1611905100
React.js in 3.5 Hours | Full Beginners Tutorial
Learn React js in 3.5 hours with this full tutorial for beginners!
Table of Contents:
- 0:00 - Introduction
- 9:02 - What is the DOM?
- 25:00 - React vs ReactDOM
- 30:10 - Setting up React
- 38:47 - Babel & JSX
- 48:35 - JSX Interpolation
- 51:59 - React Components
- 56:34 - Create React App
- 1:08:52 - Structuring React components
- 1:13:42 - Building the CountButton component
- 1:21:09 - useState hook & React state management
- 1:33:50 - React functional component lifecycle
- 1:36:37 - Reusing components
- 1:38:20 - Props
- 1:44:59 - Props vs State
- 1:46:04 - Styling & style props
- 1:55:10 - External style sheets
- 2:03:45 - Building a search bar
- 2:07:02 - Handling inputs in React
- 2:10:23 - onUpdate input event
- 2:19:00 - Building a clear input button
- 2:23:00 - Conditional rendering
- 2:29:14 - Rendering a list of items & the map function
- 2:34:39 - The “key” prop
- 2:37:33 - Using the filter function to filter our list
- 2:42:01 - Making the SearchBar more reusable
- 2:48:25 - useEffect hook
- 2:58:08 - Simulating loading data with useEffect
- 3:04:51 - Adding a loading indicator
- 3:10:17 - Loading data from an external API
- 3:18:50 - The “children” prop
- 3:24:55 - Closing remarks & outro
Links:
Vs Code - https://code.visualstudio.com/
React Script Tags - https://reactjs.org/docs/add-react-to-a-website.html#step-2-add-the-script-tags
Babel Playground - https://babeljs.io/repl
Babel script tag - https://babeljs.io/setup#installation (click on “In the browser” and scroll down to “usage” section)
Create React App - https://github.com/facebook/create-react-app#creating-an-app
Mac Terminal Tutorial - https://macpaw.com/how-to/use-terminal-on-mac
Windows Terminal Tutorial - https://techtipvault.com/windows/command-prompt-windows-10-cmd-guide/
Fake Store API - https://fakestoreapi.com/docs
#react #reactjs #javascript #web-development
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A Pure PHP Implementation Of The MessagePack Serialization Format
msgpack.php
A pure PHP implementation of the MessagePack serialization format.
Features
- Fully compliant with the latest MessagePack specification
- Supports streaming unpacking
- Supports unsigned 64-bit integers handling
- Supports object serialization
- Fully tested
- Relatively fast
Installation
The recommended way to install the library is through Composer:
composer require rybakit/msgpack
Usage
Packing
To pack values you can either use an instance of a Packer:
$packer = new Packer();
$packed = $packer->pack($value);
or call a static method on the MessagePack class:
$packed = MessagePack::pack($value);
In the examples above, the method pack automatically packs a value depending on its type. However, not all PHP types can be uniquely translated to MessagePack types. For example, the MessagePack format defines map and array types, which are represented by a single array type in PHP. By default, the packer will pack a PHP array as a MessagePack array if it has sequential numeric keys, starting from 0 and as a MessagePack map otherwise:
$mpArr1 = $packer->pack([1, 2]); // MP array [1, 2]
$mpArr2 = $packer->pack([0 => 1, 1 => 2]); // MP array [1, 2]
$mpMap1 = $packer->pack([0 => 1, 2 => 3]); // MP map {0: 1, 2: 3}
$mpMap2 = $packer->pack([1 => 2, 2 => 3]); // MP map {1: 2, 2: 3}
$mpMap3 = $packer->pack(['a' => 1, 'b' => 2]); // MP map {a: 1, b: 2}
However, sometimes you need to pack a sequential array as a MessagePack map. To do this, use the packMap method:
$mpMap = $packer->packMap([1, 2]); // {0: 1, 1: 2}
Here is a list of type-specific packing methods:
$packer->packNil(); // MP nil
$packer->packBool(true); // MP bool
$packer->packInt(42); // MP int
$packer->packFloat(M_PI); // MP float (32 or 64)
$packer->packFloat32(M_PI); // MP float 32
$packer->packFloat64(M_PI); // MP float 64
$packer->packStr('foo'); // MP str
$packer->packBin("\x80"); // MP bin
$packer->packArray([1, 2]); // MP array
$packer->packMap(['a' => 1]); // MP map
$packer->packExt(1, "\xaa"); // MP ext
Check the "Custom types" section below on how to pack custom types.
Packing options
The Packer object supports a number of bitmask-based options for fine-tuning the packing process (defaults are in bold):
| Name | Description |
|---|---|
FORCE_STR | Forces PHP strings to be packed as MessagePack UTF-8 strings |
FORCE_BIN | Forces PHP strings to be packed as MessagePack binary data |
DETECT_STR_BIN | Detects MessagePack str/bin type automatically |
FORCE_ARR | Forces PHP arrays to be packed as MessagePack arrays |
FORCE_MAP | Forces PHP arrays to be packed as MessagePack maps |
DETECT_ARR_MAP | Detects MessagePack array/map type automatically |
FORCE_FLOAT32 | Forces PHP floats to be packed as 32-bits MessagePack floats |
FORCE_FLOAT64 | Forces PHP floats to be packed as 64-bits MessagePack floats |
The type detection mode (
DETECT_STR_BIN/DETECT_ARR_MAP) adds some overhead which can be noticed when you pack large (16- and 32-bit) arrays or strings. However, if you know the value type in advance (for example, you only work with UTF-8 strings or/and associative arrays), you can eliminate this overhead by forcing the packer to use the appropriate type, which will save it from running the auto-detection routine. Another option is to explicitly specify the value type. The library provides 2 auxiliary classes for this,MapandBin. Check the "Custom types" section below for details.
Examples:
// detect str/bin type and pack PHP 64-bit floats (doubles) to MP 32-bit floats
$packer = new Packer(PackOptions::DETECT_STR_BIN | PackOptions::FORCE_FLOAT32);
// these will throw MessagePack\Exception\InvalidOptionException
$packer = new Packer(PackOptions::FORCE_STR | PackOptions::FORCE_BIN);
$packer = new Packer(PackOptions::FORCE_FLOAT32 | PackOptions::FORCE_FLOAT64);
Unpacking
To unpack data you can either use an instance of a BufferUnpacker:
$unpacker = new BufferUnpacker();
$unpacker->reset($packed);
$value = $unpacker->unpack();
or call a static method on the MessagePack class:
$value = MessagePack::unpack($packed);
If the packed data is received in chunks (e.g. when reading from a stream), use the tryUnpack method, which attempts to unpack data and returns an array of unpacked messages (if any) instead of throwing an InsufficientDataException:
while ($chunk = ...) {
$unpacker->append($chunk);
if ($messages = $unpacker->tryUnpack()) {
return $messages;
}
}
If you want to unpack from a specific position in a buffer, use seek:
$unpacker->seek(42); // set position equal to 42 bytes
$unpacker->seek(-8); // set position to 8 bytes before the end of the buffer
To skip bytes from the current position, use skip:
$unpacker->skip(10); // set position to 10 bytes ahead of the current position
To get the number of remaining (unread) bytes in the buffer:
$unreadBytesCount = $unpacker->getRemainingCount();
To check whether the buffer has unread data:
$hasUnreadBytes = $unpacker->hasRemaining();
If needed, you can remove already read data from the buffer by calling:
$releasedBytesCount = $unpacker->release();
With the read method you can read raw (packed) data:
$packedData = $unpacker->read(2); // read 2 bytes
Besides the above methods BufferUnpacker provides type-specific unpacking methods, namely:
$unpacker->unpackNil(); // PHP null
$unpacker->unpackBool(); // PHP bool
$unpacker->unpackInt(); // PHP int
$unpacker->unpackFloat(); // PHP float
$unpacker->unpackStr(); // PHP UTF-8 string
$unpacker->unpackBin(); // PHP binary string
$unpacker->unpackArray(); // PHP sequential array
$unpacker->unpackMap(); // PHP associative array
$unpacker->unpackExt(); // PHP MessagePack\Type\Ext object
Unpacking options
The BufferUnpacker object supports a number of bitmask-based options for fine-tuning the unpacking process (defaults are in bold):
| Name | Description |
|---|---|
BIGINT_AS_STR | Converts overflowed integers to strings [1] |
BIGINT_AS_GMP | Converts overflowed integers to GMP objects [2] |
BIGINT_AS_DEC | Converts overflowed integers to Decimal\Decimal objects [3] |
1. The binary MessagePack format has unsigned 64-bit as its largest integer data type, but PHP does not support such integers, which means that an overflow can occur during unpacking.
2. Make sure the GMP extension is enabled.
3. Make sure the Decimal extension is enabled.
Examples:
$packedUint64 = "\xcf"."\xff\xff\xff\xff"."\xff\xff\xff\xff";
$unpacker = new BufferUnpacker($packedUint64);
var_dump($unpacker->unpack()); // string(20) "18446744073709551615"
$unpacker = new BufferUnpacker($packedUint64, UnpackOptions::BIGINT_AS_GMP);
var_dump($unpacker->unpack()); // object(GMP) {...}
$unpacker = new BufferUnpacker($packedUint64, UnpackOptions::BIGINT_AS_DEC);
var_dump($unpacker->unpack()); // object(Decimal\Decimal) {...}
Custom types
In addition to the basic types, the library provides functionality to serialize and deserialize arbitrary types. This can be done in several ways, depending on your use case. Let's take a look at them.
Type objects
If you need to serialize an instance of one of your classes into one of the basic MessagePack types, the best way to do this is to implement the CanBePacked interface in the class. A good example of such a class is the Map type class that comes with the library. This type is useful when you want to explicitly specify that a given PHP array should be packed as a MessagePack map without triggering an automatic type detection routine:
$packer = new Packer();
$packedMap = $packer->pack(new Map([1, 2, 3]));
$packedArray = $packer->pack([1, 2, 3]);
More type examples can be found in the src/Type directory.
Type transformers
As with type objects, type transformers are only responsible for serializing values. They should be used when you need to serialize a value that does not implement the CanBePacked interface. Examples of such values could be instances of built-in or third-party classes that you don't own, or non-objects such as resources.
A transformer class must implement the CanPack interface. To use a transformer, it must first be registered in the packer. Here is an example of how to serialize PHP streams into the MessagePack bin format type using one of the supplied transformers, StreamTransformer:
$packer = new Packer(null, [new StreamTransformer()]);
$packedBin = $packer->pack(fopen('/path/to/file', 'r+'));
More type transformer examples can be found in the src/TypeTransformer directory.
Extensions
In contrast to the cases described above, extensions are intended to handle extension types and are responsible for both serialization and deserialization of values (types).
An extension class must implement the Extension interface. To use an extension, it must first be registered in the packer and the unpacker.
The MessagePack specification divides extension types into two groups: predefined and application-specific. Currently, there is only one predefined type in the specification, Timestamp.
Timestamp
The Timestamp extension type is a predefined type. Support for this type in the library is done through the TimestampExtension class. This class is responsible for handling Timestamp objects, which represent the number of seconds and optional adjustment in nanoseconds:
$timestampExtension = new TimestampExtension();
$packer = new Packer();
$packer = $packer->extendWith($timestampExtension);
$unpacker = new BufferUnpacker();
$unpacker = $unpacker->extendWith($timestampExtension);
$packedTimestamp = $packer->pack(Timestamp::now());
$timestamp = $unpacker->reset($packedTimestamp)->unpack();
$seconds = $timestamp->getSeconds();
$nanoseconds = $timestamp->getNanoseconds();
When using the MessagePack class, the Timestamp extension is already registered:
$packedTimestamp = MessagePack::pack(Timestamp::now());
$timestamp = MessagePack::unpack($packedTimestamp);
Application-specific extensions
In addition, the format can be extended with your own types. For example, to make the built-in PHP DateTime objects first-class citizens in your code, you can create a corresponding extension, as shown in the example. Please note, that custom extensions have to be registered with a unique extension ID (an integer from 0 to 127).
More extension examples can be found in the examples/MessagePack directory.
To learn more about how extension types can be useful, check out this article.
Exceptions
If an error occurs during packing/unpacking, a PackingFailedException or an UnpackingFailedException will be thrown, respectively. In addition, an InsufficientDataException can be thrown during unpacking.
An InvalidOptionException will be thrown in case an invalid option (or a combination of mutually exclusive options) is used.
Tests
Run tests as follows:
vendor/bin/phpunit
Also, if you already have Docker installed, you can run the tests in a docker container. First, create a container:
./dockerfile.sh | docker build -t msgpack -
The command above will create a container named msgpack with PHP 8.1 runtime. You may change the default runtime by defining the PHP_IMAGE environment variable:
PHP_IMAGE='php:8.0-cli' ./dockerfile.sh | docker build -t msgpack -
See a list of various images here.
