can have Headers and Dividers. To specify a header simply don't define an "action" property. To specify a divider, simply add a "divider: true" property to the menu item, and it'll be considered a divider. Example menu definition:
var menu = [
{
title: 'Header',
},
{
title: 'Normal item',
action: function() {}
},
{
divider: true
},
{
title: 'Last item',
action: function() {}
}
];
Nested Menu
Menus can have Nested Menu. To specify a nested menu, simply add "children" property. Children has item of array.
var menu = [
{
title: 'Parent',
children: [
{
title: 'Child',
children: [
{
// header
title: 'Grand-Child1'
},
{
// normal
title: 'Grand-Child2',
action: function() {}
},
{
// divider
divider: true
},
{
// disable
title: 'Grand-Child3',
action: function() {}
}
]
}
]
},
];
See the index.htm file in the example folder to see this in action.
Pre-show callback
You can pass in a callback that will be executed before the context menu appears. This can be useful if you need something to close tooltips or perform some other task before the menu appears:
...
.on('contextmenu', d3.contextMenu(menu, function() {
console.log('Quick! Before the menu appears!');
})); // attach menu to element
Post-show callback
You can pass in a callback that will be executed after the context menu appears using the onClose option:
...
.on('contextmenu', d3.contextMenu(menu, {
onOpen: function() {
console.log('Quick! Before the menu appears!');
},
onClose: function() {
console.log('Menu has been closed.');
}
})); // attach menu to element
Context-sensitive menu items
You can use information from your context in menu names, simply specify a function for title which returns a string:
var menu = [
{
title: function(d) {
return 'Delete circle '+d.circleName;
},
action: function(d) {
// delete it
}
},
{
title: function(d) {
return 'Item 2';
},
action: function(d) {
// do nothing interesting
}
}
];
// Menu shown is:
[Delete Circle MyCircle]
[Item 2]
Dynamic menu list
You can also have different lists of menu items for different nodes if menu is a function:
var menu = function(data) {
if (data.x > 100) {
return [{
title: 'Item #1',
action: function(d) {
console.log('Item #1 clicked!');
console.log('The data for this circle is: ' + d);
}
}];
} else {
return [{
title: 'Item #1',
action: function(d) {
console.log('Item #1 clicked!');
console.log('The data for this circle is: ' + d);
}
}, {
title: 'Item #2',
action: function(d) {
console.log('Item #2 clicked!');
console.log('The data for this circle is: ' + d);
}
}];
}
};
// Menu shown for nodes with x < 100 contains 1 item, while other nodes have 2 menu items
Deleting Nodes Example
The following example shows how to add a right click menu to a tree diagram:
http://plnkr.co/edit/bDBe0xGX1mCLzqYGOqOS?p=info
Explicitly set menu position
Default position can be overwritten by providing a position option (either object or function returning an object):
...
.on('contextmenu', d3.contextMenu(menu, {
onOpen: function() {
...
},
onClose: function() {
...
},
position: {
top: 100,
left: 200
}
})); // attach menu to element
or
...
.on('contextmenu', d3.contextMenu(menu, {
onOpen: function() {
...
},
onClose: function() {
...
},
position: function(d) {
var elm = this;
var bounds = elm.getBoundingClientRect();
// eg. align bottom-left
return {
top: bounds.top + bounds.height,
left: bounds.left
}
}
})); // attach menu to element
Set your own CSS class as theme (make sure to style it)
d3.contextMenu(menu, {
...
theme: 'my-awesome-theme'
});
or
d3.contextMenu(menu, {
...
theme: function () {
if (foo) {
return 'my-foo-theme';
}
else {
return 'my-awesome-theme';
}
}
});
Close the context menu programatically (can be used as cleanup, as well)
d3.contextMenu('close');
The following example shows how to add a right click menu to a tree diagram:
http://plnkr.co/edit/bDBe0xGX1mCLzqYGOqOS?p=info
Additional callback arguments
Depending on the D3 library version used the callback functions can provide an additional argument:
- for D3 6.x or above it will be the event, since the global d3.event is not available.
var menu = [
{
title: 'Item #1',
action: function(d, event) {
console.log('Item #1 clicked!');
console.log('The data for this circle is: ' + d);
console.log('The event is: ' + event);
}
}
]
- for D3 5.x or below it will be the index, for backward compatibility reasons.
var menu = [
{
title: 'Item #1',
action: function(d, index) {
console.log('Item #1 clicked!');
console.log('The data for this circle is: ' + d);
console.log('The index is: ' + index);
}
}
]
What's new in version 2.1.0
- Added support for accessing event information in with D3 6.x.
What's new in version 2.0.0
- Added support for D3 6.x
- The
indexparameter of callbacks are undefined when using D3 6.x or above. See the index.htm file in the example folder to see how to get the properindexvalue in that case. - Added class property for menu items that allows specifying CSS classes (see: https://github.com/patorjk/d3-context-menu/pull/56).
What's new in version 1.1.2
- Menu updated so it wont go off bottom or right of screen when window is smaller.
What's new in version 1.1.1
- Menu close bug fix.
What's new in version 1.1.0
- Nested submenus are now supported.
What's new in version 1.0.1
- Default theme styles extracted to their own CSS class (
d3-context-menu-theme) - Ability to specify own theme css class via the
themeconfiguration option (as string or function returning string) - onOpen/onClose callbacks now have consistent signature (they receive
dataandindex, andthisargument refers to the DOM element the context menu is related to) - all other functions (eg.
position,menu) have the same signature andthisobject asonClose/onOpen - Context menu now closes on
mousedownoutside of the menu, instead ofclickoutside (to mimic behaviour of the native context menu) disabledanddividercan now be functions as well and have the same signature andthisobject as explained above- Close the context menu programatically using
d3.contextMenu('close');
What's new in version 0.2.1
- Ability to set menu position
- Minified css and js versions
What's new in version 0.1.3
- Fixed issue where context menu element is never removed from DOM
- Fixed issue where
<body>click event is never removed - Fixed issue where the incorrect
onClosecallback was called when menu was closed as a result of clicking outside
What's new in version 0.1.2
- If contextmenu is clicked twice it will close rather than open the browser's context menu.
What's new in version 0.1.1
- Header and Divider items.
- Ability to disable items.
It's written to be very light weight and customizable. You can see it in action here:
http://plnkr.co/edit/hAx36JQhb0RsvVn7TomS?p=info
Author: Patorjk
Source Code: https://github.com/patorjk/d3-context-menu
License: MIT license