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#developer

PyTorch Unsupervised Sentiment Discovery

** DEPRECATED **

This repo has been deprecated. Please visit Megatron-LM for our up to date Large-scale unsupervised pretraining and finetuning code.

If you would still like to use this codebase, see our tagged releases and install required software/dependencies that was available publicly at that date.

PyTorch Unsupervised Sentiment Discovery

This codebase contains pretrained binary sentiment and multimodel emotion classification models as well as code to reproduce results from our series of large scale pretraining + transfer NLP papers: Large Scale Language Modeling: Converging on 40GB of Text in Four Hours and Practical Text Classification With Large Pre-Trained Language Models. This effort was born out of a desire to reproduce, analyze, and scale the Generating Reviews and Discovering Sentiment paper from OpenAI.

The techniques used in this repository are general purpose and our easy to use command line interface can be used to train state of the art classification models on your own difficult classification datasets.

This codebase supports mixed precision training as well as distributed, multi-gpu, multi-node training for language models (support is provided based on the NVIDIA APEx project). In addition to training language models, this codebase can be used to easily transfer and finetune trained models on custom text classification datasets.

For example, a Transformer language model for unsupervised modeling of large text datasets, such as the amazon-review dataset, is implemented in PyTorch. We also support other tokenization methods, such as character or sentencepiece tokenization, and language models using various recurrent architectures.

The learned language model can be transferred to other natural language processing (NLP) tasks where it is used to featurize text samples. The featurizations provide a strong initialization point for discriminative language tasks, and allow for competitive task performance given only a few labeled samples. For example, we consider finetuning our models on the difficult task of multimodal emotion classification based on a subset of the plutchik wheel of emotions.

plutchik fig

Created by Robert Plutchik, this wheel is used to illustrate different emotions in a compelling and nuanced way. He suggested that there are 8 primary bipolar emotions (joy versus sadness, anger versus fear, trust versus disgust, and surprise versus anticipation) with different levels of emotional intensity. For our classification task we utilize tweets from the SemEval2018 Task 1E-c emotion classification dataset to perform multilabel classification of anger, anticipation, disgust, fear, joy, sadness, surprise, and trust. This is a difficult task that suffers from real world classification problems such as class imbalance and labeler disagreement.

semeval results

On the full SemEval emotion classification dataset we find that finetuning our model on the data achieves competitive state of the art performance with no additional domain-specific feature engineering.

semeval leaderboard

Setup

Install

Install the sentiment_discovery package with python3 setup.py install in order to run the modules/scripts within this repo.

Python Requirements

At this time we only support python3.

numpy
pytorch (>= 0.4.1)
pandas
scikit-learn
matplotlib
unidecode
sentencepiece
seaborn
emoji

Pretrained models

We've included our sentencepiece tokenizer model and vocab as a zip file:

sentencepiece tokenizer [1MB]

We've included a transformer language model base as well as a 4096-d mlstm language model base. For examples on how to use these models please see our finetuning and transfer sections. Even though these models were trained with FP16 they can be used in FP32 training/inference.

FP16 Transformer LM [311MB]
FP16 mLSTM LM [169MB]

We've also included classifiers trained on a subset of SemEval emotions corresponding to the 8 plutchik emotions (anger, anticipation, disgust, fear, joy, sadness, surprise, and trust):

Finetuned Plutchik Transformer [673MN]
Finetuned Plutchik mLSTM [433MB]

Lastly, we've also included already trained classification models for SST and IMDB binary sentiment classification:

To use classification models that reproduce results from our original large batch language modeling paper please use the following commit hash and set of models.

We did not include pretrained models leveraging ELMo. To reproduce our papers' results with ELMo, please see our available resources.

Each file has a dictionary containing a PyTorch state_dict consisting of a language model (lm_encoder keys) trained on Amazon reviews and a classifier (classifier key) as well as accompanying args necessary to run a model with that state_dict.

Data Downloads

In the ./data folder we've provided processed copies of the Binary Stanford Sentiment Treebank (Binary SST), IMDB Movie Review, and the SemEval2018 Tweet Emotion datasets as part of this repository. In order to train on the amazon dataset please download the "aggressively deduplicated data" version from Julian McAuley's original site. Access requests to the dataset should be approved instantly. While using the dataset make sure to load it with the --loose-json flag.