Then run the unit tests:
docker run --rm -v $PWD:/msgpack -w /msgpack msgpack
Fuzzing
To ensure that the unpacking works correctly with malformed/semi-malformed data, you can use a testing technique called Fuzzing. The library ships with a help file (target) for PHP-Fuzzer and can be used as follows:
php-fuzzer fuzz tests/fuzz_buffer_unpacker.php
Performance
To check performance, run:
php -n -dzend_extension=opcache.so \
-dpcre.jit=1 -dopcache.enable=1 -dopcache.enable_cli=1 \
tests/bench.php
Example output
Filter: MessagePack\Tests\Perf\Filter\ListFilter
Rounds: 3
Iterations: 100000
=============================================
Test/Target Packer BufferUnpacker
---------------------------------------------
nil .................. 0.0030 ........ 0.0139
false ................ 0.0037 ........ 0.0144
true ................. 0.0040 ........ 0.0137
7-bit uint #1 ........ 0.0052 ........ 0.0120
7-bit uint #2 ........ 0.0059 ........ 0.0114
7-bit uint #3 ........ 0.0061 ........ 0.0119
5-bit sint #1 ........ 0.0067 ........ 0.0126
5-bit sint #2 ........ 0.0064 ........ 0.0132
5-bit sint #3 ........ 0.0066 ........ 0.0135
8-bit uint #1 ........ 0.0078 ........ 0.0200
8-bit uint #2 ........ 0.0077 ........ 0.0212
8-bit uint #3 ........ 0.0086 ........ 0.0203
16-bit uint #1 ....... 0.0111 ........ 0.0271
16-bit uint #2 ....... 0.0115 ........ 0.0260
16-bit uint #3 ....... 0.0103 ........ 0.0273
32-bit uint #1 ....... 0.0116 ........ 0.0326
32-bit uint #2 ....... 0.0118 ........ 0.0332
32-bit uint #3 ....... 0.0127 ........ 0.0325
64-bit uint #1 ....... 0.0140 ........ 0.0277
64-bit uint #2 ....... 0.0134 ........ 0.0294
64-bit uint #3 ....... 0.0134 ........ 0.0281
8-bit int #1 ......... 0.0086 ........ 0.0241
8-bit int #2 ......... 0.0089 ........ 0.0225
8-bit int #3 ......... 0.0085 ........ 0.0229
16-bit int #1 ........ 0.0118 ........ 0.0280
16-bit int #2 ........ 0.0121 ........ 0.0270
16-bit int #3 ........ 0.0109 ........ 0.0274
32-bit int #1 ........ 0.0128 ........ 0.0346
32-bit int #2 ........ 0.0118 ........ 0.0339
32-bit int #3 ........ 0.0135 ........ 0.0368
64-bit int #1 ........ 0.0138 ........ 0.0276
64-bit int #2 ........ 0.0132 ........ 0.0286
64-bit int #3 ........ 0.0137 ........ 0.0274
64-bit int #4 ........ 0.0180 ........ 0.0285
64-bit float #1 ...... 0.0134 ........ 0.0284
64-bit float #2 ...... 0.0125 ........ 0.0275
64-bit float #3 ...... 0.0126 ........ 0.0283
fix string #1 ........ 0.0035 ........ 0.0133
fix string #2 ........ 0.0094 ........ 0.0216
fix string #3 ........ 0.0094 ........ 0.0222
fix string #4 ........ 0.0091 ........ 0.0241
8-bit string #1 ...... 0.0122 ........ 0.0301
8-bit string #2 ...... 0.0118 ........ 0.0304
8-bit string #3 ...... 0.0119 ........ 0.0315
16-bit string #1 ..... 0.0150 ........ 0.0388
16-bit string #2 ..... 0.1545 ........ 0.1665
32-bit string ........ 0.1570 ........ 0.1756
wide char string #1 .. 0.0091 ........ 0.0236
wide char string #2 .. 0.0122 ........ 0.0313
8-bit binary #1 ...... 0.0100 ........ 0.0302
8-bit binary #2 ...... 0.0123 ........ 0.0324
8-bit binary #3 ...... 0.0126 ........ 0.0327
16-bit binary ........ 0.0168 ........ 0.0372
32-bit binary ........ 0.1588 ........ 0.1754
fix array #1 ......... 0.0042 ........ 0.0131
fix array #2 ......... 0.0294 ........ 0.0367
fix array #3 ......... 0.0412 ........ 0.0472
16-bit array #1 ...... 0.1378 ........ 0.1596
16-bit array #2 ........... S ............. S
32-bit array .............. S ............. S
complex array ........ 0.1865 ........ 0.2283
fix map #1 ........... 0.0725 ........ 0.1048
fix map #2 ........... 0.0319 ........ 0.0405
fix map #3 ........... 0.0356 ........ 0.0665
fix map #4 ........... 0.0465 ........ 0.0497
16-bit map #1 ........ 0.2540 ........ 0.3028
16-bit map #2 ............. S ............. S
32-bit map ................ S ............. S
complex map .......... 0.2372 ........ 0.2710
fixext 1 ............. 0.0283 ........ 0.0358
fixext 2 ............. 0.0291 ........ 0.0371
fixext 4 ............. 0.0302 ........ 0.0355
fixext 8 ............. 0.0288 ........ 0.0384
fixext 16 ............ 0.0293 ........ 0.0359
8-bit ext ............ 0.0302 ........ 0.0439
16-bit ext ........... 0.0334 ........ 0.0499
32-bit ext ........... 0.1845 ........ 0.1888
32-bit timestamp #1 .. 0.0337 ........ 0.0547
32-bit timestamp #2 .. 0.0335 ........ 0.0560
64-bit timestamp #1 .. 0.0371 ........ 0.0575
64-bit timestamp #2 .. 0.0374 ........ 0.0542
64-bit timestamp #3 .. 0.0356 ........ 0.0533
96-bit timestamp #1 .. 0.0362 ........ 0.0699
96-bit timestamp #2 .. 0.0381 ........ 0.0701
96-bit timestamp #3 .. 0.0367 ........ 0.0687
=============================================
Total 2.7618 4.0820
Skipped 4 4
Failed 0 0
Ignored 0 0
With JIT:
php -n -dzend_extension=opcache.so \
-dpcre.jit=1 -dopcache.jit_buffer_size=64M -dopcache.jit=tracing -dopcache.enable=1 -dopcache.enable_cli=1 \
tests/bench.php
Example output
Filter: MessagePack\Tests\Perf\Filter\ListFilter
Rounds: 3
Iterations: 100000
=============================================
Test/Target Packer BufferUnpacker
---------------------------------------------
nil .................. 0.0005 ........ 0.0054
false ................ 0.0004 ........ 0.0059
true ................. 0.0004 ........ 0.0059
7-bit uint #1 ........ 0.0010 ........ 0.0047
7-bit uint #2 ........ 0.0010 ........ 0.0046
7-bit uint #3 ........ 0.0010 ........ 0.0046
5-bit sint #1 ........ 0.0025 ........ 0.0046
5-bit sint #2 ........ 0.0023 ........ 0.0046
5-bit sint #3 ........ 0.0024 ........ 0.0045
8-bit uint #1 ........ 0.0043 ........ 0.0081
8-bit uint #2 ........ 0.0043 ........ 0.0079
8-bit uint #3 ........ 0.0041 ........ 0.0080
16-bit uint #1 ....... 0.0064 ........ 0.0095
16-bit uint #2 ....... 0.0064 ........ 0.0091
16-bit uint #3 ....... 0.0064 ........ 0.0094
32-bit uint #1 ....... 0.0085 ........ 0.0114
32-bit uint #2 ....... 0.0077 ........ 0.0122
32-bit uint #3 ....... 0.0077 ........ 0.0120
64-bit uint #1 ....... 0.0085 ........ 0.0159
64-bit uint #2 ....... 0.0086 ........ 0.0157
64-bit uint #3 ....... 0.0086 ........ 0.0158
8-bit int #1 ......... 0.0042 ........ 0.0080
8-bit int #2 ......... 0.0042 ........ 0.0080
8-bit int #3 ......... 0.0042 ........ 0.0081
16-bit int #1 ........ 0.0065 ........ 0.0095
16-bit int #2 ........ 0.0065 ........ 0.0090
16-bit int #3 ........ 0.0056 ........ 0.0085
32-bit int #1 ........ 0.0067 ........ 0.0107
32-bit int #2 ........ 0.0066 ........ 0.0106
32-bit int #3 ........ 0.0063 ........ 0.0104
64-bit int #1 ........ 0.0072 ........ 0.0162
64-bit int #2 ........ 0.0073 ........ 0.0174
64-bit int #3 ........ 0.0072 ........ 0.0164
64-bit int #4 ........ 0.0077 ........ 0.0161
64-bit float #1 ...... 0.0053 ........ 0.0135
64-bit float #2 ...... 0.0053 ........ 0.0135
64-bit float #3 ...... 0.0052 ........ 0.0135
fix string #1 ....... -0.0002 ........ 0.0044
fix string #2 ........ 0.0035 ........ 0.0067
fix string #3 ........ 0.0035 ........ 0.0077
fix string #4 ........ 0.0033 ........ 0.0078
8-bit string #1 ...... 0.0059 ........ 0.0110
8-bit string #2 ...... 0.0063 ........ 0.0121
8-bit string #3 ...... 0.0064 ........ 0.0124
16-bit string #1 ..... 0.0099 ........ 0.0146
16-bit string #2 ..... 0.1522 ........ 0.1474
32-bit string ........ 0.1511 ........ 0.1483
wide char string #1 .. 0.0039 ........ 0.0084
wide char string #2 .. 0.0073 ........ 0.0123
8-bit binary #1 ...... 0.0040 ........ 0.0112
8-bit binary #2 ...... 0.0075 ........ 0.0123
8-bit binary #3 ...... 0.0077 ........ 0.0129
16-bit binary ........ 0.0096 ........ 0.0145
32-bit binary ........ 0.1535 ........ 0.1479
fix array #1 ......... 0.0008 ........ 0.0061
fix array #2 ......... 0.0121 ........ 0.0165
fix array #3 ......... 0.0193 ........ 0.0222
16-bit array #1 ...... 0.0607 ........ 0.0479
16-bit array #2 ........... S ............. S
32-bit array .............. S ............. S
complex array ........ 0.0749 ........ 0.0824
fix map #1 ........... 0.0329 ........ 0.0431
fix map #2 ........... 0.0161 ........ 0.0189
fix map #3 ........... 0.0205 ........ 0.0262
fix map #4 ........... 0.0252 ........ 0.0205
16-bit map #1 ........ 0.1016 ........ 0.0927
16-bit map #2 ............. S ............. S
32-bit map ................ S ............. S
complex map .......... 0.1096 ........ 0.1030
fixext 1 ............. 0.0157 ........ 0.0161
fixext 2 ............. 0.0175 ........ 0.0183
fixext 4 ............. 0.0156 ........ 0.0185
fixext 8 ............. 0.0163 ........ 0.0184
fixext 16 ............ 0.0164 ........ 0.0182
8-bit ext ............ 0.0158 ........ 0.0207
16-bit ext ........... 0.0203 ........ 0.0219
32-bit ext ........... 0.1614 ........ 0.1539
32-bit timestamp #1 .. 0.0195 ........ 0.0249
32-bit timestamp #2 .. 0.0188 ........ 0.0260
64-bit timestamp #1 .. 0.0207 ........ 0.0281
64-bit timestamp #2 .. 0.0212 ........ 0.0291
64-bit timestamp #3 .. 0.0207 ........ 0.0295
96-bit timestamp #1 .. 0.0222 ........ 0.0358
96-bit timestamp #2 .. 0.0228 ........ 0.0353
96-bit timestamp #3 .. 0.0210 ........ 0.0319
=============================================
Total 1.6432 1.9674
Skipped 4 4
Failed 0 0
Ignored 0 0
You may change default benchmark settings by defining the following environment variables:
| Name | Default |
|---|---|
| MP_BENCH_TARGETS | pure_p,pure_u, see a list of available targets |
| MP_BENCH_ITERATIONS | 100_000 |
| MP_BENCH_DURATION | not set |
| MP_BENCH_ROUNDS | 3 |
| MP_BENCH_TESTS | -@slow, see a list of available tests |
For example:
export MP_BENCH_TARGETS=pure_p
export MP_BENCH_ITERATIONS=1000000
export MP_BENCH_ROUNDS=5
# a comma separated list of test names
export MP_BENCH_TESTS='complex array, complex map'
# or a group name
# export MP_BENCH_TESTS='-@slow' // @pecl_comp
# or a regexp
# export MP_BENCH_TESTS='/complex (array|map)/'
Another example, benchmarking both the library and the PECL extension:
MP_BENCH_TARGETS=pure_p,pure_u,pecl_p,pecl_u \
php -n -dextension=msgpack.so -dzend_extension=opcache.so \
-dpcre.jit=1 -dopcache.enable=1 -dopcache.enable_cli=1 \
tests/bench.php
Example output
Filter: MessagePack\Tests\Perf\Filter\ListFilter
Rounds: 3
Iterations: 100000
===========================================================================
Test/Target Packer BufferUnpacker msgpack_pack msgpack_unpack
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
nil .................. 0.0031 ........ 0.0141 ...... 0.0055 ........ 0.0064
false ................ 0.0039 ........ 0.0154 ...... 0.0056 ........ 0.0053
true ................. 0.0038 ........ 0.0139 ...... 0.0056 ........ 0.0044
7-bit uint #1 ........ 0.0061 ........ 0.0110 ...... 0.0059 ........ 0.0046
7-bit uint #2 ........ 0.0065 ........ 0.0119 ...... 0.0042 ........ 0.0029
7-bit uint #3 ........ 0.0054 ........ 0.0117 ...... 0.0045 ........ 0.0025
5-bit sint #1 ........ 0.0047 ........ 0.0103 ...... 0.0038 ........ 0.0022
5-bit sint #2 ........ 0.0048 ........ 0.0117 ...... 0.0038 ........ 0.0022
5-bit sint #3 ........ 0.0046 ........ 0.0102 ...... 0.0038 ........ 0.0023
8-bit uint #1 ........ 0.0063 ........ 0.0174 ...... 0.0039 ........ 0.0031
8-bit uint #2 ........ 0.0063 ........ 0.0167 ...... 0.0040 ........ 0.0029
8-bit uint #3 ........ 0.0063 ........ 0.0168 ...... 0.0039 ........ 0.0030
16-bit uint #1 ....... 0.0092 ........ 0.0222 ...... 0.0049 ........ 0.0030
16-bit uint #2 ....... 0.0096 ........ 0.0227 ...... 0.0042 ........ 0.0046
16-bit uint #3 ....... 0.0123 ........ 0.0274 ...... 0.0059 ........ 0.0051
32-bit uint #1 ....... 0.0136 ........ 0.0331 ...... 0.0060 ........ 0.0048
32-bit uint #2 ....... 0.0130 ........ 0.0336 ...... 0.0070 ........ 0.0048
32-bit uint #3 ....... 0.0127 ........ 0.0329 ...... 0.0051 ........ 0.0048
64-bit uint #1 ....... 0.0126 ........ 0.0268 ...... 0.0055 ........ 0.0049
64-bit uint #2 ....... 0.0135 ........ 0.0281 ...... 0.0052 ........ 0.0046
64-bit uint #3 ....... 0.0131 ........ 0.0274 ...... 0.0069 ........ 0.0044
8-bit int #1 ......... 0.0077 ........ 0.0236 ...... 0.0058 ........ 0.0044
8-bit int #2 ......... 0.0087 ........ 0.0244 ...... 0.0058 ........ 0.0048
8-bit int #3 ......... 0.0084 ........ 0.0241 ...... 0.0055 ........ 0.0049
16-bit int #1 ........ 0.0112 ........ 0.0271 ...... 0.0048 ........ 0.0045
16-bit int #2 ........ 0.0124 ........ 0.0292 ...... 0.0057 ........ 0.0049
16-bit int #3 ........ 0.0118 ........ 0.0270 ...... 0.0058 ........ 0.0050
32-bit int #1 ........ 0.0137 ........ 0.0366 ...... 0.0058 ........ 0.0051
32-bit int #2 ........ 0.0133 ........ 0.0366 ...... 0.0056 ........ 0.0049
32-bit int #3 ........ 0.0129 ........ 0.0350 ...... 0.0052 ........ 0.0048
64-bit int #1 ........ 0.0145 ........ 0.0254 ...... 0.0034 ........ 0.0025
64-bit int #2 ........ 0.0097 ........ 0.0214 ...... 0.0034 ........ 0.0025
64-bit int #3 ........ 0.0096 ........ 0.0287 ...... 0.0059 ........ 0.0050
64-bit int #4 ........ 0.0143 ........ 0.0277 ...... 0.0059 ........ 0.0046
64-bit float #1 ...... 0.0134 ........ 0.0281 ...... 0.0057 ........ 0.0052
64-bit float #2 ...... 0.0141 ........ 0.0281 ...... 0.0057 ........ 0.0050
64-bit float #3 ...... 0.0144 ........ 0.0282 ...... 0.0057 ........ 0.0050
fix string #1 ........ 0.0036 ........ 0.0143 ...... 0.0066 ........ 0.0053
fix string #2 ........ 0.0107 ........ 0.0222 ...... 0.0065 ........ 0.0068
fix string #3 ........ 0.0116 ........ 0.0245 ...... 0.0063 ........ 0.0069
fix string #4 ........ 0.0105 ........ 0.0253 ...... 0.0083 ........ 0.0077
8-bit string #1 ...... 0.0126 ........ 0.0318 ...... 0.0075 ........ 0.0088
8-bit string #2 ...... 0.0121 ........ 0.0295 ...... 0.0076 ........ 0.0086
8-bit string #3 ...... 0.0125 ........ 0.0293 ...... 0.0130 ........ 0.0093
16-bit string #1 ..... 0.0159 ........ 0.0368 ...... 0.0117 ........ 0.0086
16-bit string #2 ..... 0.1547 ........ 0.1686 ...... 0.1516 ........ 0.1373
32-bit string ........ 0.1558 ........ 0.1729 ...... 0.1511 ........ 0.1396
wide char string #1 .. 0.0098 ........ 0.0237 ...... 0.0066 ........ 0.0065
wide char string #2 .. 0.0128 ........ 0.0291 ...... 0.0061 ........ 0.0082
8-bit binary #1 ........... I ............. I ........... F ............. I
8-bit binary #2 ........... I ............. I ........... F ............. I
8-bit binary #3 ........... I ............. I ........... F ............. I
