RabbitMQ Consumer Retry Mechanism Tutorial

It is important to highlight that a RabbitMQ message is immutable. This means none of the message, including the header, properties, and body, can be altered by an application unless republished as a new message. This makes it infeasible to maintain a “retry counter” with the message itself to indicate how many times the message has been retried. If there are competing consumers then the same message can be picked up by any consumer, which could be running on a separate thread or process or altogether on a different platform. This adds additional complexity to maintaining a “retry counter” on the consumer application side.

#database #rabbitmq

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Phobos: Simplifying Kafka for Ruby Apps

Phobos

Simplifying Kafka for Ruby apps!

Phobos is a micro framework and library for applications dealing with Apache Kafka.

• It wraps common behaviors needed by consumers and producers in an easy and convenient API
• It uses ruby-kafka as its Kafka client and core component
• It provides a CLI for starting and stopping a standalone application ready to be used for production purposes

Why Phobos? Why not ruby-kafka directly? Well, ruby-kafka is just a client. You still need to write a lot of code to manage proper consuming and producing of messages. You need to do proper message routing, error handling, retrying, backing off and maybe logging/instrumenting the message management process. You also need to worry about setting up a platform independent test environment that works on CI as well as any local machine, and even on your deployment pipeline. Finally, you also need to consider how to deploy your app and how to start it.

With Phobos by your side, all this becomes smooth sailing.

Installation

Add this line to your application's Gemfile:

gem 'phobos'

And then execute:

$ bundle

Or install it yourself as:

$ gem install phobos

Usage

Phobos can be used in two ways: as a standalone application or to support Kafka features in your existing project - including Rails apps. It provides a CLI tool to run it.

Standalone apps

Standalone apps have benefits such as individual deploys and smaller code bases. If consuming from Kafka is your version of microservices, Phobos can be of great help.

Setup

To create an application with Phobos you need two things:

• A configuration file (more details in the Configuration file section)
• A phobos_boot.rb (or the name of your choice) to properly load your code into Phobos executor

Use the Phobos CLI command init to bootstrap your application. Example:

# call this command inside your app folder
$ phobos init
    create  config/phobos.yml
    create  phobos_boot.rb

phobos.yml is the configuration file and phobos_boot.rb is the place to load your code.

Consumers (listeners and handlers)

In Phobos apps listeners are configured against Kafka - they are our consumers. A listener requires a handler (a ruby class where you should process incoming messages), a Kafka topic, and a Kafka group_id. Consumer groups are used to coordinate the listeners across machines. We write the handlers and Phobos makes sure to run them for us. An example of a handler is:

class MyHandler
  include Phobos::Handler

  def consume(payload, metadata)
    # payload  - This is the content of your Kafka message, Phobos does not attempt to
    #            parse this content, it is delivered raw to you
    # metadata - A hash with useful information about this event, it contains: The event key,
    #            partition number, offset, retry_count, topic, group_id, and listener_id
  end
end

Writing a handler is all you need to allow Phobos to work - it will take care of execution, retries and concurrency.

To start Phobos the start command is used, example:

$ phobos start
[2016-08-13T17:29:59:218+0200Z] INFO  -- Phobos : <Hash> {:message=>"Phobos configured", :env=>"development"}
______ _           _
| ___ \ |         | |
| |_/ / |__   ___ | |__   ___  ___
|  __/| '_ \ / _ \| '_ \ / _ \/ __|
| |   | | | | (_) | |_) | (_) \__ \
\_|   |_| |_|\___/|_.__/ \___/|___/

phobos_boot.rb - find this file at ~/Projects/example/phobos_boot.rb

[2016-08-13T17:29:59:272+0200Z] INFO  -- Phobos : <Hash> {:message=>"Listener started", :listener_id=>"6d5d2c", :group_id=>"test-1", :topic=>"test"}

By default, the start command will look for the configuration file at config/phobos.yml and it will load the file phobos_boot.rb if it exists. In the example above all example files generated by the init command are used as is. It is possible to change both files, use -c for the configuration file and -b for the boot file. Example:

$ phobos start -c /var/configs/my.yml -b /opt/apps/boot.rb

You may also choose to configure phobos with a hash from within your boot file. In this case, disable loading the config file with the --skip-config option:

$ phobos start -b /opt/apps/boot.rb --skip-config

Consuming messages from Kafka

Messages from Kafka are consumed using handlers. You can use Phobos executors or include it in your own project as a library, but handlers will always be used. To create a handler class, simply include the module Phobos::Handler. This module allows Phobos to manage the life cycle of your handler.

