1653622503
Fraction.js | A Rational Numbers Library Written in JavaScript
Fraction.js - ℚ in JavaScript
Tired of inprecise numbers represented by doubles, which have to store rational and irrational numbers like PI or sqrt(2) the same way? Obviously the following problem is preventable:
1 / 98 * 98 // = 0.9999999999999999
If you need more precision or just want a fraction as a result, have a look at Fraction.js:
var Fraction = require('fraction.js');
Fraction(1).div(98).mul(98) // = 1
Internally, numbers are represented as numerator / denominator, which adds just a little overhead. However, the library is written with performance in mind and outperforms any other implementation, as you can see here. This basic data-type makes it the perfect basis for Polynomial.js and Math.js.
Convert decimal to fraction
The simplest job for fraction.js is to get a fraction out of a decimal:
var x = new Fraction(1.88);
var res = x.toFraction(true); // String "1 22/25"
Examples / Motivation
A simple example might be
var f = new Fraction("9.4'31'"); // 9.4313131313131...
f.mul([-4, 3]).mod("4.'8'"); // 4.88888888888888...
The result is
console.log(f.toFraction()); // -4154 / 1485
You could of course also access the sign (s), numerator (n) and denominator (d) on your own:
f.s * f.n / f.d = -1 * 4154 / 1485 = -2.797306...
If you would try to calculate it yourself, you would come up with something like:
(9.4313131 * (-4 / 3)) % 4.888888 = -2.797308133...
Quite okay, but yea - not as accurate as it could be.
Laplace Probability
Simple example. What's the probability of throwing a 3, and 1 or 4, and 2 or 4 or 6 with a fair dice?
P({3}):
var p = new Fraction([3].length, 6).toString(); // 0.1(6)
P({1, 4}):
var p = new Fraction([1, 4].length, 6).toString(); // 0.(3)
P({2, 4, 6}):
var p = new Fraction([2, 4, 6].length, 6).toString(); // 0.5
Convert degrees/minutes/seconds to precise rational representation:
57+45/60+17/3600
var deg = 57; // 57°
var min = 45; // 45 Minutes
var sec = 17; // 17 Seconds
new Fraction(deg).add(min, 60).add(sec, 3600).toString() // -> 57.7547(2)
Rounding a fraction to the closest tape measure value
A tape measure is usually divided in parts of 1/16. Rounding a given fraction to the closest value on a tape measure can be determined by
function closestTapeMeasure(frac) {
/*
k/16 ≤ a/b < (k+1)/16
⇔ k ≤ 16*a/b < (k+1)
⇔ k = floor(16*a/b)
*/
return new Fraction(Math.round(16 * Fraction(frac).valueOf()), 16);
}
// closestTapeMeasure("1/3") // 5/16
Rational approximation of irrational numbers
Now it's getting messy ;d To approximate a number like sqrt(5) - 2 with a numerator and denominator, you can reformat the equation as follows: pow(n / d + 2, 2) = 5.
Then the following algorithm will generate the rational number besides the binary representation.
var x = "/", s = "";
var a = new Fraction(0),
b = new Fraction(1);
for (var n = 0; n <= 10; n++) {
var c = a.add(b).div(2);
console.log(n + "\t" + a + "\t" + b + "\t" + c + "\t" + x);
if (c.add(2).pow(2) < 5) {
a = c;
x = "1";
} else {
b = c;
x = "0";
}
s+= x;
}
console.log(s)
The result is
n a[n] b[n] c[n] x[n]
0 0/1 1/1 1/2 /
1 0/1 1/2 1/4 0
2 0/1 1/4 1/8 0
3 1/8 1/4 3/16 1
4 3/16 1/4 7/32 1
5 7/32 1/4 15/64 1
6 15/64 1/4 31/128 1
7 15/64 31/128 61/256 0
8 15/64 61/256 121/512 0
9 15/64 121/512 241/1024 0
10 241/1024 121/512 483/2048 1
Thus the approximation after 11 iterations of the bisection method is 483 / 2048 and the binary representation is 0.00111100011 (see WolframAlpha)
I published another example on how to approximate PI with fraction.js on my blog (Still not the best idea to approximate irrational numbers, but it illustrates the capabilities of Fraction.js perfectly).
Get the exact fractional part of a number
var f = new Fraction("-6.(3416)");
console.log("" + f.mod(1).abs()); // Will print 0.(3416)
Mathematical correct modulo
The behaviour on negative congruences is different to most modulo implementations in computer science. Even the mod() function of Fraction.js behaves in the typical way. To solve the problem of having the mathematical correct modulo with Fraction.js you could come up with this:
var a = -1;
var b = 10.99;
console.log(new Fraction(a)
.mod(b)); // Not correct, usual Modulo
console.log(new Fraction(a)
.mod(b).add(b).mod(b)); // Correct! Mathematical Modulo
fmod() impreciseness circumvented
It turns out that Fraction.js outperforms almost any fmod() implementation, including JavaScript itself, php.js, C++, Python, Java and even Wolframalpha due to the fact that numbers like 0.05, 0.1, ... are infinite decimal in base 2.
The equation fmod(4.55, 0.05) gives 0.04999999999999957, wolframalpha says 1/20. The correct answer should be zero, as 0.05 divides 4.55 without any remainder.
Parser
Any function (see below) as well as the constructor of the Fraction class parses its input and reduce it to the smallest term.
You can pass either Arrays, Objects, Integers, Doubles or Strings.
Arrays / Objects
new Fraction(numerator, denominator);
new Fraction([numerator, denominator]);
new Fraction({n: numerator, d: denominator});
Integers
new Fraction(123);
Doubles
new Fraction(55.4);
Note: If you pass a double as it is, Fraction.js will perform a number analysis based on Farey Sequences. If you concern performance, cache Fraction.js objects and pass arrays/objects.
The method is really precise, but too large exact numbers, like 1234567.9991829 will result in a wrong approximation. If you want to keep the number as it is, convert it to a string, as the string parser will not perform any further observations. If you have problems with the approximation, in the file examples/approx.js is a different approximation algorithm, which might work better in some more specific use-cases.