16-bit binary ............. I ............. I ........... F ............. I
32-bit binary ............. I ............. I ........... F ............. I
fix array #1 ......... 0.0040 ........ 0.0129 ...... 0.0120 ........ 0.0058
fix array #2 ......... 0.0279 ........ 0.0390 ...... 0.0143 ........ 0.0165
fix array #3 ......... 0.0415 ........ 0.0463 ...... 0.0162 ........ 0.0187
16-bit array #1 ...... 0.1349 ........ 0.1628 ...... 0.0334 ........ 0.0341
16-bit array #2 ........... S ............. S ........... S ............. S
32-bit array .............. S ............. S ........... S ............. S
complex array ............. I ............. I ........... F ............. F
fix map #1 ................ I ............. I ........... F ............. I
fix map #2 ........... 0.0345 ........ 0.0391 ...... 0.0143 ........ 0.0168
fix map #3 ................ I ............. I ........... F ............. I
fix map #4 ........... 0.0459 ........ 0.0473 ...... 0.0151 ........ 0.0163
16-bit map #1 ........ 0.2518 ........ 0.2962 ...... 0.0400 ........ 0.0490
16-bit map #2 ............. S ............. S ........... S ............. S
32-bit map ................ S ............. S ........... S ............. S
complex map .......... 0.2380 ........ 0.2682 ...... 0.0545 ........ 0.0579
fixext 1 .................. I ............. I ........... F ............. F
fixext 2 .................. I ............. I ........... F ............. F
fixext 4 .................. I ............. I ........... F ............. F
fixext 8 .................. I ............. I ........... F ............. F
fixext 16 ................. I ............. I ........... F ............. F
8-bit ext ................. I ............. I ........... F ............. F
16-bit ext ................ I ............. I ........... F ............. F
32-bit ext ................ I ............. I ........... F ............. F
32-bit timestamp #1 ....... I ............. I ........... F ............. F
32-bit timestamp #2 ....... I ............. I ........... F ............. F
64-bit timestamp #1 ....... I ............. I ........... F ............. F
64-bit timestamp #2 ....... I ............. I ........... F ............. F
64-bit timestamp #3 ....... I ............. I ........... F ............. F
96-bit timestamp #1 ....... I ............. I ........... F ............. F
96-bit timestamp #2 ....... I ............. I ........... F ............. F
96-bit timestamp #3 ....... I ............. I ........... F ............. F
===========================================================================
Total 1.5625 2.3866 0.7735 0.7243
Skipped 4 4 4 4
Failed 0 0 24 17
Ignored 24 24 0 7
With JIT:
MP_BENCH_TARGETS=pure_p,pure_u,pecl_p,pecl_u \
php -n -dextension=msgpack.so -dzend_extension=opcache.so \
-dpcre.jit=1 -dopcache.jit_buffer_size=64M -dopcache.jit=tracing -dopcache.enable=1 -dopcache.enable_cli=1 \
tests/bench.php
Example output
Filter: MessagePack\Tests\Perf\Filter\ListFilter
Rounds: 3
Iterations: 100000
===========================================================================
Test/Target Packer BufferUnpacker msgpack_pack msgpack_unpack
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
nil .................. 0.0001 ........ 0.0052 ...... 0.0053 ........ 0.0042
false ................ 0.0007 ........ 0.0060 ...... 0.0057 ........ 0.0043
true ................. 0.0008 ........ 0.0060 ...... 0.0056 ........ 0.0041
7-bit uint #1 ........ 0.0031 ........ 0.0046 ...... 0.0062 ........ 0.0041
7-bit uint #2 ........ 0.0021 ........ 0.0043 ...... 0.0062 ........ 0.0041
7-bit uint #3 ........ 0.0022 ........ 0.0044 ...... 0.0061 ........ 0.0040
5-bit sint #1 ........ 0.0030 ........ 0.0048 ...... 0.0062 ........ 0.0040
5-bit sint #2 ........ 0.0032 ........ 0.0046 ...... 0.0062 ........ 0.0040
5-bit sint #3 ........ 0.0031 ........ 0.0046 ...... 0.0062 ........ 0.0040
8-bit uint #1 ........ 0.0054 ........ 0.0079 ...... 0.0062 ........ 0.0050
8-bit uint #2 ........ 0.0051 ........ 0.0079 ...... 0.0064 ........ 0.0044
8-bit uint #3 ........ 0.0051 ........ 0.0082 ...... 0.0062 ........ 0.0044
16-bit uint #1 ....... 0.0077 ........ 0.0094 ...... 0.0065 ........ 0.0045
16-bit uint #2 ....... 0.0077 ........ 0.0094 ...... 0.0063 ........ 0.0045
16-bit uint #3 ....... 0.0077 ........ 0.0095 ...... 0.0064 ........ 0.0047
32-bit uint #1 ....... 0.0088 ........ 0.0119 ...... 0.0063 ........ 0.0043
32-bit uint #2 ....... 0.0089 ........ 0.0117 ...... 0.0062 ........ 0.0039
32-bit uint #3 ....... 0.0089 ........ 0.0118 ...... 0.0063 ........ 0.0044
64-bit uint #1 ....... 0.0097 ........ 0.0155 ...... 0.0063 ........ 0.0045
64-bit uint #2 ....... 0.0095 ........ 0.0153 ...... 0.0061 ........ 0.0045
64-bit uint #3 ....... 0.0096 ........ 0.0156 ...... 0.0063 ........ 0.0047
8-bit int #1 ......... 0.0053 ........ 0.0083 ...... 0.0062 ........ 0.0044
8-bit int #2 ......... 0.0052 ........ 0.0080 ...... 0.0062 ........ 0.0044
8-bit int #3 ......... 0.0052 ........ 0.0080 ...... 0.0062 ........ 0.0043
16-bit int #1 ........ 0.0089 ........ 0.0097 ...... 0.0069 ........ 0.0046
16-bit int #2 ........ 0.0075 ........ 0.0093 ...... 0.0063 ........ 0.0043
16-bit int #3 ........ 0.0075 ........ 0.0094 ...... 0.0062 ........ 0.0046
32-bit int #1 ........ 0.0086 ........ 0.0122 ...... 0.0063 ........ 0.0044
32-bit int #2 ........ 0.0087 ........ 0.0120 ...... 0.0066 ........ 0.0046
32-bit int #3 ........ 0.0086 ........ 0.0121 ...... 0.0060 ........ 0.0044
64-bit int #1 ........ 0.0096 ........ 0.0149 ...... 0.0060 ........ 0.0045
64-bit int #2 ........ 0.0096 ........ 0.0157 ...... 0.0062 ........ 0.0044
64-bit int #3 ........ 0.0096 ........ 0.0160 ...... 0.0063 ........ 0.0046
64-bit int #4 ........ 0.0097 ........ 0.0157 ...... 0.0061 ........ 0.0044
64-bit float #1 ...... 0.0079 ........ 0.0153 ...... 0.0056 ........ 0.0044
64-bit float #2 ...... 0.0079 ........ 0.0152 ...... 0.0057 ........ 0.0045
64-bit float #3 ...... 0.0079 ........ 0.0155 ...... 0.0057 ........ 0.0044
fix string #1 ........ 0.0010 ........ 0.0045 ...... 0.0071 ........ 0.0044
fix string #2 ........ 0.0048 ........ 0.0075 ...... 0.0070 ........ 0.0060
fix string #3 ........ 0.0048 ........ 0.0086 ...... 0.0068 ........ 0.0060
fix string #4 ........ 0.0050 ........ 0.0088 ...... 0.0070 ........ 0.0059
8-bit string #1 ...... 0.0081 ........ 0.0129 ...... 0.0069 ........ 0.0062
8-bit string #2 ...... 0.0086 ........ 0.0128 ...... 0.0069 ........ 0.0065
8-bit string #3 ...... 0.0086 ........ 0.0126 ...... 0.0115 ........ 0.0065
16-bit string #1 ..... 0.0105 ........ 0.0137 ...... 0.0128 ........ 0.0068
16-bit string #2 ..... 0.1510 ........ 0.1486 ...... 0.1526 ........ 0.1391
32-bit string ........ 0.1517 ........ 0.1475 ...... 0.1504 ........ 0.1370
wide char string #1 .. 0.0044 ........ 0.0085 ...... 0.0067 ........ 0.0057
wide char string #2 .. 0.0081 ........ 0.0125 ...... 0.0069 ........ 0.0063
8-bit binary #1 ........... I ............. I ........... F ............. I
8-bit binary #2 ........... I ............. I ........... F ............. I
8-bit binary #3 ........... I ............. I ........... F ............. I
16-bit binary ............. I ............. I ........... F ............. I
32-bit binary ............. I ............. I ........... F ............. I
fix array #1 ......... 0.0014 ........ 0.0059 ...... 0.0132 ........ 0.0055
fix array #2 ......... 0.0146 ........ 0.0156 ...... 0.0155 ........ 0.0148
fix array #3 ......... 0.0211 ........ 0.0229 ...... 0.0179 ........ 0.0180
16-bit array #1 ...... 0.0673 ........ 0.0498 ...... 0.0343 ........ 0.0388
16-bit array #2 ........... S ............. S ........... S ............. S
32-bit array .............. S ............. S ........... S ............. S
complex array ............. I ............. I ........... F ............. F
fix map #1 ................ I ............. I ........... F ............. I
fix map #2 ........... 0.0148 ........ 0.0180 ...... 0.0156 ........ 0.0179
fix map #3 ................ I ............. I ........... F ............. I
fix map #4 ........... 0.0252 ........ 0.0201 ...... 0.0214 ........ 0.0167
16-bit map #1 ........ 0.1027 ........ 0.0836 ...... 0.0388 ........ 0.0510
16-bit map #2 ............. S ............. S ........... S ............. S
32-bit map ................ S ............. S ........... S ............. S
complex map .......... 0.1104 ........ 0.1010 ...... 0.0556 ........ 0.0602
fixext 1 .................. I ............. I ........... F ............. F
fixext 2 .................. I ............. I ........... F ............. F
fixext 4 .................. I ............. I ........... F ............. F
fixext 8 .................. I ............. I ........... F ............. F
fixext 16 ................. I ............. I ........... F ............. F
8-bit ext ................. I ............. I ........... F ............. F
16-bit ext ................ I ............. I ........... F ............. F
32-bit ext ................ I ............. I ........... F ............. F
32-bit timestamp #1 ....... I ............. I ........... F ............. F
32-bit timestamp #2 ....... I ............. I ........... F ............. F
64-bit timestamp #1 ....... I ............. I ........... F ............. F
64-bit timestamp #2 ....... I ............. I ........... F ............. F
64-bit timestamp #3 ....... I ............. I ........... F ............. F
96-bit timestamp #1 ....... I ............. I ........... F ............. F
96-bit timestamp #2 ....... I ............. I ........... F ............. F
96-bit timestamp #3 ....... I ............. I ........... F ............. F
===========================================================================
Total 0.9642 1.0909 0.8224 0.7213
Skipped 4 4 4 4
Failed 0 0 24 17
Ignored 24 24 0 7
Note that the msgpack extension (v2.1.2) doesn't support ext, bin and UTF-8 str types.
License
The library is released under the MIT License. See the bundled LICENSE file for details.
Author: rybakit
Source Code: https://github.com/rybakit/msgpack.php
License: MIT License
1598839687
How native is React Native? | React Native vs Native App Development
If you are undertaking a mobile app development for your start-up or enterprise, you are likely wondering whether to use React Native. As a popular development framework, React Native helps you to develop near-native mobile apps. However, you are probably also wondering how close you can get to a native app by using React Native. How native is React Native?
In the article, we discuss the similarities between native mobile development and development using React Native. We also touch upon where they differ and how to bridge the gaps. Read on.
A brief introduction to React Native
Let’s briefly set the context first. We will briefly touch upon what React Native is and how it differs from earlier hybrid frameworks.
React Native is a popular JavaScript framework that Facebook has created. You can use this open-source framework to code natively rendering Android and iOS mobile apps. You can use it to develop web apps too.
Facebook has developed React Native based on React, its JavaScript library. The first release of React Native came in March 2015. At the time of writing this article, the latest stable release of React Native is 0.62.0, and it was released in March 2020.
Although relatively new, React Native has acquired a high degree of popularity. The “Stack Overflow Developer Survey 2019” report identifies it as the 8th most loved framework. Facebook, Walmart, and Bloomberg are some of the top companies that use React Native.
The popularity of React Native comes from its advantages. Some of its advantages are as follows:
- Performance: It delivers optimal performance.
- Cross-platform development: You can develop both Android and iOS apps with it. The reuse of code expedites development and reduces costs.
- UI design: React Native enables you to design simple and responsive UI for your mobile app.
- 3rd party plugins: This framework supports 3rd party plugins.
- Developer community: A vibrant community of developers support React Native.
Why React Native is fundamentally different from earlier hybrid frameworks
Are you wondering whether React Native is just another of those hybrid frameworks like Ionic or Cordova? It’s not! React Native is fundamentally different from these earlier hybrid frameworks.
React Native is very close to native. Consider the following aspects as described on the React Native website:
- Access to many native platforms features: The primitives of React Native render to native platform UI. This means that your React Native app will use many native platform APIs as native apps would do.
- Near-native user experience: React Native provides several native components, and these are platform agnostic.
- The ease of accessing native APIs: React Native uses a declarative UI paradigm. This enables React Native to interact easily with native platform APIs since React Native wraps existing native code.
Due to these factors, React Native offers many more advantages compared to those earlier hybrid frameworks. We now review them.
#android app #frontend #ios app #mobile app development #benefits of react native #is react native good for mobile app development #native vs #pros and cons of react native #react mobile development #react native development #react native experience #react native framework #react native ios vs android #react native pros and cons #react native vs android #react native vs native #react native vs native performance #react vs native #why react native #why use react native
1647540000
Substrate Knowledge Map For Hackathon Participants
Substrate Knowledge Map for Hackathon Participants
The Substrate Knowledge Map provides information that you—as a Substrate hackathon participant—need to know to develop a non-trivial application for your hackathon submission.
The map covers 6 main sections:
Each section contains basic information on each topic, with links to additional documentation for you to dig deeper. Within each section, you'll find a mix of quizzes and labs to test your knowledge as your progress through the map. The goal of the labs and quizzes is to help you consolidate what you've learned and put it to practice with some hands-on activities.