Usage

In addition to providing easily reusable code of the core functionalities (models, distributed, fp16, etc.) of this work, we also provide scripts to perform the high-level functionalities of the original paper:

sentiment classification of input text
unsupervised reconstruction/language modeling of a corpus of text (+ script for launching distributed workers)
transfer of learned language model to perform sentiment analysis on a specified corpus
sampling from language model to generate text (possibly of fixed sentiment) + heatmap visualization of sentiment in text

Classifying text

Classify an input csv/json using one of our pretrained models or your own. Performs classification on Binary SST by default. Output classification probabilities are saved to a .npy file

python3 run_classifier.py --load_model ama_sst.pt                               # classify Binary SST
python3 run_classifier.py --load_model ama_sst_16.pt --fp16                     # run classification in fp16
python3 run_classifier.py --load_model ama_sst.pt --text-key <text-column> --data <path.csv>     # classify your own dataset

See here for more documentation.

Training Language Models (+ Distributed/FP16 Training)

Train a language model on a csv/json corpus. By default we train a weight-normalized, 4096-d mLSTM, with a 64-d character embedding. This is the first step of a 2-step process to training your own sentiment classifier. Saves model to lang_model.pt by default.

python3 pretrain.py                                                               #train a large model on imdb
python3 pretrain.py --model LSTM --nhid 512                                       #train a small LSTM instead
python3 pretrain.py --fp16 --dynamic-loss-scale                                   #train a model with fp16
python3 -m multiproc pretrain.py                                                  #distributed model training
python3 pretrain.py --data ./data/amazon/reviews.json --lazy --loose-json \       #train a model on amazon data
  --text-key reviewText --label-key overall --optim Adam --split 1000,1,1 
python3 pretrain.py --tokenizer-type SentencePieceTokenizer --vocab-size 32000 \  #train a model with our sentencepiece tokenization
  --tokenizer-type bpe --tokenizer-path ama_32k_tokenizer.model 
python3 pretrain.py --tokenizer-type SentencePieceTokenizer --vocab-size 32000 \  #train a transformer model with our sentencepiece tokenization
  --tokenizer-type bpe --tokenizer-path ama_32k_tokenizer.model --model transformer \
  --decoder-layers 12 --decoder-embed-dim 768 --decoder-ffn-embed-dim 3072 \
  --decoder-learned-pos --decoder-attention-heads 8
bash ./experiments/train_mlstm_singlenode.sh                                      #run our mLSTM training script on 1 DGX-1V
bash ./experiments/train_transformer_singlenode.sh                                #run our transformer training script on 1 DGX-1V

For more documentation of our language modeling functionality look here

In order to learn about our language modeling experiments and reproduce results see the training reproduction section in analysis.

For information about how we achieve numerical stability with FP16 training see our fp16 training analysis.

Sentiment Transfer

Given a trained language model, this script will featurize text from train, val, and test csv/json's. It then uses sklearn logistic regression to fit a classifier to predict sentiment from these features. Lastly it performs feature selection to try and fit a regression model to the top n most relevant neurons (features). By default only one neuron is used for this second regression.

python3 transfer.py --load mlstm.pt                                 #performs transfer to SST, saves results to `<model>_transfer/` directory
python3 transfer.py --load mlstm.pt --neurons 5                     #use 5 neurons for the second regression
python3 transfer.py --load mlstm.pt --fp16                          #run model in fp16 for featurization step
bash ./experiments/run_sk_sst.sh                                    #run transfer learning with mlstm on imdb dataset
bash ./experiments/run_sk_imdb.sh                                   #run transfer learning with mlstm on sst dataset

Additional documentation of the command line arguments available for transfer can be found here