Strings
new Fraction("123.45");
new Fraction("123/45"); // A rational number represented as two decimals, separated by a slash
new Fraction("123:45"); // A rational number represented as two decimals, separated by a colon
new Fraction("4 123/45"); // A rational number represented as a whole number and a fraction
new Fraction("123.'456'"); // Note the quotes, see below!
new Fraction("123.(456)"); // Note the brackets, see below!
new Fraction("123.45'6'"); // Note the quotes, see below!
new Fraction("123.45(6)"); // Note the brackets, see below!
Two arguments
new Fraction(3, 2); // 3/2 = 1.5
Repeating decimal places
Fraction.js can easily handle repeating decimal places. For example 1/3 is 0.3333.... There is only one repeating digit. As you can see in the examples above, you can pass a number like 1/3 as "0.'3'" or "0.(3)", which are synonym. There are no tests to parse something like 0.166666666 to 1/6! If you really want to handle this number, wrap around brackets on your own with the function below for example: 0.1(66666666)
Assume you want to divide 123.32 / 33.6(567). WolframAlpha states that you'll get a period of 1776 digits. Fraction.js comes to the same result. Give it a try:
var f = new Fraction("123.32");
console.log("Bam: " + f.div("33.6(567)"));
To automatically make a number like "0.123123123" to something more Fraction.js friendly like "0.(123)", I hacked this little brute force algorithm in a 10 minutes. Improvements are welcome...
function formatDecimal(str) {
var comma, pre, offset, pad, times, repeat;
if (-1 === (comma = str.indexOf(".")))
return str;
pre = str.substr(0, comma + 1);
str = str.substr(comma + 1);
for (var i = 0; i < str.length; i++) {
offset = str.substr(0, i);
for (var j = 0; j < 5; j++) {
pad = str.substr(i, j + 1);
times = Math.ceil((str.length - offset.length) / pad.length);
repeat = new Array(times + 1).join(pad); // Silly String.repeat hack
if (0 === (offset + repeat).indexOf(str)) {
return pre + offset + "(" + pad + ")";
}
}
}
return null;
}
var f, x = formatDecimal("13.0123123123"); // = 13.0(123)
if (x !== null) {
f = new Fraction(x);
}
Attributes
The Fraction object allows direct access to the numerator, denominator and sign attributes. It is ensured that only the sign-attribute holds sign information so that a sign comparison is only necessary against this attribute.
var f = new Fraction('-1/2');
console.log(f.n); // Numerator: 1
console.log(f.d); // Denominator: 2
console.log(f.s); // Sign: -1
Functions
Fraction abs()
Returns the actual number without any sign information
Fraction neg()
Returns the actual number with flipped sign in order to get the additive inverse
Fraction add(n)
Returns the sum of the actual number and the parameter n
Fraction sub(n)
Returns the difference of the actual number and the parameter n
Fraction mul(n)
Returns the product of the actual number and the parameter n
Fraction div(n)
Returns the quotient of the actual number and the parameter n
Fraction pow(exp)
Returns the power of the actual number, raised to an possible rational exponent. If the result becomes non-rational the function returns null.
Fraction mod(n)
Returns the modulus (rest of the division) of the actual object and n (this % n). It's a much more precise fmod() if you will. Please note that mod() is just like the modulo operator of most programming languages. If you want a mathematical correct modulo, see here.
Fraction mod()
Returns the modulus (rest of the division) of the actual object (numerator mod denominator)
Fraction gcd(n)
Returns the fractional greatest common divisor
Fraction lcm(n)
Returns the fractional least common multiple
Fraction ceil([places=0-16])
Returns the ceiling of a rational number with Math.ceil
Fraction floor([places=0-16])
Returns the floor of a rational number with Math.floor
Fraction round([places=0-16])
Returns the rational number rounded with Math.round
Fraction inverse()
Returns the multiplicative inverse of the actual number (n / d becomes d / n) in order to get the reciprocal
Fraction simplify([eps=0.001])
Simplifies the rational number under a certain error threshold. Ex. 0.333 will be 1/3 with eps=0.001
boolean equals(n)
Check if two numbers are equal
int compare(n)
Compare two numbers.
result < 0: n is greater than actual number
result > 0: n is smaller than actual number
result = 0: n is equal to the actual number
boolean divisible(n)
Check if two numbers are divisible (n divides this)
double valueOf()
Returns a decimal representation of the fraction
String toString([decimalPlaces=15])
Generates an exact string representation of the actual object. For repeated decimal places all digits are collected within brackets, like 1/3 = "0.(3)". For all other numbers, up to decimalPlaces significant digits are collected - which includes trailing zeros if the number is getting truncated. However, 1/2 = "0.5" without trailing zeros of course.
Note: As valueOf() and toString() are provided, toString() is only called implicitly in a real string context. Using the plus-operator like "123" + new Fraction will call valueOf(), because JavaScript tries to combine two primitives first and concatenates them later, as string will be the more dominant type. alert(new Fraction) or String(new Fraction) on the other hand will do what you expect. If you really want to have control, you should call toString() or valueOf() explicitly!
String toLatex(excludeWhole=false)
Generates an exact LaTeX representation of the actual object. You can see a live demo on my blog.
The optional boolean parameter indicates if you want to exclude the whole part. "1 1/3" instead of "4/3"
String toFraction(excludeWhole=false)
Gets a string representation of the fraction
The optional boolean parameter indicates if you want to exclude the whole part. "1 1/3" instead of "4/3"
Array toContinued()
Gets an array of the fraction represented as a continued fraction. The first element always contains the whole part.
var f = new Fraction('88/33');
var c = f.toContinued(); // [2, 1, 2]
Fraction clone()
Creates a copy of the actual Fraction object
Exceptions
If a really hard error occurs (parsing error, division by zero), fraction.js throws exceptions! Please make sure you handle them correctly.
Installation
Installing fraction.js is as easy as cloning this repo or use one of the following commands:
bower install fraction.js
or
npm install fraction.js
Using Fraction.js with the browser
<script src="fraction.js"></script>
<script>
console.log(Fraction("123/456"));
</script>
Using Fraction.js with require.js
<script src="require.js"></script>
<script>
requirejs(['fraction.js'],
function(Fraction) {
console.log(Fraction("123/456"));
});
</script>
Using Fraction.js with TypeScript
import Fraction from "fraction.js";
console.log(Fraction("123/456"));
Coding Style
As every library I publish, fraction.js is also built to be as small as possible after compressing it with Google Closure Compiler in advanced mode. Thus the coding style orientates a little on maxing-out the compression rate. Please make sure you keep this style if you plan to extend the library.