Introduction
One question we often get is why learn the Substrate framework when we can write smart contracts to build decentralized applications?
The short answer is that using the Substrate framework and writing smart contracts are two different approaches.
Smart contract development
Traditional smart contract platforms allow users to publish additional logic on top of some core blockchain logic. Since smart contract logic can be published by anyone, including malicious actors and inexperienced developers, there are a number of intentional safeguards and restrictions built around these public smart contract platforms. For example:
Fees: Smart contract developers must ensure that contract users are charged for the computation and storage they impose on the computers running their contract. With fees, block creators are protected from abuse of the network.
Sandboxed: A contract is not able to modify core blockchain storage or storage items of other contracts directly. Its power is limited to only modifying its own state, and the ability to make outside calls to other contracts or runtime functions.
Reversion: Contracts can be prone to undesirable situations that lead to logical errors when wanting to revert or upgrade them. Developers need to learn additional patterns such as splitting their contract's logic and data to ensure seamless upgrades.
These safeguards and restrictions make running smart contracts slower and more costly. However, it's important to consider the different developer audiences for contract development versus Substrate runtime development.
Building decentralized applications with smart contracts allows your community to extend and develop on top of your runtime logic without worrying about proposals, runtime upgrades, and so on. You can also use smart contracts as a testing ground for future runtime changes, but done in an isolated way that protects your network from any errors the changes might introduce.
In summary, smart contract development:
- Is inherently safer to the network.
- Provides economic incentives and transaction fee mechanisms that can't be directly controlled by the smart contract author.
- Provides computational overhead to support graceful logical failures.
- Has a low barrier to entry for developers and enables a faster pace of community interaction.
Substrate runtime development
Unlike traditional smart contract development, Substrate runtime development offers none of the network protections or safeguards. Instead, as a runtime developer, you have total control over how the blockchain behaves. However, this level of control also means that there is a higher barrier to entry.
Substrate is a framework for building blockchains, which almost makes comparing it to smart contract development like comparing apples and oranges. With the Substrate framework, developers can build smart contracts but that is only a fraction of using Substrate to its full potential.
With Substrate, you have full control over the underlying logic that your network's nodes will run. You also have full access for modifying and controlling each and every storage item across your runtime modules. As you progress through this map, you'll discover concepts and techniques that will help you to unlock the potential of the Substrate framework, giving you the freedom to build the blockchain that best suits the needs of your application.
You'll also discover how you can upgrade the Substrate runtime with a single transaction instead of having to organize a community hard-fork. Upgradeability is one of the primary design features of the Substrate framework.
In summary, runtime development:
- Provides low level access to your entire blockchain.
- Removes the overhead of built-in safety for performance.
- Has a higher barrier of entry for developers.
- Provides flexibility to customize full-stack application logic.
To learn more about using smart contracts within Substrate, refer to the Smart Contract - Overview page as well as the Polkadot Builders Guide.
Navigating the documentation
If you need any community support, please join the following channels based on the area where you need help:
- Substrate Technical channel on Discord or Element.
- ink! Smart Contract channel on Discord or Element
- Frontier EVM Compatibility channel on Discord or Element
- PolkatodJS API channel on Discord
Alternatively, also look for support on Stackoverflow where questions are tagged with "substrate" or on the Parity Subport repo.
Use the following links to explore the sites and resources available on each:
Substrate Developer Hub has the most comprehensive all-round coverage about Substrate, from a "big picture" explanation of architecture to specific technical concepts. The site also provides tutorials to guide you as your learn the Substrate framework and the API reference documentation. You should check this site first if you want to look up information about Substrate runtime development. The site consists of:
Knowledge Base: Explaining the foundational concepts of building blockchain runtimes using Substrate.
Tutorials: Hand-on tutorials for developers to follow. The first SIX tutorials show the fundamentals in Substrate and are recommended for every Substrate learner to go through.
How-to Guides: These resources are like the O'Reilly cookbook series written in a task-oriented way for readers to get the job done. Some examples of the topics overed include:
- Setting up proper weight functions for extrinsic calls.
- Using off-chain workers to fetch HTTP requests.
- Writing tests for your pallets It can also be read from
API docs: Substrate API reference documentation.
Substrate Node Template provides a light weight, minimal Substrate blockchain node that you can set up as a local development environment.
Substrate Front-end template provides a front-end interface built with React using Polkadot-JS API to connect to any Substrate node. Developers are encouraged to start new Substrate projects based on these templates.
If you face any technical difficulties and need support, feel free to join the Substrate Technical matrix channel and ask your questions there.
Additional resources
Polkadot Wiki documents the specific behavior and mechanisms of the Polkadot network. The Polkadot network allows multiple blockchains to connect and pass messages to each other. On the wiki, you can learn about how Polkadot—built using Substrate—is customized to support inter-blockchain message passing.
Polkadot JS API doc: documents how to use the Polkadot-JS API. This JavaScript-based API allows developers to build custom front-ends for their blockchains and applications. Polkadot JS API provides a way to connect to Substrate-based blockchains to query runtime metadata and send transactions.
Quiz #1
👉 Submit your answers to Quiz #1
Basics
Set up your local development environment
Here you will set up your local machine to install the Rust compiler—ensuring that you have both stable and nightly versions installed. Both stable and nightly versions are required because currently a Substrate runtime is compiled to a native binary using the stable Rust compiler, then compiled to a WebAssembly (WASM) binary, which only the nightly Rust compiler can do.
Also refer to:
Lab #1
👉 Complete Lab #1: Run a Substrate node
Interact with a Substrate network using Polkadot-JS apps
Polkadot JS Apps is the canonical front-end to interact with any Substrate-based chain.
You can configure whichever endpoint you want it to connected to, even to your localhost running node. Refer to the following two diagrams.
- Click on the top left side showing your currently connected network:
- Scroll to the bottom of the menu, open DEVELOPMENT, and choose either Local Node or Custom to specify your own endpoint.
Quiz #2
👉 Complete Quiz #2
Lab #2
👉 Complete Lab #2: Using Polkadot-JS Apps
Notes: If you are connecting Apps to a custom chain (or your locally-running node), you may need to specify your chain's custom data types in JSON under Settings > Developer.
Polkadot-JS Apps only receives a series of bytes from the blockchain. It is up to the developer to tell it how to decode and interpret these custom data type. To learn more on this, refer to:
You will also need to create an account. To do so, follow these steps on account generation. You'll learn that you can also use the Polkadot-JS Browser Plugin (a Metamask-like browser extension to manage your Substrate accounts) and it will automatically be imported into Polkadot-JS Apps.
Notes: When you run a Substrate chain in development mode (with the
--devflag), well-known accounts (Alice,Bob,Charlie, etc.) are always created for you.
Lab #3
👉 Complete Lab #3: Create an Account
Preliminaries
You need to know some Rust programming concepts and have a good understanding on how blockchain technology works in order to make the most of developing with Substrate. The following resources will help you brush up in these areas.
Rust
You will need familiarize yourself with Rust to understand how Substrate is built and how to make the most of its capabilities.
If you are new to Rust, or need a brush up on your Rust knowledge, please refer to The Rust Book. You could still continue learning about Substrate without knowing Rust, but we recommend you come back to this section whenever in doubt about what any of the Rust syntax you're looking at means. Here are the parts of the Rust book we recommend you familiarize yourself with:
- ch 1 - 10: These chapters cover the foundational knowledge of programming in Rust
- ch 13: On iterators and closures
- ch 18 - 19: On advanced traits and advanced types. Learn a bit about macros as well. You will not necessarily be writing your own macros, but you'll be using a lot of Substrate and FRAME's built-in macros to write your blockchain runtime.
How blockchains work
Given that you'll be writing a blockchain runtime, you need to know what a blockchain is, and how it works. The **Web3 Blockchain Fundamental MOOC Youtube video series provides a good basis for understanding key blockchain concepts and how blockchains work.
The lectures we recommend you watch are: lectures 1 - 7 and lecture 10. That's 8 lectures, or about 4 hours of video.
Quiz #3
👉 Complete Quiz #3
Substrate runtime development
High level architecture
To know more about the high level architecture of Substrate, please go through the Knowledge Base articles on Getting Started: Overview and Getting Started: Architecture.
In this document, we assume you will develop a Substrate runtime with FRAME (v2). This is what a Substrate node consists of.
Each node has many components that manage things like the transaction queue, communicating over a P2P network, reaching consensus on the state of the blockchain, and the chain's actual runtime logic (aka the blockchain runtime). Each aspect of the node is interesting in its own right, and the runtime is particularly interesting because it contains the business logic (aka "state transition function") that codifies the chain's functionality. The runtime contains a collection of pallets that are configured to work together.
On the node level, Substrate leverages libp2p for the p2p networking layer and puts the transaction pool, consensus mechanism, and underlying data storage (a key-value database) on the node level. These components all work "under the hood", and in this knowledge map we won't cover them in detail except for mentioning their existence.
Quiz #4
👉 Complete Quiz #4
Runtime development topics
In our Developer Hub, we have a thorough coverage on various subjects you need to know to develop with Substrate. So here we just list out the key topics and reference back to Developer Hub. Please go through the following key concepts and the directed resources to know the fundamentals of runtime development.
Key Concept: Runtime, this is where the blockchain state transition function (the blockchain application-specific logic) is defined. It is about composing multiple pallets (can be understood as Rust modules) together in the runtime and hooking them up together.
Runtime Development: Execution, this article describes how a block is produced, and how transactions are selected and executed to reach the next "stage" in the blockchain.
Runtime Develpment: Pallets, this article describes what the basic structure of a Substrate pallet is consists of.
Runtime Development: FRAME, this article gives a high level overview of the system pallets Substrate already implements to help you quickly develop as a runtime engineer. Have a quick skim so you have a basic idea of the different pallets Substrate is made of.
Lab #4
👉 Complete Lab #4: Adding a Pallet into a Runtime
Runtime Development: Storage, this article describes how data is stored on-chain and how you could access them.
Runtime Development: Events & Errors, this page describe how external parties know what has happened in the blockchain, via the emitted events and errors when executing transactions.
Notes: All of the above concepts we leverage on the
#[pallet::*]macro to define them in the code. If you are interested to learn more about what other types of pallet macros exist go to the FRAME macro API documentation and this doc on some frequently used Substrate macros.
Lab #5
👉 Complete Lab #5: Building a Proof-of-Existence dApp
- Writing Tests for Your Pallet: learn to build up a mock runtime and write test cases for your pallet logics.
Lab #6
👉 Complete Lab #6: Building a Substrate Kitties dApp
Quiz #5
👉 Complete Quiz #5
Polkadot JS API
Polkadot JS API is the javascript API for Substrate. By using it you can build a javascript front end or utility and interact with any Substrate-based blockchain.
The Substrate Front-end Template is an example of using Polkadot JS API in a React front-end.
- Runtime Development: Metadata, this article describes the API allowing external parties to query what API is open for the chain. Polkadot JS API makes use of a chain's metadata to know what queries and functions are available from a chain to call.
Lab #7
👉 Complete Lab #7: Using Polkadot-JS API
Quiz #6
👉 Complete Quiz #6: Using Polkadot-JS API
Smart contracts
Learn about the difference between smart contract development vs Substrate runtime development, and when to use each here.
In Substrate, you can program smart contracts using ink!.
- Learn about smart contract development in Substrate
- Learn about Smart contract development using ink!
Quiz #7
👉 Complete Quiz #7: Using ink!
What we do not cover
A lot 😄
On-chain runtime upgrades. We have a tutorial on On-chain (forkless) Runtime Upgrade. This tutorial introduces how to perform and schedule a runtime upgrade as an on-chain transaction.
About transaction weight and fee, and benchmarking your runtime to determine the proper transaction cost.
There are certain limits to on-chain logic. For instance, computation cannot be too intensive that it affects the block output time, and computation must be deterministic. This means that computation that relies on external data fetching cannot be done on-chain. In Substrate, developers can run these types of computation off-chain and have the result sent back on-chain via extrinsics.
Tightly- and Loosely-coupled pallets, calling one pallet's functions from another pallet via trait specification.
Blockchain Consensus Mechansim, and a guide on customizing it to proof-of-work here.
Parachains: one key feature of Substrate is the capability of becoming a parachain for relay chains like Polkadot. You can develop your own application-specific logic in your chain and rely on the validator community of the relay chain to secure your network, instead of building another validator community yourself. Learn more with the following resources:
- Cross-chain Message Passing (XCMP), how parachain and relay-chain communicate to each others
- Workshop: Using cumulus to build your parachain
Terms clarification
- Substrate: the blockchain development framework built for writing highly customized, domain-specific blockchains.
- Polkadot: Polkadot is the relay chain blockchain, built with Substrate.
- Kusama: Kusama is Polkadot's canary network, used to launch features before these features are launched on Polkadot. You could view it as a beta-network with real economic value where the state of the blockchain is never reset.
- Web 3.0: is the decentralized internet ecosystem that, instead of apps being centrally stored in a few servers and managed by a sovereign party, it is an open, trustless, and permissionless network when apps are not controlled by a centralized entity.
- Web3 Foundation: A foundation setup to support the development of decentralized web software protocols. Learn more about what they do on thier website.
Others
Author: substrate-developer-hub
Source Code: https://github.com/substrate-developer-hub/hackathon-knowledge-map
License:
1655019480
Learning-v8: Project for Learning V8 internals
Learning Google V8
The sole purpose of this project is to aid me in leaning Google's V8 JavaScript engine
Isolate
An Isolate is an independant copy of the V8 runtime which includes its own heap. Two different Isolates can run in parallel and can be seen as entirely different sandboxed instances of a V8 runtime.
Context
To allow separate JavaScript applications to run in the same isolate a context must be specified for each one. This is to avoid them interfering with each other, for example by changing the builtin objects provided.
Template
This is the super class of both ObjecTemplate and FunctionTemplate. Remember that in JavaScript a function can have fields just like objects.
class V8_EXPORT Template : public Data {
public:
void Set(Local<Name> name, Local<Data> value,
PropertyAttribute attributes = None);
void SetPrivate(Local<Private> name, Local<Data> value,
PropertyAttribute attributes = None);
V8_INLINE void Set(Isolate* isolate, const char* name, Local<Data> value);
void SetAccessorProperty(
Local<Name> name,
Local<FunctionTemplate> getter = Local<FunctionTemplate>(),
Local<FunctionTemplate> setter = Local<FunctionTemplate>(),
PropertyAttribute attribute = None,
AccessControl settings = DEFAULT);
The Set function can be used to have an name and a value set on an instance created from this template. The SetAccessorProperty is for properties that are get/set using functions.
enum PropertyAttribute {
/** None. **/
None = 0,
/** ReadOnly, i.e., not writable. **/
ReadOnly = 1 << 0,
/** DontEnum, i.e., not enumerable. **/
DontEnum = 1 << 1,
/** DontDelete, i.e., not configurable. **/
DontDelete = 1 << 2
};
enum AccessControl {
DEFAULT = 0,
ALL_CAN_READ = 1,
ALL_CAN_WRITE = 1 << 1,
PROHIBITS_OVERWRITING = 1 << 2
};
ObjectTemplate
These allow you to create JavaScript objects without a dedicated constructor. When an instance is created using an ObjectTemplate the new instance will have the properties and functions configured on the ObjectTemplate.