A handler is required to implement the method #consume(payload, metadata).

Instances of your handler will be created for every message, so keep a constructor without arguments. If consume raises an exception, Phobos will retry the message indefinitely, applying the back off configuration presented in the configuration file. The metadata hash will contain a key called retry_count with the current number of retries for this message. To skip a message, simply return from #consume.

The metadata hash will also contain a key called headers with the headers of the consumed message.

When the listener starts, the class method .start will be called with the kafka_client used by the listener. Use this hook as a chance to setup necessary code for your handler. The class method .stop will be called during listener shutdown.

class MyHandler
  include Phobos::Handler

  def self.start(kafka_client)
    # setup handler
  end

  def self.stop
    # teardown
  end

  def consume(payload, metadata)
    # consume or skip message
  end
end

It is also possible to control the execution of #consume with the method #around_consume(payload, metadata). This method receives the payload and metadata, and then invokes #consume method by means of a block; example:

class MyHandler
  include Phobos::Handler

  def around_consume(payload, metadata)
    Phobos.logger.info "consuming..."
    output = yield payload, metadata
    Phobos.logger.info "done, output: #{output}"
  end

  def consume(payload, metadata)
    # consume or skip message
  end
end

Note: around_consume was previously defined as a class method. The current code supports both implementations, giving precendence to the class method, but future versions will no longer support .around_consume.

class MyHandler
  include Phobos::Handler

  def self.around_consume(payload, metadata)
    Phobos.logger.info "consuming..."
    output = yield payload, metadata
    Phobos.logger.info "done, output: #{output}"
  end

  def consume(payload, metadata)
    # consume or skip message
  end
end

Take a look at the examples folder for some ideas.

The hander life cycle can be illustrated as:

.start -> #consume -> .stop

or optionally,

.start -> #around_consume [ #consume ] -> .stop

Batch Consumption

In addition to the regular handler, Phobos provides a BatchHandler. The basic ideas are identical, except that instead of being passed a single message at a time, the BatchHandler is passed a batch of messages. All methods follow the same pattern as the regular handler except that they each end in _batch and are passed an array of Phobos::BatchMessages instead of a single payload.

To enable handling of batches on the consumer side, you must specify a delivery method of inline_batch in phobos.yml, and your handler must include BatchHandler. Using a delivery method of batch assumes that you are still processing the messages one at a time and should use Handler.

When using inline_batch, each instance of Phobos::BatchMessage will contain an instance method headers with the headers for that message.

class MyBatchHandler
  include Phobos::BatchHandler

  def around_consume_batch(payloads, metadata)
    payloads.each do |p|
      p.payload[:timestamp] = Time.zone.now
    end

    yield payloads, metadata
  end

  def consume_batch(payloads, metadata)
    payloads.each do |p|
      logger.info("Got payload #{p.payload}, #{p.partition}, #{p.offset}, #{p.key}, #{p.payload[:timestamp]}")
    end
  end

end

Note that retry logic will happen on the batch level in this case. If you are processing messages individually and an error happens in the middle, Phobos's retry logic will retry the entire batch. If this is not the behavior you want, consider using batch instead of inline_batch.

Producing messages to Kafka

ruby-kafka provides several options for publishing messages, Phobos offers them through the module Phobos::Producer. It is possible to turn any ruby class into a producer (including your handlers), just include the producer module, example:

class MyProducer
  include Phobos::Producer
end

Phobos is designed for multi threading, thus the producer is always bound to the current thread. It is possible to publish messages from objects and classes, pick the option that suits your code better. The producer module doesn't pollute your classes with a thousand methods, it includes a single method the class and in the instance level: producer.

my = MyProducer.new
my.producer.publish(topic: 'topic', payload: 'message-payload', key: 'partition and message key')

# The code above has the same effect of this code:
MyProducer.producer.publish(topic: 'topic', payload: 'message-payload', key: 'partition and message key')

The signature for the publish method is as follows:

def publish(topic: topic, payload: payload, key: nil, partition_key: nil, headers: nil)

When publishing a message with headers, the headers argument must be a hash:

my = MyProducer.new
my.producer.publish(topic: 'topic', payload: 'message-payload', key: 'partition and message key', headers: { header_1: 'value 1' })

It is also possible to publish several messages at once:

MyProducer
  .producer
  .publish_list([
    { topic: 'A', payload: 'message-1', key: '1' },
    { topic: 'B', payload: 'message-2', key: '2' },
    { topic: 'B', payload: 'message-3', key: '3', headers: { header_1: 'value 1', header_2: 'value 2' } }
  ])

There are two flavors of producers: regular producers and async producers.