Precision
Fraction.js tries to circumvent floating point errors, by having an internal representation of numerator and denominator. As it relies on JavaScript, there is also a limit. The biggest number representable is Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER / 1 and the smallest is -1 / Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER, with Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER=9007199254740991. If this is not enough, there is bigfraction.js shipped experimentally, which relies on BigInt and should become the new Fraction.js eventually.
Testing
If you plan to enhance the library, make sure you add test cases and all the previous tests are passing. You can test the library with
npm test
Copyright and licensing
Copyright (c) 2014-2022, Robert Eisele Dual licensed under the MIT or GPL Version 2 licenses.
Download Details:
Author: infusion
Download Link: Download The Source Code
Official Website: https://github.com/infusion/Fraction.js
License: MIT license
What is GEEK
Buddha Community
1632537859
NBB: Ad-hoc CLJS Scripting on Node.js
Nbb
Not babashka. Node.js babashka!?
Ad-hoc CLJS scripting on Node.js.
Status
Experimental. Please report issues here.
Goals and features
Nbb's main goal is to make it easy to get started with ad hoc CLJS scripting on Node.js.
Additional goals and features are:
- Fast startup without relying on a custom version of Node.js.
- Small artifact (current size is around 1.2MB).
- First class macros.
- Support building small TUI apps using Reagent.
- Complement babashka with libraries from the Node.js ecosystem.
Requirements
Nbb requires Node.js v12 or newer.
How does this tool work?
CLJS code is evaluated through SCI, the same interpreter that powers babashka. Because SCI works with advanced compilation, the bundle size, especially when combined with other dependencies, is smaller than what you get with self-hosted CLJS. That makes startup faster. The trade-off is that execution is less performant and that only a subset of CLJS is available (e.g. no deftype, yet).
Usage
Install nbb from NPM:
$ npm install nbb -g
Omit -g for a local install.
Try out an expression:
$ nbb -e '(+ 1 2 3)'
6
And then install some other NPM libraries to use in the script. E.g.:
$ npm install csv-parse shelljs zx
Create a script which uses the NPM libraries:
(ns script
(:require ["csv-parse/lib/sync$default" :as csv-parse]
["fs" :as fs]
["path" :as path]
["shelljs$default" :as sh]
["term-size$default" :as term-size]
["zx$default" :as zx]
["zx$fs" :as zxfs]
[nbb.core :refer [*file*]]))
(prn (path/resolve "."))
(prn (term-size))
(println (count (str (fs/readFileSync *file*))))
(prn (sh/ls "."))
(prn (csv-parse "foo,bar"))
(prn (zxfs/existsSync *file*))
(zx/$ #js ["ls"])
Call the script:
$ nbb script.cljs
"/private/tmp/test-script"
#js {:columns 216, :rows 47}
510
#js ["node_modules" "package-lock.json" "package.json" "script.cljs"]
#js [#js ["foo" "bar"]]
true
$ ls
node_modules
package-lock.json
package.json
script.cljs
Macros
Nbb has first class support for macros: you can define them right inside your .cljs file, like you are used to from JVM Clojure. Consider the plet macro to make working with promises more palatable:
(defmacro plet
[bindings & body]
(let [binding-pairs (reverse (partition 2 bindings))
body (cons 'do body)]
(reduce (fn [body [sym expr]]
(let [expr (list '.resolve 'js/Promise expr)]
(list '.then expr (list 'clojure.core/fn (vector sym)
body))))
body
binding-pairs)))
Using this macro we can look async code more like sync code. Consider this puppeteer example:
(-> (.launch puppeteer)
(.then (fn [browser]
(-> (.newPage browser)
(.then (fn [page]
(-> (.goto page "https://clojure.org")
(.then #(.screenshot page #js{:path "screenshot.png"}))
(.catch #(js/console.log %))
(.then #(.close browser)))))))))
Using plet this becomes:
(plet [browser (.launch puppeteer)
page (.newPage browser)
_ (.goto page "https://clojure.org")
_ (-> (.screenshot page #js{:path "screenshot.png"})
(.catch #(js/console.log %)))]
(.close browser))
See the puppeteer example for the full code.
Since v0.0.36, nbb includes promesa which is a library to deal with promises. The above plet macro is similar to promesa.core/let.
Startup time
$ time nbb -e '(+ 1 2 3)'
6
nbb -e '(+ 1 2 3)' 0.17s user 0.02s system 109% cpu 0.168 total
The baseline startup time for a script is about 170ms seconds on my laptop. When invoked via npx this adds another 300ms or so, so for faster startup, either use a globally installed nbb or use $(npm bin)/nbb script.cljs to bypass npx.
Dependencies
NPM dependencies
Nbb does not depend on any NPM dependencies. All NPM libraries loaded by a script are resolved relative to that script. When using the Reagent module, React is resolved in the same way as any other NPM library.
Classpath
To load .cljs files from local paths or dependencies, you can use the --classpath argument. The current dir is added to the classpath automatically. So if there is a file foo/bar.cljs relative to your current dir, then you can load it via (:require [foo.bar :as fb]). Note that nbb uses the same naming conventions for namespaces and directories as other Clojure tools: foo-bar in the namespace name becomes foo_bar in the directory name.
To load dependencies from the Clojure ecosystem, you can use the Clojure CLI or babashka to download them and produce a classpath:
$ classpath="$(clojure -A:nbb -Spath -Sdeps '{:aliases {:nbb {:replace-deps {com.github.seancorfield/honeysql {:git/tag "v2.0.0-rc5" :git/sha "01c3a55"}}}}}')"
and then feed it to the --classpath argument:
$ nbb --classpath "$classpath" -e "(require '[honey.sql :as sql]) (sql/format {:select :foo :from :bar :where [:= :baz 2]})"
["SELECT foo FROM bar WHERE baz = ?" 2]
Currently nbb only reads from directories, not jar files, so you are encouraged to use git libs. Support for .jar files will be added later.