This would be something like:
const obj = {};
This class is declared in include/v8.h and extends Template:
class V8_EXPORT ObjectTemplate : public Template {
...
}
class V8_EXPORT Template : public Data {
...
}
class V8_EXPORT Data {
private:
Data();
};
We create an instance of ObjectTemplate and we can add properties to it that all instance created using this ObjectTemplate instance will have. This is done by calling Set which is member of the Template class. You specify a Local for the property. Name is a superclass for Symbol and String which can be both be used as names for a property.
The implementation for Set can be found in src/api/api.cc:
void Template::Set(v8::Local<Name> name, v8::Local<Data> value, v8::PropertyAttribute attribute) {
...
i::ApiNatives::AddDataProperty(isolate, templ, Utils::OpenHandle(*name),
value_obj,
static_cast<i::PropertyAttributes>(attribute));
}
There is an example in objecttemplate_test.cc
FunctionTemplate
Is a template that is used to create functions and like ObjectTemplate it inherits from Template:
class V8_EXPORT FunctionTemplate : public Template {
}
Rememeber that a function in javascript can have properties just like object.
There is an example in functiontemplate_test.cc
An instance of a function template can be created using:
Local<FunctionTemplate> ft = FunctionTemplate::New(isolate_, function_callback, data);
Local<Function> function = ft->GetFunction(context).ToLocalChecked();
And the function can be called using:
MaybeLocal<Value> ret = function->Call(context, recv, 0, nullptr);
Function::Call can be found in src/api/api.cc:
bool has_pending_exception = false;
auto self = Utils::OpenHandle(this);
i::Handle<i::Object> recv_obj = Utils::OpenHandle(*recv);
i::Handle<i::Object>* args = reinterpret_cast<i::Handle<i::Object>*>(argv);
Local<Value> result;
has_pending_exception = !ToLocal<Value>(
i::Execution::Call(isolate, self, recv_obj, argc, args), &result);
Notice that the return value of Call which is a MaybeHandle<Object> will be passed to ToLocal which is defined in api.h:
template <class T>
inline bool ToLocal(v8::internal::MaybeHandle<v8::internal::Object> maybe,
Local<T>* local) {
v8::internal::Handle<v8::internal::Object> handle;
if (maybe.ToHandle(&handle)) {
*local = Utils::Convert<v8::internal::Object, T>(handle);
return true;
}
return false;
So lets take a look at Execution::Call which can be found in execution/execution.cc and it calls:
return Invoke(isolate, InvokeParams::SetUpForCall(isolate, callable, receiver, argc, argv));
SetUpForCall will return an InvokeParams. TODO: Take a closer look at InvokeParams.
V8_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT MaybeHandle<Object> Invoke(Isolate* isolate,
const InvokeParams& params) {
Handle<Object> receiver = params.is_construct
? isolate->factory()->the_hole_value()
: params.receiver;
In our case is_construct is false as we are not using new and the receiver, the this in the function should be set to the receiver that we passed in. After that we have Builtins::InvokeApiFunction
auto value = Builtins::InvokeApiFunction(
isolate, params.is_construct, function, receiver, params.argc,
params.argv, Handle<HeapObject>::cast(params.new_target));
result = HandleApiCallHelper<false>(isolate, function, new_target,
fun_data, receiver, arguments);
api-arguments-inl.h has:
FunctionCallbackArguments::Call(CallHandlerInfo handler) {
...
ExternalCallbackScope call_scope(isolate, FUNCTION_ADDR(f));
FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value> info(values_, argv_, argc_);
f(info);
return GetReturnValue<Object>(isolate);
}
The call to f(info) is what invokes the callback, which is just a normal function call.
Back in HandleApiCallHelper we have:
Handle<Object> result = custom.Call(call_data);
RETURN_EXCEPTION_IF_SCHEDULED_EXCEPTION(isolate, Object);
RETURN_EXCEPTION_IF_SCHEDULED_EXCEPTION expands to:
Handle<Object> result = custom.Call(call_data);
do {
Isolate* __isolate__ = (isolate);
((void) 0);
if (__isolate__->has_scheduled_exception()) {
__isolate__->PromoteScheduledException();
return MaybeHandle<Object>();
}
} while (false);
Notice that if there was an exception an empty object is returned. Later in Invoke in execution.cca:
auto value = Builtins::InvokeApiFunction(
isolate, params.is_construct, function, receiver, params.argc,
params.argv, Handle<HeapObject>::cast(params.new_target));
bool has_exception = value.is_null();
if (has_exception) {
if (params.message_handling == Execution::MessageHandling::kReport) {
isolate->ReportPendingMessages();
}
return MaybeHandle<Object>();
} else {
isolate->clear_pending_message();
}
return value;
Looking at this is looks like passing back an empty object will cause an exception to be triggered?
Address
Address can be found in include/v8-internal.h:
typedef uintptr_t Address;
uintptr_t is an optional type specified in cstdint and is capable of storing a data pointer. It is an unsigned integer type that any valid pointer to void can be converted to this type (and back).
TaggedImpl
This class is declared in `src/objects/tagged-impl.h and has a single private member which is declared as:
public
constexpr StorageType ptr() const { return ptr_; }
private:
StorageType ptr_;
An instance can be created using:
i::TaggedImpl<i::HeapObjectReferenceType::STRONG, i::Address> tagged{};
Storage type can also be Tagged_t which is defined in globals.h:
using Tagged_t = uint32_t;
It looks like it can be a different value when using pointer compression.
See tagged_test.cc for an example.
Object
This class extends TaggedImpl:
class Object : public TaggedImpl<HeapObjectReferenceType::STRONG, Address> {
An Object can be created using the default constructor, or by passing in an Address which will delegate to TaggedImpl constructors. Object itself does not have any members (apart from ptr_ which is inherited from TaggedImpl that is). So if we create an Object on the stack this is like a pointer/reference to an object:
+------+
|Object|
|------|
|ptr_ |---->
+------+
Now, ptr_ is a StorageType so it could be a Smi in which case it would just contains the value directly, for example a small integer:
+------+
|Object|
|------|
| 18 |
+------+
See object_test.cc for an example.
ObjectSlot
i::Object obj{18};
i::FullObjectSlot slot{&obj};
+----------+ +---------+
|ObjectSlot| | Object |
|----------| |---------|
| address | ---> | 18 |
+----------+ +---------+
See objectslot_test.cc for an example.
Maybe
A Maybe is like an optional which can either hold a value or nothing.
template <class T>
class Maybe {
public:
V8_INLINE bool IsNothing() const { return !has_value_; }
V8_INLINE bool IsJust() const { return has_value_; }
...
private:
bool has_value_;
T value_;
}
I first thought that name Just was a little confusing but if you read this like:
bool cond = true;
Maybe<int> maybe = cond ? Just<int>(10) : Nothing<int>();
I think it makes more sense. There are functions that check if the Maybe is nothing and crash the process if so. You can also check and return the value by using FromJust.
The usage of Maybe is where api calls can fail and returning Nothing is a way of signaling this.
See maybe_test.cc for an example.
MaybeLocal
template <class T>
class MaybeLocal {
public:
V8_INLINE MaybeLocal() : val_(nullptr) {}
V8_INLINE Local<T> ToLocalChecked();
V8_INLINE bool IsEmpty() const { return val_ == nullptr; }
template <class S>
V8_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT V8_INLINE bool ToLocal(Local<S>* out) const {
out->val_ = IsEmpty() ? nullptr : this->val_;
return !IsEmpty();
}
private:
T* val_;
ToLocalChecked will crash the process if val_ is a nullptr. If you want to avoid a crash one can use ToLocal.
See maybelocal_test.cc for an example.
Data
Is the super class of all objects that can exist the V8 heap:
class V8_EXPORT Data {
private:
Data();
};
Value
Value extends Data and adds a number of methods that check if a Value is of a certain type, like IsUndefined(), IsNull, IsNumber etc. It also has useful methods to convert to a Local, for example:
V8_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT MaybeLocal<Number> ToNumber(Local<Context> context) const;
V8_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT MaybeLocal<String> ToNumber(Local<String> context) const;
...
Handle
A Handle is similar to a Object and ObjectSlot in that it also contains an Address member (called location_ and declared in HandleBase), but with the difference is that Handles acts as a layer of abstraction and can be relocated by the garbage collector. Can be found in src/handles/handles.h.
class HandleBase {
...
protected:
Address* location_;
}
template <typename T>
class Handle final : public HandleBase {
...
}
+----------+ +--------+ +---------+
| Handle | | Object | | int |
|----------| +-----+ |--------| |---------|
|*location_| ---> |&ptr_| --> | ptr_ | -----> | 5 |
+----------+ +-----+ +--------+ +---------+
(gdb) p handle
$8 = {<v8::internal::HandleBase> = {location_ = 0x7ffdf81d60c0}, <No data fields>}
Notice that location_ contains a pointer:
(gdb) p /x *(int*)0x7ffdf81d60c0
$9 = 0xa9d330
And this is the same as the value in obj:
(gdb) p /x obj.ptr_
$14 = 0xa9d330
And we can access the int using any of the pointers:
(gdb) p /x *value
$16 = 0x5
(gdb) p /x *obj.ptr_
$17 = 0x5
(gdb) p /x *(int*)0x7ffdf81d60c0
$18 = 0xa9d330
(gdb) p /x *(*(int*)0x7ffdf81d60c0)
$19 = 0x5
See handle_test.cc for an example.
HandleScope
Contains a number of Local/Handle's (think pointers to objects but is managed by V8) and will take care of deleting the Local/Handles for us. HandleScopes are stack allocated
When ~HandleScope is called all handles created within that scope are removed from the stack maintained by the HandleScope which makes objects to which the handles point being eligible for deletion from the heap by the GC.
A HandleScope only has three members:
internal::Isolate* isolate_;
internal::Address* prev_next_;
internal::Address* prev_limit_;
Lets take a closer look at what happens when we construct a HandleScope:
v8::HandleScope handle_scope{isolate_};
The constructor call will end up in src/api/api.cc and the constructor simply delegates to Initialize:
HandleScope::HandleScope(Isolate* isolate) { Initialize(isolate); }
void HandleScope::Initialize(Isolate* isolate) {
i::Isolate* internal_isolate = reinterpret_cast<i::Isolate*>(isolate);
...
i::HandleScopeData* current = internal_isolate->handle_scope_data();
isolate_ = internal_isolate;
prev_next_ = current->next;
prev_limit_ = current->limit;
current->level++;
}
Every v8::internal::Isolate has member of type HandleScopeData:
HandleScopeData* handle_scope_data() { return &handle_scope_data_; }
HandleScopeData handle_scope_data_;
HandleScopeData is a struct defined in src/handles/handles.h:
struct HandleScopeData final {
Address* next;
Address* limit;
int level;
int sealed_level;
CanonicalHandleScope* canonical_scope;
void Initialize() {
next = limit = nullptr;
sealed_level = level = 0;
canonical_scope = nullptr;
}
};
Notice that there are two pointers (Address*) to next and a limit. When a HandleScope is Initialized the current handle_scope_data will be retrieved from the internal isolate. The HandleScope instance that is getting created stores the next/limit pointers of the current isolate so that they can be restored when this HandleScope is closed (see CloseScope).
So with a HandleScope created, how does a Local interact with this instance?
When a Local is created this will/might go through FactoryBase::NewStruct which will allocate a new Map and then create a Handle for the InstanceType being created:
Handle<Struct> str = handle(Struct::cast(result), isolate());
This will land in the constructor Handlesrc/handles/handles-inl.h
template <typename T>
Handle<T>::Handle(T object, Isolate* isolate): HandleBase(object.ptr(), isolate) {}
HandleBase::HandleBase(Address object, Isolate* isolate)
: location_(HandleScope::GetHandle(isolate, object)) {}
Notice that object.ptr() is used to pass the Address to HandleBase. And also notice that HandleBase sets its location_ to the result of HandleScope::GetHandle.
Address* HandleScope::GetHandle(Isolate* isolate, Address value) {
DCHECK(AllowHandleAllocation::IsAllowed());
HandleScopeData* data = isolate->handle_scope_data();
CanonicalHandleScope* canonical = data->canonical_scope;
return canonical ? canonical->Lookup(value) : CreateHandle(isolate, value);
}
Which will call CreateHandle in this case and this function will retrieve the current isolate's handle_scope_data:
HandleScopeData* data = isolate->handle_scope_data();
Address* result = data->next;
if (result == data->limit) {
result = Extend(isolate);
}
In this case both next and limit will be 0x0 so Extend will be called. Extend will also get the isolates handle_scope_data and check the current level and after that get the isolates HandleScopeImplementer:
HandleScopeImplementer* impl = isolate->handle_scope_implementer();
HandleScopeImplementer is declared in src/api/api.h
HandleScope:CreateHandle will get the handle_scope_data from the isolate:
Address* HandleScope::CreateHandle(Isolate* isolate, Address value) {
HandleScopeData* data = isolate->handle_scope_data();
if (result == data->limit) {
result = Extend(isolate);
}
// Update the current next field, set the value in the created handle,
// and return the result.
data->next = reinterpret_cast<Address*>(reinterpret_cast<Address>(result) + sizeof(Address));
*result = value;
return result;
}
Notice that data->next is set to the address passed in + the size of an Address.
The destructor for HandleScope will call CloseScope. See handlescope_test.cc for an example.
EscapableHandleScope
Local handles are located on the stack and are deleted when the appropriate destructor is called. If there is a local HandleScope then it will take care of this when the scope returns. When there are no references left to a handle it can be garbage collected. This means if a function has a HandleScope and wants to return a handle/local it will not be available after the function returns. This is what EscapableHandleScope is for, it enable the value to be placed in the enclosing handle scope to allow it to survive. When the enclosing HandleScope goes out of scope it will be cleaned up.
class V8_EXPORT EscapableHandleScope : public HandleScope {
public:
explicit EscapableHandleScope(Isolate* isolate);
V8_INLINE ~EscapableHandleScope() = default;
template <class T>
V8_INLINE Local<T> Escape(Local<T> value) {
internal::Address* slot = Escape(reinterpret_cast<internal::Address*>(*value));
return Local<T>(reinterpret_cast<T*>(slot));
}
template <class T>
V8_INLINE MaybeLocal<T> EscapeMaybe(MaybeLocal<T> value) {
return Escape(value.FromMaybe(Local<T>()));
}
private:
...
internal::Address* escape_slot_;
};
From api.cc
EscapableHandleScope::EscapableHandleScope(Isolate* v8_isolate) {
i::Isolate* isolate = reinterpret_cast<i::Isolate*>(v8_isolate);
escape_slot_ = CreateHandle(isolate, i::ReadOnlyRoots(isolate).the_hole_value().ptr());
Initialize(v8_isolate);
}
So when an EscapableHandleScope is created it will create a handle with the hole value and store it in the escape_slot_ which is of type Address. This Handle will be created in the current HandleScope, and EscapableHandleScope can later set a value for that pointer/address which it want to be escaped. Later when that HandleScope goes out of scope it will be cleaned up. It then calls Initialize just like a normal HandleScope would.
i::Address* HandleScope::CreateHandle(i::Isolate* isolate, i::Address value) {
return i::HandleScope::CreateHandle(isolate, value);
}
From handles-inl.h:
Address* HandleScope::CreateHandle(Isolate* isolate, Address value) {
DCHECK(AllowHandleAllocation::IsAllowed());
HandleScopeData* data = isolate->handle_scope_data();
Address* result = data->next;
if (result == data->limit) {
result = Extend(isolate);
}
// Update the current next field, set the value in the created handle,
// and return the result.