Regular producers will deliver the messages synchronously and disconnect, it doesn't matter if you use publish or publish_list; by default, after the messages get delivered the producer will disconnect.

Async producers will accept your messages without blocking, use the methods async_publish and async_publish_list to use async producers.

An example of using handlers to publish messages:

class MyHandler
  include Phobos::Handler
  include Phobos::Producer

  PUBLISH_TO = 'topic2'

  def consume(payload, metadata)
    producer.async_publish(topic: PUBLISH_TO, payload: {key: 'value'}.to_json)
  end
end

Note about configuring producers

Since the handler life cycle is managed by the Listener, it will make sure the producer is properly closed before it stops. When calling the producer outside a handler remember, you need to shutdown them manually before you close the application. Use the class method async_producer_shutdown to safely shutdown the producer.

Without configuring the Kafka client, the producers will create a new one when needed (once per thread). To disconnect from kafka call kafka_client.close.

# This method will block until everything is safely closed
MyProducer
  .producer
  .async_producer_shutdown

MyProducer
  .producer
  .kafka_client
  .close

Note about producers with persistent connections

By default, regular producers will automatically disconnect after every publish call. You can change this behavior (which reduces connection overhead, TLS etc - which increases speed significantly) by setting the persistent_connections config in phobos.yml. When set, regular producers behave identically to async producers and will also need to be shutdown manually using the sync_producer_shutdown method.

Since regular producers with persistent connections have open connections, you need to manually disconnect from Kafka when ending your producers' life cycle:

MyProducer
  .producer
  .sync_producer_shutdown

Phobos as a library in an existing project

When running as a standalone service, Phobos sets up a Listener and Executor for you. When you use Phobos as a library in your own project, you need to set these components up yourself.

First, call the method configure with the path of your configuration file or with configuration settings hash.

Phobos.configure('config/phobos.yml')

or

Phobos.configure(kafka: { client_id: 'phobos' }, logger: { file: 'log/phobos.log' })

Listener connects to Kafka and acts as your consumer. To create a listener you need a handler class, a topic, and a group id.

listener = Phobos::Listener.new(
  handler: Phobos::EchoHandler,
  group_id: 'group1',
  topic: 'test'
)

# start method blocks
Thread.new { listener.start }

listener.id # 6d5d2c (all listeners have an id)
listener.stop # stop doesn't block

This is all you need to consume from Kafka with back off retries.

An executor is the supervisor of all listeners. It loads all listeners configured in phobos.yml. The executor keeps the listeners running and restarts them when needed.

executor = Phobos::Executor.new

# start doesn't block
executor.start

# stop will block until all listers are properly stopped
executor.stop

When using Phobos executors you don't care about how listeners are created, just provide the configuration under the listeners section in the configuration file and you are good to go.

Configuration file

The configuration file is organized in 6 sections. Take a look at the example file, config/phobos.yml.example.

The file will be parsed through ERB so ERB syntax/file extension is supported beside the YML format.

logger configures the logger for all Phobos components. It automatically outputs to STDOUT and it saves the log in the configured file.

kafka provides configurations for every Kafka::Client created over the application. All options supported by ruby-kafka can be provided.

producer provides configurations for all producers created over the application, the options are the same for regular and async producers. All options supported by ruby-kafka can be provided. If the kafka key is present under producer, it is merged into the top-level kafka, allowing different connection configuration for producers.

consumer provides configurations for all consumer groups created over the application. All options supported by ruby-kafka can be provided. If the kafka key is present under consumer, it is merged into the top-level kafka, allowing different connection configuration for consumers.

backoff Phobos provides automatic retries for your handlers. If an exception is raised, the listener will retry following the back off configured here. Backoff can also be configured per listener.

listeners is the list of listeners configured. Each listener represents a consumer group.