Current file
The name of the file that is currently being executed is available via nbb.core/*file* or on the metadata of vars:
(ns foo
(:require [nbb.core :refer [*file*]]))
(prn *file*) ;; "/private/tmp/foo.cljs"
(defn f [])
(prn (:file (meta #'f))) ;; "/private/tmp/foo.cljs"
Reagent
Nbb includes reagent.core which will be lazily loaded when required. You can use this together with ink to create a TUI application:
$ npm install ink
ink-demo.cljs:
(ns ink-demo
(:require ["ink" :refer [render Text]]
[reagent.core :as r]))
(defonce state (r/atom 0))
(doseq [n (range 1 11)]
(js/setTimeout #(swap! state inc) (* n 500)))
(defn hello []
[:> Text {:color "green"} "Hello, world! " @state])
(render (r/as-element [hello]))
Promesa
Working with callbacks and promises can become tedious. Since nbb v0.0.36 the promesa.core namespace is included with the let and do! macros. An example:
(ns prom
(:require [promesa.core :as p]))
(defn sleep [ms]
(js/Promise.
(fn [resolve _]
(js/setTimeout resolve ms))))
(defn do-stuff
[]
(p/do!
(println "Doing stuff which takes a while")
(sleep 1000)
1))
(p/let [a (do-stuff)
b (inc a)
c (do-stuff)
d (+ b c)]
(prn d))
$ nbb prom.cljs
Doing stuff which takes a while
Doing stuff which takes a while
3
Also see API docs.
Js-interop
Since nbb v0.0.75 applied-science/js-interop is available:
(ns example
(:require [applied-science.js-interop :as j]))
(def o (j/lit {:a 1 :b 2 :c {:d 1}}))
(prn (j/select-keys o [:a :b])) ;; #js {:a 1, :b 2}
(prn (j/get-in o [:c :d])) ;; 1
Most of this library is supported in nbb, except the following:
- destructuring using
:syms - property access using
.-xnotation. In nbb, you must use keywords.
See the example of what is currently supported.
Examples
See the examples directory for small examples.
Also check out these projects built with nbb:
- c64core: retrocompute aesthetics twitter bot
- gallery.cljs: script to download walpapers from windowsonearth.org.
- nbb-action-example: example of a Github action built with nbb.
API
See API documentation.
Migrating to shadow-cljs
See this gist on how to convert an nbb script or project to shadow-cljs.
Build
Prequisites:
- babashka >= 0.4.0
- Clojure CLI >= 1.10.3.933
- Node.js 16.5.0 (lower version may work, but this is the one I used to build)
To build:
- Clone and cd into this repo
bb release
Run bb tasks for more project-related tasks.
Download Details:
Author: borkdude
Download Link: Download The Source Code
Official Website: https://github.com/borkdude/nbb
License: EPL-1.0
#node #javascript
1642993740
Fraction.js: A rational number library for JavaScript
Fraction.js - ℚ in JavaScript
Tired of inprecise numbers represented by doubles, which have to store rational and irrational numbers like PI or sqrt(2) the same way? Obviously the following problem is preventable:
1 / 98 * 98 // = 0.9999999999999999
If you need more precision or just want a fraction as a result, have a look at Fraction.js:
var Fraction = require('fraction.js');
Fraction(1).div(98).mul(98) // = 1
Internally, numbers are represented as numerator / denominator, which adds just a little overhead. However, the library is written with performance in mind and outperforms any other implementation, as you can see here. This basic data-type makes it the perfect basis for Polynomial.js and Math.js.
Convert decimal to fraction
The simplest job for fraction.js is to get a fraction out of a decimal:
var x = new Fraction(1.88);
var res = x.toFraction(true); // String "1 22/25"
Examples / Motivation
A simple example might be
var f = new Fraction("9.4'31'"); // 9.4313131313131...
f.mul([-4, 3]).mod("4.'8'"); // 4.88888888888888...
The result is
console.log(f.toFraction()); // -4154 / 1485
You could of course also access the sign (s), numerator (n) and denominator (d) on your own:
f.s * f.n / f.d = -1 * 4154 / 1485 = -2.797306...
If you would try to calculate it yourself, you would come up with something like:
(9.4313131 * (-4 / 3)) % 4.888888 = -2.797308133...
Quite okay, but yea - not as accurate as it could be.
Laplace Probability
Simple example. What's the probability of throwing a 3, and 1 or 4, and 2 or 4 or 6 with a fair dice?
P({3}):
var p = new Fraction([3].length, 6).toString(); // 0.1(6)
P({1, 4}):
var p = new Fraction([1, 4].length, 6).toString(); // 0.(3)
P({2, 4, 6}):
var p = new Fraction([2, 4, 6].length, 6).toString(); // 0.5
Convert degrees/minutes/seconds to precise rational representation:
57+45/60+17/3600
var deg = 57; // 57°
var min = 45; // 45 Minutes
var sec = 17; // 17 Seconds
new Fraction(deg).add(min, 60).add(sec, 3600).toString() // -> 57.7547(2)
Rounding a fraction to the closest tape measure value
A tape measure is usually divided in parts of 1/16. Rounding a given fraction to the closest value on a tape measure can be determined by
function closestTapeMeasure(frac) {
/*
k/16 ≤ a/b < (k+1)/16
⇔ k ≤ 16*a/b < (k+1)
⇔ k = floor(16*a/b)
*/
return new Fraction(Math.round(16 * Fraction(frac).valueOf()), 16);
}
// closestTapeMeasure("1/3") // 5/16
Rational approximation of irrational numbers
Now it's getting messy ;d To approximate a number like sqrt(5) - 2 with a numerator and denominator, you can reformat the equation as follows: pow(n / d + 2, 2) = 5.