Classifier Finetuning

Given a trained language model and classification dataset, this script will build a classifier that leverages the trained language model as a text feature encoder. The difference between this script and transfer.py is that the model training is performed end to end: the loss from the classifier is backpropagated into the language model encoder as well. This script allows one to build more complex classification models, metrics, and loss functions than transfer.py. This script supports building arbitrary multilable, multilayer, and multihead perceptron classifiers. Additionally it allows using language modeling as an auxiliary task loss during training and multihead variance as an auxiliary loss during training. Lastly this script supports automatically selecting classification thresholds from validation performance. To measure validation performance this script includes more complex metrics including: f1-score, mathew correlation coefficient, jaccard index, recall, precision, and accuracy.

python3 finetune_classifier.py --load mlstm.pt --lr 2e-5 --aux-lm-loss --aux-lm-loss-weight .02   #finetune mLSTM model on sst (default dataset) with auxiliary loss
python3 finetune_classifier.py --load mlstm.pt --automatic-thresholding --threshold-metric f1     #finetune mLSTM model on sst and automatically select classification thresholds based on the validation f1 score
python3 finetune_classifier.py --tokenizer-type SentencePieceTokenizer --vocab-size 32000 \       #finetune transformer with sentencepiece on SST
  --tokenizer-type bpe tokenizer-path ama_32k_tokenizer.model --model transformer --lr 2e-5 \
  --decoder-layers 12 --decoder-embed-dim 768 --decoder-ffn-embed-dim 3072 \
  --decoder-learned-pos --decoder-attention-heads 8 --load transformer.pt --use-final-embed
python3 finetune_classifier.py --automatic-thresholding --non-binary-cols l1 l2 l3 --lr 2e-5\     #finetune multilayer classifier with 3 classes and 4 heads per class on some custom dataset and automatically select classfication thresholds
  --classifier-hidden-layers 2048 1024 3 --heads-per-class 4 --aux-head-variance-loss-weight 1.   #`aux-head-variance-loss-weight` is an auxiliary loss to increase the variance between each of the 4 head's weights
  --data <custom_train>.csv --val <custom_val>.csv --test <custom_test>.csv --load mlstm.pt
bash ./experiments/se_transformer_multihead.sh                                                    #finetune a multihead transformer on 8 semeval categories

See how to reproduce our finetuning experiments in the finetuning reproduction section of analysis.

Additional documentation of the command line arguments available for finetune_classifier.py can be found here

Analysis

Acknowledgement

A special thanks to our amazing summer intern Neel Kant for all the work he did with transformers, tokenization, and pretraining+finetuning classification models.

A special thanks to @csarofeen and @Michael Carilli for their help developing and documenting our RNN interface, Distributed Data Parallel model, and fp16 optimizer. The latest versions of these utilities can be found at the APEx github page.

Thanks to @guillitte for providing a lightweight pytorch port of openai's sentiment-neuron repo.

This project uses the amazon review dataset collected by J. McAuley

Thanks

Want to help out? Open up an issue with questions/suggestions or pull requests ranging from minor fixes to new functionality.

May your learning be Deep and Unsupervised.

Download details:

Author: NVIDIA
Source: https://github.com/NVIDIA/sentiment-discovery

License: View license

#pytorch

Ananya Gupta

1608615386

Top Reasons To Choose ReactJS

The principal concept at the back of ReactJS improvement become to discover a framework that allows in constructing a dynamic library with excessive performance. An appropriate instance of this becomes to offer newsfeeds on equal time whilst human beings are chatting. Optimization of the improvement technique and bringing on JavaScript become all that become required at that time. ReactJS is greater like an open-supply JavaScript library in place of a framework. Used for constructing superb consumer interfaces, it is ideal for rendering performance.

Reasons to pick out React.js/React/ReactJS

Out of the several reasons React.JS can be future of hybrid mobile app, some of the interesting ones are:

React’s virtual DOM is faster as it only refreshes a part of the page, rather than the conventional full refresh model
Easy to create UI Test Cases
Easy to reuse the code components
It can display components in large amounts quickly and efficiently
Specialized chrome extension makes it easy to debug
Any data changes require manual processing
It is view oriented
It’s one of the top JavaScript frameworks among ReactJS developers and is growing
Rendering the code from the server to browser will eventually improve the SEO of the webpage
It improves debugging speed, making it easier for developers
It covers both iOS and Android
As it makes use of reusable components, it becomes easy for the hybrid applications to render natively
React Native UI components can be applied without re-writing to an existing app’s code
It provides support for both front-end and server-side