Additional listener configuration

In some cases it's useful to share most of the configuration between multiple phobos processes, but have each process run different listeners. In that case, a separate yaml file can be created and loaded with the -l flag. Example:

$ phobos start -c /var/configs/my.yml -l /var/configs/additional_listeners.yml

Note that the config file must still specify a listeners section, though it can be empty.

Custom configuration/logging

Phobos can be configured using a hash rather than the config file directly. This can be useful if you want to do some pre-processing before sending the file to Phobos. One particularly useful aspect is the ability to provide Phobos with a custom logger, e.g. by reusing the Rails logger:

Phobos.configure(
  custom_logger: Rails.logger,
  custom_kafka_logger: Rails.logger
)

If these keys are given, they will override the logger keys in the Phobos config file.

Instrumentation

Some operations are instrumented using Active Support Notifications.

In order to receive notifications you can use the module Phobos::Instrumentation, example:

Phobos::Instrumentation.subscribe('listener.start') do |event|
  puts(event.payload)
end

Phobos::Instrumentation is a convenience module around ActiveSupport::Notifications, feel free to use it or not. All Phobos events are in the phobos namespace. Phobos::Instrumentation will always look at phobos. events.

Executor notifications

• executor.retry_listener_error is sent when the listener crashes and the executor wait for a restart. It includes the following payload:
  • listener_id
  • retry_count
  • waiting_time
  • exception_class
  • exception_message
  • backtrace
• executor.stop is sent when executor stops

Listener notifications

• listener.start_handler is sent when invoking handler.start(kafka_client). It includes the following payload:
  • listener_id
  • group_id
  • topic
  • handler
• listener.start is sent when listener starts. It includes the following payload:
  • listener_id
  • group_id
  • topic
  • handler
• listener.process_batch is sent after process a batch. It includes the following payload:
  • listener_id
  • group_id
  • topic
  • handler
  • batch_size
  • partition
  • offset_lag
  • highwater_mark_offset
• listener.process_message is sent after processing a message. It includes the following payload:
  • listener_id
  • group_id
  • topic
  • handler
  • key
  • partition
  • offset
  • retry_count
• listener.process_batch_inline is sent after processing a batch with batch_inline mode. It includes the following payload:
  • listener_id
  • group_id
  • topic
  • handler
  • batch_size
  • partition
  • offset_lag
  • retry_count
• listener.retry_handler_error is sent after waiting for handler#consume retry. It includes the following payload:
  • listener_id
  • group_id
  • topic
  • handler
  • key
  • partition
  • offset
  • retry_count
  • waiting_time
  • exception_class
  • exception_message
  • backtrace
• listener.retry_handler_error_batch is sent after waiting for handler#consume_batch retry. It includes the following payload:
  • listener_id
  • group_id
  • topic
  • handler
  • batch_size
  • partition
  • offset_lag
  • retry_count
  • waiting_time
  • exception_class
  • exception_message
  • backtrace
• listener.retry_aborted is sent after waiting for a retry but the listener was stopped before the retry happened. It includes the following payload:
  • listener_id
  • group_id
  • topic
  • handler
• listener.stopping is sent when the listener receives signal to stop.
  • listener_id
  • group_id
  • topic
  • handler
• listener.stop_handler is sent after stopping the handler.
  • listener_id
  • group_id
  • topic
  • handler
• listener.stop is send after stopping the listener.
  • listener_id
  • group_id
  • topic
  • handler

Plugins

List of gems that enhance Phobos:

Phobos DB Checkpoint is drop in replacement to Phobos::Handler, extending it with the following features:

• Persists your Kafka events to an active record compatible database
• Ensures that your handler will consume messages only once
• Allows your system to quickly reprocess events in case of failures

Phobos Checkpoint UI gives your Phobos DB Checkpoint powered app a web gui with the features below. Maintaining a Kafka consumer app has never been smoother:

• Search events and inspect payload
• See failures and retry / delete them

Phobos Prometheus adds prometheus metrics to your phobos consumer.