Then the following algorithm will generate the rational number besides the binary representation.
var x = "/", s = "";
var a = new Fraction(0),
b = new Fraction(1);
for (var n = 0; n <= 10; n++) {
var c = a.add(b).div(2);
console.log(n + "\t" + a + "\t" + b + "\t" + c + "\t" + x);
if (c.add(2).pow(2) < 5) {
a = c;
x = "1";
} else {
b = c;
x = "0";
}
s+= x;
}
console.log(s)
The result is
n a[n] b[n] c[n] x[n]
0 0/1 1/1 1/2 /
1 0/1 1/2 1/4 0
2 0/1 1/4 1/8 0
3 1/8 1/4 3/16 1
4 3/16 1/4 7/32 1
5 7/32 1/4 15/64 1
6 15/64 1/4 31/128 1
7 15/64 31/128 61/256 0
8 15/64 61/256 121/512 0
9 15/64 121/512 241/1024 0
10 241/1024 121/512 483/2048 1
Thus the approximation after 11 iterations of the bisection method is 483 / 2048 and the binary representation is 0.00111100011 (see WolframAlpha)
I published another example on how to approximate PI with fraction.js on my blog (Still not the best idea to approximate irrational numbers, but it illustrates the capabilities of Fraction.js perfectly).
Get the exact fractional part of a number
var f = new Fraction("-6.(3416)");
console.log("" + f.mod(1).abs()); // Will print 0.(3416)
Mathematical correct modulo
The behaviour on negative congruences is different to most modulo implementations in computer science. Even the mod() function of Fraction.js behaves in the typical way. To solve the problem of having the mathematical correct modulo with Fraction.js you could come up with this:
var a = -1;
var b = 10.99;
console.log(new Fraction(a)
.mod(b)); // Not correct, usual Modulo
console.log(new Fraction(a)
.mod(b).add(b).mod(b)); // Correct! Mathematical Modulo
fmod() impreciseness circumvented
It turns out that Fraction.js outperforms almost any fmod() implementation, including JavaScript itself, php.js, C++, Python, Java and even Wolframalpha due to the fact that numbers like 0.05, 0.1, ... are infinite decimal in base 2.
The equation fmod(4.55, 0.05) gives 0.04999999999999957, wolframalpha says 1/20. The correct answer should be zero, as 0.05 divides 4.55 without any remainder.
Parser
Any function (see below) as well as the constructor of the Fraction class parses its input and reduce it to the smallest term.
You can pass either Arrays, Objects, Integers, Doubles or Strings.
Arrays / Objects
new Fraction(numerator, denominator);
new Fraction([numerator, denominator]);
new Fraction({n: numerator, d: denominator});
Integers
new Fraction(123);
Doubles
new Fraction(55.4);
Note: If you pass a double as it is, Fraction.js will perform a number analysis based on Farey Sequences. If you concern performance, cache Fraction.js objects and pass arrays/objects.
The method is really precise, but too large exact numbers, like 1234567.9991829 will result in a wrong approximation. If you want to keep the number as it is, convert it to a string, as the string parser will not perform any further observations. If you have problems with the approximation, in the file examples/approx.js is a different approximation algorithm, which might work better in some more specific use-cases.
Strings
new Fraction("123.45");
new Fraction("123/45"); // A rational number represented as two decimals, separated by a slash
new Fraction("123:45"); // A rational number represented as two decimals, separated by a colon
new Fraction("4 123/45"); // A rational number represented as a whole number and a fraction
new Fraction("123.'456'"); // Note the quotes, see below!
new Fraction("123.(456)"); // Note the brackets, see below!
new Fraction("123.45'6'"); // Note the quotes, see below!
new Fraction("123.45(6)"); // Note the brackets, see below!
Two arguments
new Fraction(3, 2); // 3/2 = 1.5
Repeating decimal places
Fraction.js can easily handle repeating decimal places. For example 1/3 is 0.3333.... There is only one repeating digit. As you can see in the examples above, you can pass a number like 1/3 as "0.'3'" or "0.(3)", which are synonym. There are no tests to parse something like 0.166666666 to 1/6! If you really want to handle this number, wrap around brackets on your own with the function below for example: 0.1(66666666)
Assume you want to divide 123.32 / 33.6(567). WolframAlpha states that you'll get a period of 1776 digits. Fraction.js comes to the same result. Give it a try:
var f = new Fraction("123.32");
console.log("Bam: " + f.div("33.6(567)"));
To automatically make a number like "0.123123123" to something more Fraction.js friendly like "0.(123)", I hacked this little brute force algorithm in a 10 minutes. Improvements are welcome...
function formatDecimal(str) {
var comma, pre, offset, pad, times, repeat;
if (-1 === (comma = str.indexOf(".")))
return str;
pre = str.substr(0, comma + 1);
str = str.substr(comma + 1);
for (var i = 0; i < str.length; i++) {
offset = str.substr(0, i);
for (var j = 0; j < 5; j++) {
pad = str.substr(i, j + 1);
times = Math.ceil((str.length - offset.length) / pad.length);
repeat = new Array(times + 1).join(pad); // Silly String.repeat hack
if (0 === (offset + repeat).indexOf(str)) {
return pre + offset + "(" + pad + ")";
}
}
}
return null;
}
var f, x = formatDecimal("13.0123123123"); // = 13.0(123)
if (x !== null) {
f = new Fraction(x);
}
Attributes
The Fraction object allows direct access to the numerator, denominator and sign attributes. It is ensured that only the sign-attribute holds sign information so that a sign comparison is only necessary against this attribute.
var f = new Fraction('-1/2');
console.log(f.n); // Numerator: 1
console.log(f.d); // Denominator: 2
console.log(f.s); // Sign: -1
Functions
Fraction abs()
Returns the actual number without any sign information
Fraction neg()
Returns the actual number with flipped sign in order to get the additive inverse
Fraction add(n)
Returns the sum of the actual number and the parameter n
Fraction sub(n)
Returns the difference of the actual number and the parameter n
Fraction mul(n)
Returns the product of the actual number and the parameter n
Fraction div(n)
Returns the quotient of the actual number and the parameter n
Fraction pow(exp)
Returns the power of the actual number, raised to an possible rational exponent. If the result becomes non-rational the function returns null.
Fraction mod(n)
Returns the modulus (rest of the division) of the actual object and n (this % n). It's a much more precise fmod() if you will. Please note that mod() is just like the modulo operator of most programming languages. If you want a mathematical correct modulo, see here.