Cons of ReactJS Making use of JSX which permits blending HTML with JavaScript is taken into consideration a critical drawback through ReactJS builders as it’s far complicated and has a steep mastering curve. Join ReactJS Online Training and learn the regular launch of the latest tools, documentation nonetheless stays incomplete, which makes it tough for brand spanking new ReactJS builders to apprehend and code. With the excessive tempo of improvement, ReactJS builders have to quickly research new methods of improvement. With rapid evolution, now no longer each developer is capable of preserve tempo. What’s our tackle it?

AngularJS is a featured framework at the same time as ReactJS is a library. You will need to write much less code with ReactJS and it even plays higher because of the implementation of digital DOM. As React has simply commenced its network is developing. Node.js is a JavaScript runtime that is rapid and lightweight. It may be used to create rapid and scalable networking packages. With Client-Side statistics rendering and a top configuration, ReactJS is an outright desire of JavaScript framework Developers.

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Tyrique Littel

1604008800

Static Code Analysis: What It Is? How to Use It?

Static code analysis refers to the technique of approximating the runtime behavior of a program. In other words, it is the process of predicting the output of a program without actually executing it.

Lately, however, the term “Static Code Analysis” is more commonly used to refer to one of the applications of this technique rather than the technique itself — program comprehension — understanding the program and detecting issues in it (anything from syntax errors to type mismatches, performance hogs likely bugs, security loopholes, etc.). This is the usage we’d be referring to throughout this post.

“The refinement of techniques for the prompt discovery of error serves as well as any other as a hallmark of what we mean by science.”

J. Robert Oppenheimer

Outline

We cover a lot of ground in this post. The aim is to build an understanding of static code analysis and to equip you with the basic theory, and the right tools so that you can write analyzers on your own.

We start our journey with laying down the essential parts of the pipeline which a compiler follows to understand what a piece of code does. We learn where to tap points in this pipeline to plug in our analyzers and extract meaningful information. In the latter half, we get our feet wet, and write four such static analyzers, completely from scratch, in Python.

Note that although the ideas here are discussed in light of Python, static code analyzers across all programming languages are carved out along similar lines. We chose Python because of the availability of an easy to use ast module, and wide adoption of the language itself.

How does it all work?

Before a computer can finally “understand” and execute a piece of code, it goes through a series of complicated transformations:

static analysis workflow

As you can see in the diagram (go ahead, zoom it!), the static analyzers feed on the output of these stages. To be able to better understand the static analysis techniques, let’s look at each of these steps in some more detail:

Scanning

The first thing that a compiler does when trying to understand a piece of code is to break it down into smaller chunks, also known as tokens. Tokens are akin to what words are in a language.

A token might consist of either a single character, like (, or literals (like integers, strings, e.g., 7, Bob, etc.), or reserved keywords of that language (e.g, def in Python). Characters which do not contribute towards the semantics of a program, like trailing whitespace, comments, etc. are often discarded by the scanner.

Python provides the tokenize module in its standard library to let you play around with tokens:

Python

import io

import tokenize

code = b"color = input('Enter your favourite color: ')"

for token in tokenize.tokenize(io.BytesIO(code).readline):

    print(token)

Python

TokenInfo(type=62 (ENCODING),  string='utf-8')

TokenInfo(type=1  (NAME),      string='color')

TokenInfo(type=54 (OP),        string='=')

TokenInfo(type=1  (NAME),      string='input')

TokenInfo(type=54 (OP),        string='(')

TokenInfo(type=3  (STRING),    string="'Enter your favourite color: '")

TokenInfo(type=54 (OP),        string=')')

TokenInfo(type=4  (NEWLINE),   string='')

TokenInfo(type=0  (ENDMARKER), string='')

(Note that for the sake of readability, I’ve omitted a few columns from the result above — metadata like starting index, ending index, a copy of the line on which a token occurs, etc.)