• Measures total messages and batches processed
• Measures total duration needed to process each message (and batch)
• Adds /metrics endpoit to scrape data

Development

After checking out the repo:

• make sure docker is installed and running (for windows and mac this also includes docker-compose).
• Linux: make sure docker-compose is installed and running.
• run bin/setup to install dependencies
• run docker-compose up -d --force-recreate kafka zookeeper to start the required kafka containers
• run tests to confirm no environmental issues
  • wait a few seconds for kafka broker to get set up - sleep 30
  • run docker-compose run --rm test
  • make sure it reports X examples, 0 failures

You can also run bin/console for an interactive prompt that will allow you to experiment.

To install this gem onto your local machine, run bundle exec rake install. To release a new version, update the version number in version.rb, and then run bundle exec rake release, which will create a git tag for the version, push git commits and tags, and push the .gem file to rubygems.org.

Test

Phobos exports a spec helper that can help you test your consumer. The Phobos lifecycle will conveniently be activated for you with minimal setup required.

• process_message(handler:, payload:, metadata: {}, encoding: nil) - Invokes your handler with payload and metadata, using a dummy listener (encoding and metadata are optional).

### spec_helper.rb
require 'phobos/test/helper'
RSpec.configure do |config|
  config.include Phobos::Test::Helper
  config.before(:each) do
    Phobos.configure(path_to_my_config_file)
  end
end 

### Spec file
describe MyConsumer do
  let(:payload) { 'foo' }
  let(:metadata) { Hash(foo: 'bar') }

  it 'consumes my message' do
    expect_any_instance_of(described_class).to receive(:around_consume).with(payload, metadata).once.and_call_original
    expect_any_instance_of(described_class).to receive(:consume).with(payload, metadata).once.and_call_original

    process_message(handler: described_class, payload: payload, metadata: metadata)
  end
end

Upgrade Notes

Version 2.0 removes deprecated ways of defining producers and consumers:

• The before_consume method has been removed. You can have this behavior in the first part of an around_consume method.
• around_consume is now only available as an instance method, and it must yield the values to pass to the consume method.
• publish and async_publish now only accept keyword arguments, not positional arguments.

Example pre-2.0:

class MyHandler
  include Phobos::Handler

  def before_consume(payload, metadata)
    payload[:id] = 1
  end

  def self.around_consume(payload, metadata)
    metadata[:key] = 5
    yield
  end
end

In 2.0:

class MyHandler
  include Phobos::Handler

  def around_consume(payload, metadata)
    new_payload = payload.dup
    new_metadata = metadata.dup
    new_payload[:id] = 1
    new_metadata[:key] = 5
    yield new_payload, new_metadata
  end
end

Producer, 1.9:

  producer.publish('my-topic', { payload_value: 1}, 5, 3, {header_val: 5})

Producer 2.0:

  producer.publish(topic: 'my-topic', payload: { payload_value: 1}, key: 5, 
     partition_key: 3, headers: { header_val: 5})

Version 1.8.2 introduced a new persistent_connections setting for regular producers. This reduces the number of connections used to produce messages and you should consider setting it to true. This does require a manual shutdown call - please see Producers with persistent connections.

Contributing

Bug reports and pull requests are welcome on GitHub at https://github.com/klarna/phobos.

Linting

Phobos projects Rubocop to lint the code, and in addition all projects use Rubocop Rules to maintain a shared rubocop configuration. Updates to the shared configurations are done in phobos/shared repo, where you can also find instructions on how to apply the new settings to the Phobos projects.

Acknowledgements

Thanks to Sebastian Norde for the awesome logo!

Author: Phobos
Source Code: https://github.com/phobos/phobos 
License: Apache-2.0 license

#ruby #kafka 

Tutorial: Getting Started with R and RStudio

In this tutorial we’ll learn how to begin programming with R using RStudio. We’ll install R, and RStudio RStudio, an extremely popular development environment for R. We’ll learn the key RStudio features in order to start programming in R on our own.

If you already know how to use RStudio and want to learn some tips, tricks, and shortcuts, check out this Dataquest blog post.