Fraction mod()
Returns the modulus (rest of the division) of the actual object (numerator mod denominator)
Fraction gcd(n)
Returns the fractional greatest common divisor
Fraction lcm(n)
Returns the fractional least common multiple
Fraction ceil([places=0-16])
Returns the ceiling of a rational number with Math.ceil
Fraction floor([places=0-16])
Returns the floor of a rational number with Math.floor
Fraction round([places=0-16])
Returns the rational number rounded with Math.round
Fraction inverse()
Returns the multiplicative inverse of the actual number (n / d becomes d / n) in order to get the reciprocal
Fraction simplify([eps=0.001])
Simplifies the rational number under a certain error threshold. Ex. 0.333 will be 1/3 with eps=0.001
boolean equals(n)
Check if two numbers are equal
int compare(n)
Compare two numbers.
result < 0: n is greater than actual number
result > 0: n is smaller than actual number
result = 0: n is equal to the actual number
boolean divisible(n)
Check if two numbers are divisible (n divides this)
double valueOf()
Returns a decimal representation of the fraction
String toString([decimalPlaces=15])
Generates an exact string representation of the actual object. For repeated decimal places all digits are collected within brackets, like 1/3 = "0.(3)". For all other numbers, up to decimalPlaces significant digits are collected - which includes trailing zeros if the number is getting truncated. However, 1/2 = "0.5" without trailing zeros of course.
Note: As valueOf() and toString() are provided, toString() is only called implicitly in a real string context. Using the plus-operator like "123" + new Fraction will call valueOf(), because JavaScript tries to combine two primitives first and concatenates them later, as string will be the more dominant type. alert(new Fraction) or String(new Fraction) on the other hand will do what you expect. If you really want to have control, you should call toString() or valueOf() explicitly!
String toLatex(excludeWhole=false)
Generates an exact LaTeX representation of the actual object. You can see a live demo on my blog.
The optional boolean parameter indicates if you want to exclude the whole part. "1 1/3" instead of "4/3"
String toFraction(excludeWhole=false)
Gets a string representation of the fraction
The optional boolean parameter indicates if you want to exclude the whole part. "1 1/3" instead of "4/3"
Array toContinued()
Gets an array of the fraction represented as a continued fraction. The first element always contains the whole part.
var f = new Fraction('88/33');
var c = f.toContinued(); // [2, 1, 2]
Fraction clone()
Creates a copy of the actual Fraction object
Exceptions
If a really hard error occurs (parsing error, division by zero), fraction.js throws exceptions! Please make sure you handle them correctly.
Installation
Installing fraction.js is as easy as cloning this repo or use one of the following commands:
bower install fraction.js
or
npm install fraction.js
Using Fraction.js with the browser
<script src="fraction.js"></script>
<script>
console.log(Fraction("123/456"));
</script>
Using Fraction.js with require.js
<script src="require.js"></script>
<script>
requirejs(['fraction.js'],
function(Fraction) {
console.log(Fraction("123/456"));
});
</script>
Coding Style
As every library I publish, fraction.js is also built to be as small as possible after compressing it with Google Closure Compiler in advanced mode. Thus the coding style orientates a little on maxing-out the compression rate. Please make sure you keep this style if you plan to extend the library.
Precision
Fraction.js tries to circumvent floating point errors, by having an internal representation of numerator and denominator. As it relies on JavaScript, there is also a limit. The biggest number representable is Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER / 1 and the smallest is -1 / Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER, with Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER=9007199254740991. If this is not enough, there is bigfraction.js shipped experimentally, which relies on BigInt and should become the new Fraction.js eventually.
Testing
If you plan to enhance the library, make sure you add test cases and all the previous tests are passing. You can test the library with
npm testAuthor: infusion
Source Code: https://github.com/infusion/Fraction.js
License: MIT License
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1653622503
Fraction.js | A Rational Numbers Library Written in JavaScript
Fraction.js - ℚ in JavaScript
Tired of inprecise numbers represented by doubles, which have to store rational and irrational numbers like PI or sqrt(2) the same way? Obviously the following problem is preventable:
1 / 98 * 98 // = 0.9999999999999999
If you need more precision or just want a fraction as a result, have a look at Fraction.js:
var Fraction = require('fraction.js');
Fraction(1).div(98).mul(98) // = 1
Internally, numbers are represented as numerator / denominator, which adds just a little overhead. However, the library is written with performance in mind and outperforms any other implementation, as you can see here. This basic data-type makes it the perfect basis for Polynomial.js and Math.js.
Convert decimal to fraction
The simplest job for fraction.js is to get a fraction out of a decimal:
var x = new Fraction(1.88);
var res = x.toFraction(true); // String "1 22/25"
Examples / Motivation
A simple example might be
var f = new Fraction("9.4'31'"); // 9.4313131313131...
f.mul([-4, 3]).mod("4.'8'"); // 4.88888888888888...
The result is
console.log(f.toFraction()); // -4154 / 1485
You could of course also access the sign (s), numerator (n) and denominator (d) on your own:
f.s * f.n / f.d = -1 * 4154 / 1485 = -2.797306...
If you would try to calculate it yourself, you would come up with something like:
(9.4313131 * (-4 / 3)) % 4.888888 = -2.797308133...
Quite okay, but yea - not as accurate as it could be.
Laplace Probability
Simple example. What's the probability of throwing a 3, and 1 or 4, and 2 or 4 or 6 with a fair dice?
P({3}):
var p = new Fraction([3].length, 6).toString(); // 0.1(6)
P({1, 4}):
var p = new Fraction([1, 4].length, 6).toString(); // 0.(3)
P({2, 4, 6}):
var p = new Fraction([2, 4, 6].length, 6).toString(); // 0.5
Convert degrees/minutes/seconds to precise rational representation:
57+45/60+17/3600
var deg = 57; // 57°
var min = 45; // 45 Minutes
var sec = 17; // 17 Seconds
new Fraction(deg).add(min, 60).add(sec, 3600).toString() // -> 57.7547(2)
Rounding a fraction to the closest tape measure value
A tape measure is usually divided in parts of 1/16. Rounding a given fraction to the closest value on a tape measure can be determined by
function closestTapeMeasure(frac) {
/*
k/16 ≤ a/b < (k+1)/16
⇔ k ≤ 16*a/b < (k+1)
⇔ k = floor(16*a/b)
*/
return new Fraction(Math.round(16 * Fraction(frac).valueOf()), 16);
}
// closestTapeMeasure("1/3") // 5/16
Rational approximation of irrational numbers
Now it's getting messy ;d To approximate a number like sqrt(5) - 2 with a numerator and denominator, you can reformat the equation as follows: pow(n / d + 2, 2) = 5.