#code quality #code review #static analysis #static code analysis #code analysis #static analysis tools #code review tips #static code analyzer #static code analysis tool #static analyzer

Samanta Moore

1621137960

Guidelines for Java Code Reviews

Get a jump-start on your next code review session with this list.

Having another pair of eyes scan your code is always useful and helps you spot mistakes before you break production. You need not be an expert to review someone’s code. Some experience with the programming language and a review checklist should help you get started. We’ve put together a list of things you should keep in mind when you’re reviewing Java code. Read on!

1. Follow Java Code Conventions

2. Replace Imperative Code With Lambdas and Streams

3. Beware of the `NullPointerException`

4. Directly Assigning References From Client Code to a Field

5. Handle Exceptions With Care

…

#java #code quality #java tutorial #code analysis #code reviews #code review tips #code analysis tools #java tutorial for beginners #java code review

Houston Sipes

1604088000

How to Find the Stinky Parts of Your Code (Part II)

There are more code smells. Let’s keep changing the aromas. We see several symptoms and situations that make us doubt the quality of our development. Let’s look at some possible solutions.

Most of these smells are just hints of something that might be wrong. They are not rigid rules.

This is part II. Part I can be found here.

Code Smell 06 - Too Clever Programmer

The code is difficult to read, there are tricky with names without semantics. Sometimes using language’s accidental complexity.

_Image Source: NeONBRAND on _Unsplash

Problems

Readability
Maintainability
Code Quality
Premature Optimization

Solutions

Refactor the code
Use better names

Examples

Optimized loops

Exceptions

Optimized code for low-level operations.

Sample Code

Wrong

function primeFactors(n){
	  var f = [],  i = 0, d = 2;  

	  for (i = 0; n >= 2; ) {
	     if(n % d == 0){
	       f[i++]=(d); 
	       n /= d;
	    }
	    else{
	      d++;
	    }     
	  }
	  return f;
	}

Right

function primeFactors(numberToFactor){
	  var factors = [], 
	      divisor = 2,
	      remainder = numberToFactor;

	  while(remainder>=2){
	    if(remainder % divisor === 0){
	       factors.push(divisor); 
	       remainder = remainder/ divisor;
	    }
	    else{
	      divisor++;
	    }     
	  }
	  return factors;
	}

Detection

Automatic detection is possible in some languages. Watch some warnings related to complexity, bad names, post increment variables, etc.

#pixel-face #code-smells #clean-code #stinky-code-parts #refactor-legacy-code #refactoring #stinky-code #common-code-smells

Clock in p5.js | Clock Coding Train in p5.js

What is GEEK

Buddha Community

PyTorch Unsupervised Sentiment Discovery

Setup

Install

Python Requirements

Pretrained models

Data Downloads

Usage

Classifying text

Training Language Models (+ Distributed/FP16 Training)

Sentiment Transfer

Classifier Finetuning

Analysis

Acknowledgement

Thanks

Download details:

Top Reasons To Choose ReactJS

Static Code Analysis: What It Is? How to Use It?

Outline

How does it all work?

Scanning

Guidelines for Java Code Reviews

Get a jump-start on your next code review session with this list.

1. Follow Java Code Conventions

2. Replace Imperative Code With Lambdas and Streams

3. Beware of the `NullPointerException`

4. Directly Assigning References From Client Code to a Field

5. Handle Exceptions With Care

How to Find the Stinky Parts of Your Code (Part II)

Code Smell 06 - Too Clever Programmer

Clock in p5.js | Clock Coding Train in p5.js

Setup

Install

Python Requirements

Pretrained models

Data Downloads

Usage

Classifying text

Training Language Models (+ Distributed/FP16 Training)

Sentiment Transfer

Classifier Finetuning

Acknowledgement

Thanks

Download details:

Outline

How does it all work?

Scanning

Get a jump-start on your next code review session with this list.

1. Follow Java Code Conventions

2. Replace Imperative Code With Lambdas and Streams

3. Beware of the NullPointerException

4. Directly Assigning References From Client Code to a Field

5. Handle Exceptions With Care

Code Smell 06 - Too Clever Programmer

3. Beware of the `NullPointerException`