DCHECK_LT(reinterpret_cast<Address>(result),
reinterpret_cast<Address>(data->limit));
data->next = reinterpret_cast<Address*>(reinterpret_cast<Address>(result) +
sizeof(Address));
*result = value;
return result;
}
When Escape is called the following happens (v8.h):
template <class T>
V8_INLINE Local<T> Escape(Local<T> value) {
internal::Address* slot = Escape(reinterpret_cast<internal::Address*>(*value));
return Local<T>(reinterpret_cast<T*>(slot));
}
An the EscapeableHandleScope::Escape (api.cc):
i::Address* EscapableHandleScope::Escape(i::Address* escape_value) {
i::Heap* heap = reinterpret_cast<i::Isolate*>(GetIsolate())->heap();
Utils::ApiCheck(i::Object(*escape_slot_).IsTheHole(heap->isolate()),
"EscapableHandleScope::Escape", "Escape value set twice");
if (escape_value == nullptr) {
*escape_slot_ = i::ReadOnlyRoots(heap).undefined_value().ptr();
return nullptr;
}
*escape_slot_ = *escape_value;
return escape_slot_;
}
If the escape_value is null, the escape_slot that is a pointer into the parent HandleScope is set to the undefined_value() instead of the hole value which is was previously, and nullptr will be returned. This returned address/pointer will then be returned after being casted to T*. Next, we take a look at what happens when the EscapableHandleScope goes out of scope. This will call HandleScope::~HandleScope which makes sense as any other Local handles should be cleaned up.
Escape copies the value of its argument into the enclosing scope, deletes alli its local handles, and then gives back the new handle copy which can safely be returned.
HeapObject
TODO:
Local
Has a single member val_ which is of type pointer to T:
template <class T> class Local {
...
private:
T* val_
}
Notice that this is a pointer to T. We could create a local using:
v8::Local<v8::Value> empty_value;
So a Local contains a pointer to type T. We can access this pointer using operator-> and operator*.
We can cast from a subtype to a supertype using Local::Cast:
v8::Local<v8::Number> nr = v8::Local<v8::Number>(v8::Number::New(isolate_, 12));
v8::Local<v8::Value> val = v8::Local<v8::Value>::Cast(nr);
And there is also the
v8::Local<v8::Value> val2 = nr.As<v8::Value>();
See local_test.cc for an example.
PrintObject
Using _v8_internal_Print_Object from c++:
$ nm -C libv8_monolith.a | grep Print_Object
0000000000000000 T _v8_internal_Print_Object(void*)
Notice that this function does not have a namespace. We can use this as:
extern void _v8_internal_Print_Object(void* object);
_v8_internal_Print_Object(*((v8::internal::Object**)(*global)));
Lets take a closer look at the above:
v8::internal::Object** gl = ((v8::internal::Object**)(*global));
We use the dereference operator to get the value of a Local (*global), which is just of type T*, a pointer to the type the Local:
template <class T>
class Local {
...
private:
T* val_;
}
We are then casting that to be of type pointer-to-pointer to Object.
gl** Object* Object
+-----+ +------+ +-------+
| |----->| |----->| |
+-----+ +------+ +-------+
An instance of v8::internal::Object only has a single data member which is a field named ptr_ of type Address:
src/objects/objects.h:
class Object : public TaggedImpl<HeapObjectReferenceType::STRONG, Address> {
public:
constexpr Object() : TaggedImpl(kNullAddress) {}
explicit constexpr Object(Address ptr) : TaggedImpl(ptr) {}
#define IS_TYPE_FUNCTION_DECL(Type) \
V8_INLINE bool Is##Type() const; \
V8_INLINE bool Is##Type(const Isolate* isolate) const;
OBJECT_TYPE_LIST(IS_TYPE_FUNCTION_DECL)
HEAP_OBJECT_TYPE_LIST(IS_TYPE_FUNCTION_DECL)
IS_TYPE_FUNCTION_DECL(HashTableBase)
IS_TYPE_FUNCTION_DECL(SmallOrderedHashTable)
#undef IS_TYPE_FUNCTION_DECL
V8_INLINE bool IsNumber(ReadOnlyRoots roots) const;
}
Lets take a look at one of these functions and see how it is implemented. For example in the OBJECT_TYPE_LIST we have:
#define OBJECT_TYPE_LIST(V) \
V(LayoutDescriptor) \
V(Primitive) \
V(Number) \
V(Numeric)
So the object class will have a function that looks like:
inline bool IsNumber() const;
inline bool IsNumber(const Isolate* isolate) const;
And in src/objects/objects-inl.h we will have the implementations:
bool Object::IsNumber() const {
return IsHeapObject() && HeapObject::cast(*this).IsNumber();
}
IsHeapObject is defined in TaggedImpl:
constexpr inline bool IsHeapObject() const { return IsStrong(); }
constexpr inline bool IsStrong() const {
#if V8_HAS_CXX14_CONSTEXPR
DCHECK_IMPLIES(!kCanBeWeak, !IsSmi() == HAS_STRONG_HEAP_OBJECT_TAG(ptr_));
#endif
return kCanBeWeak ? HAS_STRONG_HEAP_OBJECT_TAG(ptr_) : !IsSmi();
}
The macro can be found in src/common/globals.h:
#define HAS_STRONG_HEAP_OBJECT_TAG(value) \
(((static_cast<i::Tagged_t>(value) & ::i::kHeapObjectTagMask) == \
::i::kHeapObjectTag))
So we are casting ptr_ which is of type Address into type Tagged_t which is defined in src/common/global.h and can be different depending on if compressed pointers are used or not. If they are not supported it is the same as Address:
using Tagged_t = Address;
src/objects/tagged-impl.h:
template <HeapObjectReferenceType kRefType, typename StorageType>
class TaggedImpl {
StorageType ptr_;
}
The HeapObjectReferenceType can be either WEAK or STRONG. And the storage type is Address in this case. So Object itself only has one member that is inherited from its only super class and this is ptr_.
So the following is telling the compiler to treat the value of our Local, *global, as a pointer (which it already is) to a pointer that points to a memory location that adhers to the layout of an v8::internal::Object type, which we know now has a prt_ member. And we want to dereference it and pass it into the function.
_v8_internal_Print_Object(*((v8::internal::Object**)(*global)));
ObjectTemplate
But I'm still missing the connection between ObjectTemplate and object. When we create it we use:
Local<ObjectTemplate> global = ObjectTemplate::New(isolate);
In src/api/api.cc we have:
static Local<ObjectTemplate> ObjectTemplateNew(
i::Isolate* isolate, v8::Local<FunctionTemplate> constructor,
bool do_not_cache) {
i::Handle<i::Struct> struct_obj = isolate->factory()->NewStruct(
i::OBJECT_TEMPLATE_INFO_TYPE, i::AllocationType::kOld);
i::Handle<i::ObjectTemplateInfo> obj = i::Handle<i::ObjectTemplateInfo>::cast(struct_obj);
InitializeTemplate(obj, Consts::OBJECT_TEMPLATE);
int next_serial_number = 0;
if (!constructor.IsEmpty())
obj->set_constructor(*Utils::OpenHandle(*constructor));
obj->set_data(i::Smi::zero());
return Utils::ToLocal(obj);
}
What is a Struct in this context?src/objects/struct.h
#include "torque-generated/class-definitions-tq.h"
class Struct : public TorqueGeneratedStruct<Struct, HeapObject> {
public:
inline void InitializeBody(int object_size);
void BriefPrintDetails(std::ostream& os);
TQ_OBJECT_CONSTRUCTORS(Struct)
Notice that the include is specifying torque-generated include which can be found out/x64.release_gcc/gen/torque-generated/class-definitions-tq. So, somewhere there must be an call to the torque executable which generates the Code Stub Assembler C++ headers and sources before compiling the main source files. There is and there is a section about this in Building V8. The macro TQ_OBJECT_CONSTRUCTORS can be found in src/objects/object-macros.h and expands to:
constexpr Struct() = default;
protected:
template <typename TFieldType, int kFieldOffset>
friend class TaggedField;
inline explicit Struct(Address ptr);
So what does the TorqueGeneratedStruct look like?
template <class D, class P>
class TorqueGeneratedStruct : public P {
public:
Where D is Struct and P is HeapObject in this case. But the above is the declartion of the type but what we have in the .h file is what was generated.
This type is defined in src/objects/struct.tq:
@abstract
@generatePrint
@generateCppClass
extern class Struct extends HeapObject {
}
NewStruct can be found in src/heap/factory-base.cc
template <typename Impl>
HandleFor<Impl, Struct> FactoryBase<Impl>::NewStruct(
InstanceType type, AllocationType allocation) {
Map map = Map::GetStructMap(read_only_roots(), type);
int size = map.instance_size();
HeapObject result = AllocateRawWithImmortalMap(size, allocation, map);
HandleFor<Impl, Struct> str = handle(Struct::cast(result), isolate());
str->InitializeBody(size);
return str;
}
Every object that is stored on the v8 heap has a Map (src/objects/map.h) that describes the structure of the object being stored.
class Map : public HeapObject {
1725 return Utils::ToLocal(obj);
(gdb) p obj
$6 = {<v8::internal::HandleBase> = {location_ = 0x30b5160}, <No data fields>}
So this is the connection, what we see as a Local is a HandleBase. TODO: dig into this some more when I have time.
(lldb) expr gl
(v8::internal::Object **) $0 = 0x00000000020ee160
(lldb) memory read -f x -s 8 -c 1 gl
0x020ee160: 0x00000aee081c0121
(lldb) memory read -f x -s 8 -c 1 *gl
0xaee081c0121: 0x0200000002080433
You can reload .lldbinit using the following command:
(lldb) command source ~/.lldbinit
This can be useful when debugging a lldb command. You can set a breakpoint and break at that location and make updates to the command and reload without having to restart lldb.
Currently, the lldb-commands.py that ships with v8 contains an extra operation of the parameter pased to ptr_arg_cmd:
def ptr_arg_cmd(debugger, name, param, cmd):
if not param:
print("'{}' requires an argument".format(name))
return
param = '(void*)({})'.format(param)
no_arg_cmd(debugger, cmd.format(param))
Notice that param is the object that we want to print, for example lets say it is a local named obj:
param = "(void*)(obj)"
This will then be "passed"/formatted into the command string:
"_v8_internal_Print_Object(*(v8::internal::Object**)(*(void*)(obj))")
Threads
V8 is single threaded (the execution of the functions of the stack) but there are supporting threads used for garbage collection, profiling (IC, and perhaps other things) (I think). Lets see what threads there are:
$ LD_LIBRARY_PATH=../v8_src/v8/out/x64.release_gcc/ lldb ./hello-world
(lldb) br s -n main
(lldb) r
(lldb) thread list
thread #1: tid = 0x2efca6, 0x0000000100001e16 hello-world`main(argc=1, argv=0x00007fff5fbfee98) + 38 at hello-world.cc:40, queue = 'com.apple.main-thread', stop reason = breakpoint 1.1
So at startup there is only one thread which is what we expected. Lets skip ahead to where we create the platform:
Platform* platform = platform::CreateDefaultPlatform();
...
DefaultPlatform* platform = new DefaultPlatform(idle_task_support, tracing_controller);
platform->SetThreadPoolSize(thread_pool_size);
(lldb) fr v thread_pool_size
(int) thread_pool_size = 0
Next there is a check for 0 and the number of processors -1 is used as the size of the thread pool:
(lldb) fr v thread_pool_size
(int) thread_pool_size = 7
This is all that SetThreadPoolSize does. After this we have:
platform->EnsureInitialized();
for (int i = 0; i < thread_pool_size_; ++i)
thread_pool_.push_back(new WorkerThread(&queue_));
new WorkerThread will create a new pthread (on my system which is MacOSX):
result = pthread_create(&data_->thread_, &attr, ThreadEntry, this);
ThreadEntry can be found in src/base/platform/platform-posix.
International Component for Unicode (ICU)
International Components for Unicode (ICU) deals with internationalization (i18n). ICU provides support locale-sensitve string comparisons, date/time/number/currency formatting etc.
There is an optional API called ECMAScript 402 which V8 suppports and which is enabled by default. i18n-support says that even if your application does not use ICU you still need to call InitializeICU :
V8::InitializeICU();
Local
Local<String> script_name = ...;
So what is script_name. Well it is an object reference that is managed by the v8 GC. The GC needs to be able to move things (pointers around) and also track if things should be GC'd. Local handles as opposed to persistent handles are light weight and mostly used local operations. These handles are managed by HandleScopes so you must have a handlescope on the stack and the local is only valid as long as the handlescope is valid. This uses Resource Acquisition Is Initialization (RAII) so when the HandleScope instance goes out of scope it will remove all the Local instances.
The Local class (in include/v8.h) only has one member which is of type pointer to the type T. So for the above example it would be:
String* val_;
You can find the available operations for a Local in include/v8.h.
(lldb) p script_name.IsEmpty()
(bool) $12 = false
A Local has overloaded a number of operators, for example ->:
(lldb) p script_name->Length()
(int) $14 = 7
Where Length is a method on the v8 String class.
The handle stack is not part of the C++ call stack, but the handle scopes are embedded in the C++ stack. Handle scopes can only be stack-allocated, not allocated with new.
Persistent
https://v8.dev/docs/embed: Persistent handles provide a reference to a heap-allocated JavaScript Object, just like a local handle. There are two flavors, which differ in the lifetime management of the reference they handle. Use a persistent handle when you need to keep a reference to an object for more than one function call, or when handle lifetimes do not correspond to C++ scopes. Google Chrome, for example, uses persistent handles to refer to Document Object Model (DOM) nodes.
A persistent handle can be made weak, using PersistentBase::SetWeak, to trigger a callback from the garbage collector when the only references to an object are from weak persistent handles.
A UniquePersistent handle relies on C++ constructors and destructors to manage the lifetime of the underlying object. A Persistent can be constructed with its constructor, but must be explicitly cleared with Persistent::Reset.
So how is a persistent object created?
Let's write a test and find out (test/persistent-object_text.cc):
$ make test/persistent-object_test
$ ./test/persistent-object_test --gtest_filter=PersistentTest.value
Now, to create an instance of Persistent we need a Local instance or the Persistent instance will just be empty.