Then the following algorithm will generate the rational number besides the binary representation.
var x = "/", s = "";
var a = new Fraction(0),
b = new Fraction(1);
for (var n = 0; n <= 10; n++) {
var c = a.add(b).div(2);
console.log(n + "\t" + a + "\t" + b + "\t" + c + "\t" + x);
if (c.add(2).pow(2) < 5) {
a = c;
x = "1";
} else {
b = c;
x = "0";
}
s+= x;
}
console.log(s)
The result is
n a[n] b[n] c[n] x[n]
0 0/1 1/1 1/2 /
1 0/1 1/2 1/4 0
2 0/1 1/4 1/8 0
3 1/8 1/4 3/16 1
4 3/16 1/4 7/32 1
5 7/32 1/4 15/64 1
6 15/64 1/4 31/128 1
7 15/64 31/128 61/256 0
8 15/64 61/256 121/512 0
9 15/64 121/512 241/1024 0
10 241/1024 121/512 483/2048 1
Thus the approximation after 11 iterations of the bisection method is 483 / 2048 and the binary representation is 0.00111100011 (see WolframAlpha)
I published another example on how to approximate PI with fraction.js on my blog (Still not the best idea to approximate irrational numbers, but it illustrates the capabilities of Fraction.js perfectly).
Get the exact fractional part of a number
var f = new Fraction("-6.(3416)");
console.log("" + f.mod(1).abs()); // Will print 0.(3416)
Mathematical correct modulo
The behaviour on negative congruences is different to most modulo implementations in computer science. Even the mod() function of Fraction.js behaves in the typical way. To solve the problem of having the mathematical correct modulo with Fraction.js you could come up with this:
var a = -1;
var b = 10.99;
console.log(new Fraction(a)
.mod(b)); // Not correct, usual Modulo
console.log(new Fraction(a)
.mod(b).add(b).mod(b)); // Correct! Mathematical Modulo
fmod() impreciseness circumvented
It turns out that Fraction.js outperforms almost any fmod() implementation, including JavaScript itself, php.js, C++, Python, Java and even Wolframalpha due to the fact that numbers like 0.05, 0.1, ... are infinite decimal in base 2.
The equation fmod(4.55, 0.05) gives 0.04999999999999957, wolframalpha says 1/20. The correct answer should be zero, as 0.05 divides 4.55 without any remainder.
Parser
Any function (see below) as well as the constructor of the Fraction class parses its input and reduce it to the smallest term.
You can pass either Arrays, Objects, Integers, Doubles or Strings.
Arrays / Objects
new Fraction(numerator, denominator);
new Fraction([numerator, denominator]);
new Fraction({n: numerator, d: denominator});
Integers
new Fraction(123);
Doubles
new Fraction(55.4);
Note: If you pass a double as it is, Fraction.js will perform a number analysis based on Farey Sequences. If you concern performance, cache Fraction.js objects and pass arrays/objects.
The method is really precise, but too large exact numbers, like 1234567.9991829 will result in a wrong approximation. If you want to keep the number as it is, convert it to a string, as the string parser will not perform any further observations. If you have problems with the approximation, in the file examples/approx.js is a different approximation algorithm, which might work better in some more specific use-cases.
Strings
new Fraction("123.45");
new Fraction("123/45"); // A rational number represented as two decimals, separated by a slash
new Fraction("123:45"); // A rational number represented as two decimals, separated by a colon
new Fraction("4 123/45"); // A rational number represented as a whole number and a fraction
new Fraction("123.'456'"); // Note the quotes, see below!
new Fraction("123.(456)"); // Note the brackets, see below!
new Fraction("123.45'6'"); // Note the quotes, see below!
new Fraction("123.45(6)"); // Note the brackets, see below!
Two arguments
new Fraction(3, 2); // 3/2 = 1.5
Repeating decimal places
Fraction.js can easily handle repeating decimal places. For example 1/3 is 0.3333.... There is only one repeating digit. As you can see in the examples above, you can pass a number like 1/3 as "0.'3'" or "0.(3)", which are synonym. There are no tests to parse something like 0.166666666 to 1/6! If you really want to handle this number, wrap around brackets on your own with the function below for example: 0.1(66666666)
Assume you want to divide 123.32 / 33.6(567). WolframAlpha states that you'll get a period of 1776 digits. Fraction.js comes to the same result. Give it a try:
var f = new Fraction("123.32");
console.log("Bam: " + f.div("33.6(567)"));
To automatically make a number like "0.123123123" to something more Fraction.js friendly like "0.(123)", I hacked this little brute force algorithm in a 10 minutes. Improvements are welcome...
function formatDecimal(str) {
var comma, pre, offset, pad, times, repeat;
if (-1 === (comma = str.indexOf(".")))
return str;
pre = str.substr(0, comma + 1);
str = str.substr(comma + 1);
for (var i = 0; i < str.length; i++) {
offset = str.substr(0, i);
for (var j = 0; j < 5; j++) {
pad = str.substr(i, j + 1);
times = Math.ceil((str.length - offset.length) / pad.length);
repeat = new Array(times + 1).join(pad); // Silly String.repeat hack
if (0 === (offset + repeat).indexOf(str)) {
return pre + offset + "(" + pad + ")";
}
}
}
return null;
}
var f, x = formatDecimal("13.0123123123"); // = 13.0(123)
if (x !== null) {
f = new Fraction(x);
}
Attributes
The Fraction object allows direct access to the numerator, denominator and sign attributes. It is ensured that only the sign-attribute holds sign information so that a sign comparison is only necessary against this attribute.
var f = new Fraction('-1/2');
console.log(f.n); // Numerator: 1
console.log(f.d); // Denominator: 2
console.log(f.s); // Sign: -1
Functions
Fraction abs()
Returns the actual number without any sign information
Fraction neg()
Returns the actual number with flipped sign in order to get the additive inverse
Fraction add(n)
Returns the sum of the actual number and the parameter n
Fraction sub(n)
Returns the difference of the actual number and the parameter n
Fraction mul(n)
Returns the product of the actual number and the parameter n
Fraction div(n)
Returns the quotient of the actual number and the parameter n
Fraction pow(exp)
Returns the power of the actual number, raised to an possible rational exponent. If the result becomes non-rational the function returns null.