Table of Contents

• 1. Install R
• 2. Install RStudio
• 3. First Look at RStudio
• 4. The Console
• 5. The Global Environment
• 6. Install the [tidyverse](https://www.dataquest.io/blog/tutorial-getting-started-with-r-and-rstudio/#tve-jump-173bb26184b) Packages
• 7. Load the [tidyverse](https://www.dataquest.io/blog/tutorial-getting-started-with-r-and-rstudio/#tve-jump-173bb264c2b) Packages into Memory
• 8. Identify Loaded Packages
• 9. Get Help on a Package
• 10. Get Help on a Function
• 11. RStudio Projects
• 12. Save Your “Real” Work. Delete the Rest.
• 13. R Scripts
• 14. Run Code
• 15. Access Built-in Datasets
• 16. Style
• 17. Reproducible Reports with R Markdown
• 18. Use RStudio Cloud
• 19. Get Your Hands Dirty!
• Additional Resources
• Bonus: Cheatsheets

#data science tutorials #beginner #r tutorial #r tutorials #rstats #tutorial #tutorials

Data Visualization in R with ggplot2: A Beginner Tutorial

A famous general is thought to have said, “A good sketch is better than a long speech.” That advice may have come from the battlefield, but it’s applicable in lots of other areas — including data science. “Sketching” out our data by visualizing it using ggplot2 in R is more impactful than simply describing the trends we find.

This is why we visualize data. We visualize data because it’s easier to learn from something that we can see rather than read. And thankfully for data analysts and data scientists who use R, there’s a tidyverse package called ggplot2 that makes data visualization a snap!

In this blog post, we’ll learn how to take some data and produce a visualization using R. To work through it, it’s best if you already have an understanding of R programming syntax, but you don’t need to be an expert or have any prior experience working with ggplot2

#data science tutorials #beginner #ggplot2 #r #r tutorial #r tutorials #rstats #tutorial #tutorials

Tutorial: Loading and Cleaning Data with R and the tidyverse

1. Characteristics of Clean Data and Messy Data

What exactly is clean data? Clean data is accurate, complete, and in a format that is ready to analyze. Characteristics of clean data include data that are:

• Free of duplicate rows/values
• Error-free (e.g. free of misspellings)
• Relevant (e.g. free of special characters)
• The appropriate data type for analysis
• Free of outliers (or only contain outliers have been identified/understood), and
• Follows a “tidy data” structure

Common symptoms of messy data include data that contain:

• Special characters (e.g. commas in numeric values)
• Numeric values stored as text/character data types
• Duplicate rows
• Misspellings
• Inaccuracies
• White space
• Missing data
• Zeros instead of null values

2. Motivation

In this blog post, we will work with five property-sales datasets that are publicly available on the New York City Department of Finance Rolling Sales Data website. We encourage you to download the datasets and follow along! Each file contains one year of real estate sales data for one of New York City’s five boroughs. We will work with the following Microsoft Excel files:

• rollingsales_bronx.xls
• rollingsales_brooklyn.xls
• rollingsales_manhattan.xls
• rollingsales_queens.xls
• rollingsales_statenisland.xls

As we work through this blog post, imagine that you are helping a friend launch their home-inspection business in New York City. You offer to help them by analyzing the data to better understand the real-estate market. But you realize that before you can analyze the data in R, you will need to diagnose and clean it first. And before you can diagnose the data, you will need to load it into R!

3. Load Data into R with readxl

Benefits of using tidyverse tools are often evident in the data-loading process. In many cases, the tidyverse package readxl will clean some data for you as Microsoft Excel data is loaded into R. If you are working with CSV data, the tidyverse readr package function read_csv() is the function to use (we’ll cover that later).

Let’s look at an example. Here’s how the Excel file for the Brooklyn borough looks:

The Brooklyn Excel file

Now let’s load the Brooklyn dataset into R from an Excel file. We’ll use the readxlpackage. We specify the function argument skip = 4 because the row that we want to use as the header (i.e. column names) is actually row 5. We can ignore the first four rows entirely and load the data into R beginning at row 5. Here’s the code:

library(readxl) # Load Excel files
brooklyn <- read_excel("rollingsales_brooklyn.xls", skip = 4)

Note we saved this dataset with the variable name brooklyn for future use.