Local<Object> o = Local<Object>::New(isolate_, Object::New(isolate_));
Local<Object>::New can be found in src/api/api.cc:
Local<v8::Object> v8::Object::New(Isolate* isolate) {
i::Isolate* i_isolate = reinterpret_cast<i::Isolate*>(isolate);
LOG_API(i_isolate, Object, New);
ENTER_V8_NO_SCRIPT_NO_EXCEPTION(i_isolate);
i::Handle<i::JSObject> obj =
i_isolate->factory()->NewJSObject(i_isolate->object_function());
return Utils::ToLocal(obj);
}
The first thing that happens is that the public Isolate pointer is cast to an pointer to the internal Isolate type. LOG_API is a macro in the same source file (src/api/api.cc):
#define LOG_API(isolate, class_name, function_name) \
i::RuntimeCallTimerScope _runtime_timer( \
isolate, i::RuntimeCallCounterId::kAPI_##class_name##_##function_name); \
LOG(isolate, ApiEntryCall("v8::" #class_name "::" #function_name))
If our case the preprocessor would expand that to:
i::RuntimeCallTimerScope _runtime_timer(
isolate, i::RuntimeCallCounterId::kAPI_Object_New);
LOG(isolate, ApiEntryCall("v8::Object::New))
LOG is a macro that can be found in src/log.h:
#define LOG(isolate, Call) \
do { \
v8::internal::Logger* logger = (isolate)->logger(); \
if (logger->is_logging()) logger->Call; \
} while (false)
And this would expand to:
v8::internal::Logger* logger = isolate->logger();
if (logger->is_logging()) logger->ApiEntryCall("v8::Object::New");
So with the LOG_API macro expanded we have:
Local<v8::Object> v8::Object::New(Isolate* isolate) {
i::Isolate* i_isolate = reinterpret_cast<i::Isolate*>(isolate);
i::RuntimeCallTimerScope _runtime_timer( isolate, i::RuntimeCallCounterId::kAPI_Object_New);
v8::internal::Logger* logger = isolate->logger();
if (logger->is_logging()) logger->ApiEntryCall("v8::Object::New");
ENTER_V8_NO_SCRIPT_NO_EXCEPTION(i_isolate);
i::Handle<i::JSObject> obj =
i_isolate->factory()->NewJSObject(i_isolate->object_function());
return Utils::ToLocal(obj);
}
Next we have ENTER_V8_NO_SCRIPT_NO_EXCEPTION:
#define ENTER_V8_NO_SCRIPT_NO_EXCEPTION(isolate) \
i::VMState<v8::OTHER> __state__((isolate)); \
i::DisallowJavascriptExecutionDebugOnly __no_script__((isolate)); \
i::DisallowExceptions __no_exceptions__((isolate))
So with the macros expanded we have:
Local<v8::Object> v8::Object::New(Isolate* isolate) {
i::Isolate* i_isolate = reinterpret_cast<i::Isolate*>(isolate);
i::RuntimeCallTimerScope _runtime_timer( isolate, i::RuntimeCallCounterId::kAPI_Object_New);
v8::internal::Logger* logger = isolate->logger();
if (logger->is_logging()) logger->ApiEntryCall("v8::Object::New");
i::VMState<v8::OTHER> __state__(i_isolate));
i::DisallowJavascriptExecutionDebugOnly __no_script__(i_isolate);
i::DisallowExceptions __no_exceptions__(i_isolate));
i::Handle<i::JSObject> obj =
i_isolate->factory()->NewJSObject(i_isolate->object_function());
return Utils::ToLocal(obj);
}
TODO: Look closer at VMState.
First, i_isolate->object_function() is called and the result passed to NewJSObject. object_function is generated by a macro named NATIVE_CONTEXT_FIELDS:
#define NATIVE_CONTEXT_FIELD_ACCESSOR(index, type, name) \
Handle<type> Isolate::name() { \
return Handle<type>(raw_native_context()->name(), this); \
} \
bool Isolate::is_##name(type* value) { \
return raw_native_context()->is_##name(value); \
}
NATIVE_CONTEXT_FIELDS(NATIVE_CONTEXT_FIELD_ACCESSOR)
NATIVE_CONTEXT_FIELDS is a macro in src/contexts and it c
#define NATIVE_CONTEXT_FIELDS(V) \
... \
V(OBJECT_FUNCTION_INDEX, JSFunction, object_function) \
Handle<type> Isolate::object_function() {
return Handle<JSFunction>(raw_native_context()->object_function(), this);
}
bool Isolate::is_object_function(JSFunction* value) {
return raw_native_context()->is_object_function(value);
}
I'm not clear on the different types of context, there is a native context, a "normal/public" context. In src/contexts-inl.h we have the native_context function:
Context* Context::native_context() const {
Object* result = get(NATIVE_CONTEXT_INDEX);
DCHECK(IsBootstrappingOrNativeContext(this->GetIsolate(), result));
return reinterpret_cast<Context*>(result);
}
Context extends FixedArray so the get function is the get function of FixedArray and NATIVE_CONTEXT_INDEX is the index into the array where the native context is stored.
Now, lets take a closer look at NewJSObject. If you search for NewJSObject in src/heap/factory.cc:
Handle<JSObject> Factory::NewJSObject(Handle<JSFunction> constructor, PretenureFlag pretenure) {
JSFunction::EnsureHasInitialMap(constructor);
Handle<Map> map(constructor->initial_map(), isolate());
return NewJSObjectFromMap(map, pretenure);
}
NewJSObjectFromMap
...
HeapObject* obj = AllocateRawWithAllocationSite(map, pretenure, allocation_site);
So we have created a new map
Map
So an HeapObject contains a pointer to a Map, or rather has a function that returns a pointer to Map. I can't see any member map in the HeapObject class.
Lets take a look at when a map is created.
(lldb) br s -f map_test.cc -l 63
Handle<Map> Factory::NewMap(InstanceType type,
int instance_size,
ElementsKind elements_kind,
int inobject_properties) {
HeapObject* result = isolate()->heap()->AllocateRawWithRetryOrFail(Map::kSize, MAP_SPACE);
result->set_map_after_allocation(*meta_map(), SKIP_WRITE_BARRIER);
return handle(InitializeMap(Map::cast(result), type, instance_size,
elements_kind, inobject_properties),
isolate());
}
We can see that the above is calling AllocateRawWithRetryOrFail on the heap instance passing a size of 88 and specifying the MAP_SPACE:
HeapObject* Heap::AllocateRawWithRetryOrFail(int size, AllocationSpace space,
AllocationAlignment alignment) {
AllocationResult alloc;
HeapObject* result = AllocateRawWithLigthRetry(size, space, alignment);
if (result) return result;
isolate()->counters()->gc_last_resort_from_handles()->Increment();
CollectAllAvailableGarbage(GarbageCollectionReason::kLastResort);
{
AlwaysAllocateScope scope(isolate());
alloc = AllocateRaw(size, space, alignment);
}
if (alloc.To(&result)) {
DCHECK(result != exception());
return result;
}
// TODO(1181417): Fix this.
FatalProcessOutOfMemory("CALL_AND_RETRY_LAST");
return nullptr;
}
The default value for alignment is kWordAligned. Reading the docs in the header it says that this function will try to perform an allocation of size 88 in the MAP_SPACE and if it fails a full GC will be performed and the allocation retried. Lets take a look at AllocateRawWithLigthRetry:
AllocationResult alloc = AllocateRaw(size, space, alignment);
AllocateRaw can be found in src/heap/heap-inl.h. There are different paths that will be taken depending on the space parameteter. Since it is MAP_SPACE in our case we will focus on that path:
AllocationResult Heap::AllocateRaw(int size_in_bytes, AllocationSpace space, AllocationAlignment alignment) {
...
HeapObject* object = nullptr;
AllocationResult allocation;
if (OLD_SPACE == space) {
...
} else if (MAP_SPACE == space) {
allocation = map_space_->AllocateRawUnaligned(size_in_bytes);
}
...
}
map_space_ is a private member of Heap (src/heap/heap.h):
MapSpace* map_space_;
AllocateRawUnaligned can be found in src/heap/spaces-inl.h:
AllocationResult PagedSpace::AllocateRawUnaligned( int size_in_bytes, UpdateSkipList update_skip_list) {
if (!EnsureLinearAllocationArea(size_in_bytes)) {
return AllocationResult::Retry(identity());
}
HeapObject* object = AllocateLinearly(size_in_bytes);
MSAN_ALLOCATED_UNINITIALIZED_MEMORY(object->address(), size_in_bytes);
return object;
}
The default value for update_skip_list is UPDATE_SKIP_LIST. So lets take a look at AllocateLinearly:
HeapObject* PagedSpace::AllocateLinearly(int size_in_bytes) {
Address current_top = allocation_info_.top();
Address new_top = current_top + size_in_bytes;
allocation_info_.set_top(new_top);
return HeapObject::FromAddress(current_top);
}
Recall that size_in_bytes in our case is 88.
(lldb) expr current_top
(v8::internal::Address) $5 = 24847457492680
(lldb) expr new_top
(v8::internal::Address) $6 = 24847457492768
(lldb) expr new_top - current_top
(unsigned long) $7 = 88
Notice that first the top is set to the new_top and then the current_top is returned and that will be a pointer to the start of the object in memory (which in this case is of v8::internal::Map which is also of type HeapObject). I've been wondering why Map (and other HeapObject) don't have any member fields and only/mostly getters/setters for the various fields that make up an object. Well the answer is that pointers to instances of for example Map point to the first memory location of the instance. And the getters/setter functions use indexed to read/write to memory locations. The indexes are mostly in the form of enum fields that define the memory layout of the type.
Next, in AllocateRawUnaligned we have the MSAN_ALLOCATED_UNINITIALIZED_MEMORY macro:
MSAN_ALLOCATED_UNINITIALIZED_MEMORY(object->address(), size_in_bytes);
MSAN_ALLOCATED_UNINITIALIZED_MEMORY can be found in src/msan.h and ms stands for Memory Sanitizer and would only be used if V8_US_MEMORY_SANITIZER is defined. The returned object will be used to construct an AllocationResult when returned. Back in AllocateRaw we have:
if (allocation.To(&object)) {
...
OnAllocationEvent(object, size_in_bytes);
}
return allocation;
This will return us in AllocateRawWithLightRetry:
AllocationResult alloc = AllocateRaw(size, space, alignment);
if (alloc.To(&result)) {
DCHECK(result != exception());
return result;
}
This will return us back in AllocateRawWithRetryOrFail:
HeapObject* result = AllocateRawWithLigthRetry(size, space, alignment);
if (result) return result;
And that return will return to NewMap in src/heap/factory.cc:
result->set_map_after_allocation(*meta_map(), SKIP_WRITE_BARRIER);
return handle(InitializeMap(Map::cast(result), type, instance_size,
elements_kind, inobject_properties),
isolate());
InitializeMap:
map->set_instance_type(type);
map->set_prototype(*null_value(), SKIP_WRITE_BARRIER);
map->set_constructor_or_backpointer(*null_value(), SKIP_WRITE_BARRIER);
map->set_instance_size(instance_size);
if (map->IsJSObjectMap()) {
DCHECK(!isolate()->heap()->InReadOnlySpace(map));
map->SetInObjectPropertiesStartInWords(instance_size / kPointerSize - inobject_properties);
DCHECK_EQ(map->GetInObjectProperties(), inobject_properties);
map->set_prototype_validity_cell(*invalid_prototype_validity_cell());
} else {
DCHECK_EQ(inobject_properties, 0);
map->set_inobject_properties_start_or_constructor_function_index(0);
map->set_prototype_validity_cell(Smi::FromInt(Map::kPrototypeChainValid));
}
map->set_dependent_code(DependentCode::cast(*empty_fixed_array()), SKIP_WRITE_BARRIER);
map->set_weak_cell_cache(Smi::kZero);
map->set_raw_transitions(MaybeObject::FromSmi(Smi::kZero));
map->SetInObjectUnusedPropertyFields(inobject_properties);
map->set_instance_descriptors(*empty_descriptor_array());
map->set_visitor_id(Map::GetVisitorId(map));
map->set_bit_field(0);
map->set_bit_field2(Map::IsExtensibleBit::kMask);
int bit_field3 = Map::EnumLengthBits::encode(kInvalidEnumCacheSentinel) |
Map::OwnsDescriptorsBit::encode(true) |
Map::ConstructionCounterBits::encode(Map::kNoSlackTracking);
map->set_bit_field3(bit_field3);
map->set_elements_kind(elements_kind); //HOLEY_ELEMENTS
map->set_new_target_is_base(true);
isolate()->counters()->maps_created()->Increment();
if (FLAG_trace_maps) LOG(isolate(), MapCreate(map));
return map;
Creating a new map (map_test.cc:
i::Handle<i::Map> map = i::Map::Create(asInternal(isolate_), 10);
std::cout << map->instance_type() << '\n';
Map::Create can be found in objects.cc:
Handle<Map> Map::Create(Isolate* isolate, int inobject_properties) {
Handle<Map> copy = Copy(handle(isolate->object_function()->initial_map()), "MapCreate");
So, the first thing that will happen is isolate->object_function() will be called. This is function that is generated by the preprocessor.
// from src/context.h
#define NATIVE_CONTEXT_FIELDS(V) \
... \
V(OBJECT_FUNCTION_INDEX, JSFunction, object_function) \
// from src/isolate.h
#define NATIVE_CONTEXT_FIELD_ACCESSOR(index, type, name) \
Handle<type> Isolate::name() { \
return Handle<type>(raw_native_context()->name(), this); \
} \
bool Isolate::is_##name(type* value) { \
return raw_native_context()->is_##name(value); \
}
NATIVE_CONTEXT_FIELDS(NATIVE_CONTEXT_FIELD_ACCESSOR)
object_function() will become:
Handle<JSFunction> Isolate::object_function() {
return Handle<JSFunction>(raw_native_context()->object_function(), this);
}
Lets look closer at JSFunction::initial_map() in in object-inl.h:
Map* JSFunction::initial_map() {
return Map::cast(prototype_or_initial_map());
}
prototype_or_initial_map is generated by a macro:
ACCESSORS_CHECKED(JSFunction, prototype_or_initial_map, Object,
kPrototypeOrInitialMapOffset, map()->has_prototype_slot())
ACCESSORS_CHECKED can be found in src/objects/object-macros.h:
#define ACCESSORS_CHECKED(holder, name, type, offset, condition) \
ACCESSORS_CHECKED2(holder, name, type, offset, condition, condition)
#define ACCESSORS_CHECKED2(holder, name, type, offset, get_condition, \
set_condition) \
type* holder::name() const { \
type* value = type::cast(READ_FIELD(this, offset)); \
DCHECK(get_condition); \
return value; \
} \
void holder::set_##name(type* value, WriteBarrierMode mode) { \
DCHECK(set_condition); \
WRITE_FIELD(this, offset, value); \
CONDITIONAL_WRITE_BARRIER(GetHeap(), this, offset, value, mode); \
}
#define FIELD_ADDR(p, offset) \
(reinterpret_cast<Address>(p) + offset - kHeapObjectTag)
#define READ_FIELD(p, offset) \
(*reinterpret_cast<Object* const*>(FIELD_ADDR(p, offset)))
The preprocessor will expand prototype_or_initial_map to:
JSFunction* JSFunction::prototype_or_initial_map() const {
JSFunction* value = JSFunction::cast(
(*reinterpret_cast<Object* const*>(
(reinterpret_cast<Address>(this) + kPrototypeOrInitialMapOffset - kHeapObjectTag))))
DCHECK(map()->has_prototype_slot());
return value;
}
Notice that map()->has_prototype_slot()) will be called first which looks like this:
Map* HeapObject::map() const {
return map_word().ToMap();
}
TODO: Add notes about MapWord
MapWord HeapObject::map_word() const {
return MapWord(
reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(RELAXED_READ_FIELD(this, kMapOffset)));
}
First thing that will happen is RELAXED_READ_FIELD(this, kMapOffset)
#define RELAXED_READ_FIELD(p, offset) \
reinterpret_cast<Object*>(base::Relaxed_Load( \
reinterpret_cast<const base::AtomicWord*>(FIELD_ADDR(p, offset))))
#define FIELD_ADDR(p, offset) \
(reinterpret_cast<Address>(p) + offset - kHeapObjectTag)
This will get expanded by the preprocessor to:
reinterpret_cast<Object*>(base::Relaxed_Load(
reinterpret_cast<const base::AtomicWord*>(
(reinterpret_cast<Address>(this) + kMapOffset - kHeapObjectTag)))
src/base/atomicops_internals_portable.h:
inline Atomic8 Relaxed_Load(volatile const Atomic8* ptr) {
return __atomic_load_n(ptr, __ATOMIC_RELAXED);
}
So this will do an atomoic load of the ptr with the memory order of __ATOMIC_RELELAXED.