Fraction mod(n)
Returns the modulus (rest of the division) of the actual object and n (this % n). It's a much more precise fmod() if you will. Please note that mod() is just like the modulo operator of most programming languages. If you want a mathematical correct modulo, see here.
Fraction mod()
Returns the modulus (rest of the division) of the actual object (numerator mod denominator)
Fraction gcd(n)
Returns the fractional greatest common divisor
Fraction lcm(n)
Returns the fractional least common multiple
Fraction ceil([places=0-16])
Returns the ceiling of a rational number with Math.ceil
Fraction floor([places=0-16])
Returns the floor of a rational number with Math.floor
Fraction round([places=0-16])
Returns the rational number rounded with Math.round
Fraction inverse()
Returns the multiplicative inverse of the actual number (n / d becomes d / n) in order to get the reciprocal
Fraction simplify([eps=0.001])
Simplifies the rational number under a certain error threshold. Ex. 0.333 will be 1/3 with eps=0.001
boolean equals(n)
Check if two numbers are equal
int compare(n)
Compare two numbers.
result < 0: n is greater than actual number
result > 0: n is smaller than actual number
result = 0: n is equal to the actual number
boolean divisible(n)
Check if two numbers are divisible (n divides this)
double valueOf()
Returns a decimal representation of the fraction
String toString([decimalPlaces=15])
Generates an exact string representation of the actual object. For repeated decimal places all digits are collected within brackets, like 1/3 = "0.(3)". For all other numbers, up to decimalPlaces significant digits are collected - which includes trailing zeros if the number is getting truncated. However, 1/2 = "0.5" without trailing zeros of course.
Note: As valueOf() and toString() are provided, toString() is only called implicitly in a real string context. Using the plus-operator like "123" + new Fraction will call valueOf(), because JavaScript tries to combine two primitives first and concatenates them later, as string will be the more dominant type. alert(new Fraction) or String(new Fraction) on the other hand will do what you expect. If you really want to have control, you should call toString() or valueOf() explicitly!
String toLatex(excludeWhole=false)
Generates an exact LaTeX representation of the actual object. You can see a live demo on my blog.
The optional boolean parameter indicates if you want to exclude the whole part. "1 1/3" instead of "4/3"
String toFraction(excludeWhole=false)
Gets a string representation of the fraction
The optional boolean parameter indicates if you want to exclude the whole part. "1 1/3" instead of "4/3"
Array toContinued()
Gets an array of the fraction represented as a continued fraction. The first element always contains the whole part.
var f = new Fraction('88/33');
var c = f.toContinued(); // [2, 1, 2]
Fraction clone()
Creates a copy of the actual Fraction object
Exceptions
If a really hard error occurs (parsing error, division by zero), fraction.js throws exceptions! Please make sure you handle them correctly.
Installation
Installing fraction.js is as easy as cloning this repo or use one of the following commands:
bower install fraction.js
or
npm install fraction.js
Using Fraction.js with the browser
<script src="fraction.js"></script>
<script>
console.log(Fraction("123/456"));
</script>
Using Fraction.js with require.js
<script src="require.js"></script>
<script>
requirejs(['fraction.js'],
function(Fraction) {
console.log(Fraction("123/456"));
});
</script>
Using Fraction.js with TypeScript
import Fraction from "fraction.js";
console.log(Fraction("123/456"));
Coding Style
As every library I publish, fraction.js is also built to be as small as possible after compressing it with Google Closure Compiler in advanced mode. Thus the coding style orientates a little on maxing-out the compression rate. Please make sure you keep this style if you plan to extend the library.
Precision
Fraction.js tries to circumvent floating point errors, by having an internal representation of numerator and denominator. As it relies on JavaScript, there is also a limit. The biggest number representable is Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER / 1 and the smallest is -1 / Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER, with Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER=9007199254740991. If this is not enough, there is bigfraction.js shipped experimentally, which relies on BigInt and should become the new Fraction.js eventually.
Testing
If you plan to enhance the library, make sure you add test cases and all the previous tests are passing. You can test the library with
npm test
Copyright and licensing
Copyright (c) 2014-2022, Robert Eisele Dual licensed under the MIT or GPL Version 2 licenses.
Download Details:
Author: infusion
Download Link: Download The Source Code
Official Website: https://github.com/infusion/Fraction.js
License: MIT license
1593507275
Grokking Call(), Apply() and Bind() Methods in JavaScript
These functions are very important for every JavaScript Developer and are used in almost every JavaScript Library or Framework. Check out the code snippet below.
Taken from the very popular library Lodash
/**
* Creates a function that invokes `func` with arguments reversed.
*
* @since 4.0.0
* @category Function
* @param {Function} func The function to flip arguments for.
* @returns {Function} Returns the new flipped function.
* @see reverse
* @example
*
* const flipped = flip((...args) => args)
*
* flipped('a', 'b', 'c', 'd')
* // => ['d', 'c', 'b', 'a']
*/
function flip(func) {
if (typeof func !== 'function') {
throw new TypeError('Expected a function')
}
return function(...args) {
return func.apply(this, args.reverse())
}
}
export default flip
Look at the statement on line 21, return func.apply(this, args.reverse())
In this article, we will have a look at the call(), apply() and bind() methods of JavaScript. Basically these 3 methods are used to control the invocation of the function. The call() and apply() were introduced in ECMAScript 3 while bind() was added as a part of ECMAScript 5.
Let us start with an example to understand these.
Suppose you are a student of X university and your professor has asked you to create a math library, for an assignment, which calculates the area of a circle.
const calcArea = {
pi: 3.14,
area: function(r) {
return this.pi * r * r;
}
}
calcArea.area(4); // prints 50.24
You test this and verify its result, it is working fine and you upload the library to portal way before the deadline ends. Then you ask your classmates to test and verify as well, you come to know that that your result and their results mismatches the decimals precision. You check the assignment guidelines, Oh no! The professor asked you to use a constant **pi** with 5 decimals precision. But you used **3.14** and not **3.14159** as the value of pi. Now you cannot re-upload the library as the deadline date was already over. In this situation, **call()** function will save you.#js #javascript-development #javascript #javascript-interview #javascript-tips