4. View the Data with tidyr::glimpse()

The tidyverse offers a user-friendly way to view this data with the glimpse() function that is part of the tibble package. To use this package, we will need to load it for use in our current session. But rather than loading this package alone, we can load many of the tidyverse packages at one time. If you do not have the tidyverse collection of packages, install it on your machine using the following command in your R or R Studio session:

install.packages("tidyverse")

Once the package is installed, load it to memory:

library(tidyverse)

Now that tidyverse is loaded into memory, take a “glimpse” of the Brooklyn dataset:

glimpse(brooklyn)
## Observations: 20,185
## Variables: 21
## $ BOROUGH <chr> "3", "3", "3", "3", "3", "3", "…
## $ NEIGHBORHOOD <chr> "BATH BEACH", "BATH BEACH", "BA…
## $ `BUILDING CLASS CATEGORY` <chr> "01 ONE FAMILY DWELLINGS", "01 …
## $ `TAX CLASS AT PRESENT` <chr> "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "…
## $ BLOCK <dbl> 6359, 6360, 6364, 6367, 6371, 6…
## $ LOT <dbl> 70, 48, 74, 24, 19, 32, 65, 20,…
## $ `EASE-MENT` <lgl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
## $ `BUILDING CLASS AT PRESENT` <chr> "S1", "A5", "A5", "A9", "A9", "…
## $ ADDRESS <chr> "8684 15TH AVENUE", "14 BAY 10T…
## $ `APARTMENT NUMBER` <chr> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
## $ `ZIP CODE` <dbl> 11228, 11228, 11214, 11214, 112…
## $ `RESIDENTIAL UNITS` <dbl> 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1…
## $ `COMMERCIAL UNITS` <dbl> 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0…
## $ `TOTAL UNITS` <dbl> 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1…
## $ `LAND SQUARE FEET` <dbl> 1933, 2513, 2492, 1571, 2320, 3…
## $ `GROSS SQUARE FEET` <dbl> 4080, 1428, 972, 1456, 1566, 22…
## $ `YEAR BUILT` <dbl> 1930, 1930, 1950, 1935, 1930, 1…
## $ `TAX CLASS AT TIME OF SALE` <chr> "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "…
## $ `BUILDING CLASS AT TIME OF SALE` <chr> "S1", "A5", "A5", "A9", "A9", "…
## $ `SALE PRICE` <dbl> 1300000, 849000, 0, 830000, 0, …
## $ `SALE DATE` <dttm> 2020-04-28, 2020-03-18, 2019-0…

The glimpse() function provides a user-friendly way to view the column names and data types for all columns, or variables, in the data frame. With this function, we are also able to view the first few observations in the data frame. This data frame has 20,185 observations, or property sales records. And there are 21 variables, or columns.

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R Tutorial: Better Blog Post Analysis with googleAnalyticsR

In my previous role as a marketing data analyst for a blogging company, one of my most important tasks was to track how blog posts performed.

On the surface, it’s a fairly straightforward goal. With Google Analytics, you can quickly get just about any metric you need for your blog posts, for any date range.

But when it comes to comparing blog post performance, things get a bit trickier.

For example, let’s say we want to compare the performance of the blog posts we published on the Dataquest blog in June (using the month of June as our date range).

But wait… two blog posts with more than 1,000 pageviews were published earlier in the month, And the two with fewer than 500 pageviews were published at the end of the month. That’s hardly a fair comparison!

My first solution to this problem was to look up each post individually, so that I could make an even comparison of how each post performed in their first day, first week, first month, etc.

However, that required a lot of manual copy-and-paste work, which was extremely tedious if I wanted to compare more than a few posts, date ranges, or metrics at a time.

But then, I learned R, and realized that there was a much better way.

In this post, we’ll walk through how it’s done, so you can do my better blog post analysis for yourself!

What we’ll need

To complete this tutorial, you’ll need basic knowledge of R syntax and the tidyverse, and access to a Google Analytics account.

Not yet familiar with the basics of R? We can help with that! Our interactive online courses teach you R from scratch, with no prior programming experience required. Sign up and start today!

You’ll also need the dyplr, lubridate, and stringr packages installed — which, as a reminder, you can do with the install.packages() command.

Finally, you will need a CSV of the blog posts you want to analyze. Here’s what’s in my dataset:

post_url: the page path of the blog post

post_date: the date the post was published (formatted m/d/yy)

category: the blog category the post was published in (optional)

title: the title of the blog post (optional)

Depending on your content management system, there may be a way for you to automate gathering this data — but that’s out of the scope of this tutorial!

For this tutorial, we’ll use a manually-gathered dataset of the past ten Dataquest blog posts.

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