ACCESSORS_CHECKED also generates a set_prototyp_or_initial_map:
void JSFunction::set_prototype_or_initial_map(JSFunction* value, WriteBarrierMode mode) {
DCHECK(map()->has_prototype_slot());
WRITE_FIELD(this, kPrototypeOrInitialMapOffset, value);
CONDITIONAL_WRITE_BARRIER(GetHeap(), this, kPrototypeOrInitialMapOffset, value, mode);
}
What does WRITE_FIELD do?
#define WRITE_FIELD(p, offset, value) \
base::Relaxed_Store( \
reinterpret_cast<base::AtomicWord*>(FIELD_ADDR(p, offset)), \
reinterpret_cast<base::AtomicWord>(value));
Which would expand into:
base::Relaxed_Store( \
reinterpret_cast<base::AtomicWord*>(
(reinterpret_cast<Address>(this) + kPrototypeOrInitialMapOffset - kHeapObjectTag)
reinterpret_cast<base::AtomicWord>(value));
Lets take a look at what instance_type does:
InstanceType Map::instance_type() const {
return static_cast<InstanceType>(READ_UINT16_FIELD(this, kInstanceTypeOffset));
}
To see what the above is doing we can do the same thing in the debugger: Note that I got 11 below from map->kInstanceTypeOffset - i::kHeapObjectTag
(lldb) memory read -f u -c 1 -s 8 `*map + 11`
0x6d4e6609ed4: 585472345729139745
(lldb) expr static_cast<InstanceType>(585472345729139745)
(v8::internal::InstanceType) $34 = JS_OBJECT_TYPE
Take map->has_non_instance_prototype():
(lldb) br s -n has_non_instance_prototype
(lldb) expr -i 0 -- map->has_non_instance_prototype()
The above command will break in src/objects/map-inl.h:
BIT_FIELD_ACCESSORS(Map, bit_field, has_non_instance_prototype, Map::HasNonInstancePrototypeBit)
// src/objects/object-macros.h
#define BIT_FIELD_ACCESSORS(holder, field, name, BitField) \
typename BitField::FieldType holder::name() const { \
return BitField::decode(field()); \
} \
void holder::set_##name(typename BitField::FieldType value) { \
set_##field(BitField::update(field(), value)); \
}
The preprocessor will expand that to:
typename Map::HasNonInstancePrototypeBit::FieldType Map::has_non_instance_prototype() const {
return Map::HasNonInstancePrototypeBit::decode(bit_field());
} \
void holder::set_has_non_instance_prototype(typename BitField::FieldType value) { \
set_bit_field(Map::HasNonInstancePrototypeBit::update(bit_field(), value)); \
}
So where can we find Map::HasNonInstancePrototypeBit?
It is generated by a macro in src/objects/map.h:
// Bit positions for |bit_field|.
#define MAP_BIT_FIELD_FIELDS(V, _) \
V(HasNonInstancePrototypeBit, bool, 1, _) \
...
DEFINE_BIT_FIELDS(MAP_BIT_FIELD_FIELDS)
#undef MAP_BIT_FIELD_FIELDS
#define DEFINE_BIT_FIELDS(LIST_MACRO) \
DEFINE_BIT_RANGES(LIST_MACRO) \
LIST_MACRO(DEFINE_BIT_FIELD_TYPE, LIST_MACRO##_Ranges)
#define DEFINE_BIT_RANGES(LIST_MACRO) \
struct LIST_MACRO##_Ranges { \
enum { LIST_MACRO(DEFINE_BIT_FIELD_RANGE_TYPE, _) kBitsCount }; \
};
#define DEFINE_BIT_FIELD_RANGE_TYPE(Name, Type, Size, _) \
k##Name##Start, k##Name##End = k##Name##Start + Size - 1,
Alright, lets see what preprocessor expands that to:
struct MAP_BIT_FIELD_FIELDS_Ranges {
enum {
kHasNonInstancePrototypeBitStart,
kHasNonInstancePrototypeBitEnd = kHasNonInstancePrototypeBitStart + 1 - 1,
... // not showing the rest of the entries.
kBitsCount
};
};
So this would create a struct with an enum and it could be accessed using: i::Map::MAP_BIT_FIELD_FIELDS_Ranges::kHasNonInstancePrototypeBitStart The next part of the macro is
LIST_MACRO(DEFINE_BIT_FIELD_TYPE, LIST_MACRO##_Ranges)
#define DEFINE_BIT_FIELD_TYPE(Name, Type, Size, RangesName) \
typedef BitField<Type, RangesName::k##Name##Start, Size> Name;
Which will get expanded to:
typedef BitField<HasNonInstancePrototypeBit, MAP_BIT_FIELD_FIELDS_Ranges::kHasNonInstancePrototypeBitStart, 1> HasNonInstancePrototypeBit;
So this is how HasNonInstancePrototypeBit is declared and notice that it is of type BitField which can be found in src/utils.h:
template<class T, int shift, int size>
class BitField : public BitFieldBase<T, shift, size, uint32_t> { };
template<class T, int shift, int size, class U>
class BitFieldBase {
public:
typedef T FieldType;
Map::HasNonInstancePrototypeBit::decode(bit_field()); first bit_field is called:
byte Map::bit_field() const { return READ_BYTE_FIELD(this, kBitFieldOffset); }
And the result of that is passed to Map::HasNonInstancePrototypeBit::decode:
(lldb) br s -n bit_field
(lldb) expr -i 0 -- map->bit_field()
byte Map::bit_field() const { return READ_BYTE_FIELD(this, kBitFieldOffset); }
So, this is the current Map instance, and we are going to read from.
#define READ_BYTE_FIELD(p, offset) \
(*reinterpret_cast<const byte*>(FIELD_ADDR(p, offset)))
#define FIELD_ADDR(p, offset) \
(reinterpret_cast<Address>(p) + offset - kHeapObjectTag)
Which will get expanded to:
byte Map::bit_field() const {
return *reinterpret_cast<const byte*>(
reinterpret_cast<Address>(this) + kBitFieldOffset - kHeapObjectTag)
}
The instance_size is the instance_size_in_words << kPointerSizeLog2 (3 on my machine):
(lldb) memory read -f x -s 1 -c 1 *map+8
0x24d1cd509ed1: 0x03
(lldb) expr 0x03 << 3
(int) $2 = 24
(lldb) expr map->instance_size()
(int) $3 = 24
i::HeapObject::kHeaderSize is 8 on my system which is used in the `DEFINE_FIELD_OFFSET_CONSTANTS:
#define MAP_FIELDS(V)
V(kInstanceSizeInWordsOffset, kUInt8Size)
V(kInObjectPropertiesStartOrConstructorFunctionIndexOffset, kUInt8Size)
...
DEFINE_FIELD_OFFSET_CONSTANTS(HeapObject::kHeaderSize, MAP_FIELDS)
So we can use this information to read the inobject_properties_start_or_constructor_function_index directly from memory using:
(lldb) expr map->inobject_properties_start_or_constructor_function_index()
(lldb) memory read -f x -s 1 -c 1 map+9
error: invalid start address expression.
error: address expression "map+9" evaluation failed
(lldb) memory read -f x -s 1 -c 1 *map+9
0x17b027209ed2: 0x03
Inspect the visitor_id (which is the last of the first byte):
lldb) memory read -f x -s 1 -c 1 *map+10
0x17b027209ed3: 0x15
(lldb) expr (int) 0x15
(int) $8 = 21
(lldb) expr map->visitor_id()
(v8::internal::VisitorId) $11 = kVisitJSObjectFast
(lldb) expr (int) $11
(int) $12 = 21
Inspect the instance_type (which is part of the second byte):
(lldb) expr map->instance_type()
(v8::internal::InstanceType) $41 = JS_OBJECT_TYPE
(lldb) expr v8::internal::InstanceType::JS_OBJECT_TYPE
(uint16_t) $35 = 1057
(lldb) memory read -f x -s 2 -c 1 *map+11
0x17b027209ed4: 0x0421
(lldb) expr (int)0x0421
(int) $40 = 1057
Notice that instance_type is a short so that will take up 2 bytes
(lldb) expr map->has_non_instance_prototype()
(bool) $60 = false
(lldb) expr map->is_callable()
(bool) $46 = false
(lldb) expr map->has_named_interceptor()
(bool) $51 = false
(lldb) expr map->has_indexed_interceptor()
(bool) $55 = false
(lldb) expr map->is_undetectable()
(bool) $56 = false
(lldb) expr map->is_access_check_needed()
(bool) $57 = false
(lldb) expr map->is_constructor()
(bool) $58 = false
(lldb) expr map->has_prototype_slot()
(bool) $59 = false
Verify that the above is correct:
(lldb) expr map->has_non_instance_prototype()
(bool) $44 = false
(lldb) memory read -f x -s 1 -c 1 *map+13
0x17b027209ed6: 0x00
(lldb) expr map->set_has_non_instance_prototype(true)
(lldb) memory read -f x -s 1 -c 1 *map+13
0x17b027209ed6: 0x01
(lldb) expr map->set_has_prototype_slot(true)
(lldb) memory read -f x -s 1 -c 1 *map+13
0x17b027209ed6: 0x81
Inspect second int field (bit_field2):
(lldb) memory read -f x -s 1 -c 1 *map+14
0x17b027209ed7: 0x19
(lldb) expr map->is_extensible()
(bool) $78 = true
(lldb) expr -- 0x19 & (1 << 0)
(bool) $90 = 1
(lldb) expr map->is_prototype_map()
(bool) $79 = false
(lldb) expr map->is_in_retained_map_list()
(bool) $80 = false
(lldb) expr map->elements_kind()
(v8::internal::ElementsKind) $81 = HOLEY_ELEMENTS
(lldb) expr v8::internal::ElementsKind::HOLEY_ELEMENTS
(int) $133 = 3
(lldb) expr 0x19 >> 3
(int) $134 = 3
Inspect third int field (bit_field3):
(lldb) memory read -f b -s 4 -c 1 *map+15
0x17b027209ed8: 0b00001000001000000000001111111111
(lldb) memory read -f x -s 4 -c 1 *map+15
0x17b027209ed8: 0x082003ff
So we know that a Map instance is a pointer allocated by the Heap and with a specific size. Fields are accessed using indexes (remember there are no member fields in the Map class). We also know that all HeapObject have a Map. The Map is sometimes referred to as the HiddenClass and sometimes the shape of an object. If two objects have the same properties they would share the same Map. This makes sense and I've see blog post that show this but I'd like to verify this to fully understand it. I'm going to try to match https://v8project.blogspot.com/2017/08/fast-properties.html with the code.
So, lets take a look at adding a property to a JSObject. We start by creating a new Map and then use it to create a new JSObject:
i::Handle<i::Map> map = factory->NewMap(i::JS_OBJECT_TYPE, 32);
i::Handle<i::JSObject> js_object = factory->NewJSObjectFromMap(map);
i::Handle<i::String> prop_name = factory->InternalizeUtf8String("prop_name");
i::Handle<i::String> prop_value = factory->InternalizeUtf8String("prop_value");
i::JSObject::AddProperty(js_object, prop_name, prop_value, i::NONE);
Lets take a closer look at AddProperty and how it interacts with the Map. This function can be found in src/objects.cc:
void JSObject::AddProperty(Handle<JSObject> object, Handle<Name> name,
Handle<Object> value,
PropertyAttributes attributes) {
LookupIterator it(object, name, object, LookupIterator::OWN_SKIP_INTERCEPTOR);
CHECK_NE(LookupIterator::ACCESS_CHECK, it.state());
First we have the LookupIterator constructor (src/lookup.h) but since this is a new property which we know does not exist it will not find any property.
CHECK(AddDataProperty(&it, value, attributes, kThrowOnError,
CERTAINLY_NOT_STORE_FROM_KEYED)
.IsJust());
Handle<JSReceiver> receiver = it->GetStoreTarget<JSReceiver>();
...
it->UpdateProtector();
// Migrate to the most up-to-date map that will be able to store |value|
// under it->name() with |attributes|.
it->PrepareTransitionToDataProperty(receiver, value, attributes, store_mode);
DCHECK_EQ(LookupIterator::TRANSITION, it->state());
it->ApplyTransitionToDataProperty(receiver);
// Write the property value.
it->WriteDataValue(value, true);
PrepareTransitionToDataProperty:
Representation representation = value->OptimalRepresentation();
Handle<FieldType> type = value->OptimalType(isolate, representation);
maybe_map = Map::CopyWithField(map, name, type, attributes, constness,
representation, flag);
Map::CopyWithField:
Descriptor d = Descriptor::DataField(name, index, attributes, constness, representation, wrapped_type);
Lets take a closer look the Decriptor which can be found in src/property.cc:
Descriptor Descriptor::DataField(Handle<Name> key, int field_index,
PropertyAttributes attributes,
PropertyConstness constness,
Representation representation,
MaybeObjectHandle wrapped_field_type) {
DCHECK(wrapped_field_type->IsSmi() || wrapped_field_type->IsWeakHeapObject());
PropertyDetails details(kData, attributes, kField, constness, representation,
field_index);
return Descriptor(key, wrapped_field_type, details);
}
Descriptor is declared in src/property.h and describes the elements in a instance-descriptor array. These are returned when calling map->instance_descriptors(). Let check some of the arguments:
(lldb) job *key
#prop_name
(lldb) expr attributes
(v8::internal::PropertyAttributes) $27 = NONE
(lldb) expr constness
(v8::internal::PropertyConstness) $28 = kMutable
(lldb) expr representation
(v8::internal::Representation) $29 = (kind_ = '\b')
The Descriptor class contains three members:
private:
Handle<Name> key_;
MaybeObjectHandle value_;
PropertyDetails details_;
Lets take a closer look PropertyDetails which only has a single member named value_
uint32_t value_;
It also declares a number of classes the extend BitField, for example:
class KindField : public BitField<PropertyKind, 0, 1> {};
class LocationField : public BitField<PropertyLocation, KindField::kNext, 1> {};
class ConstnessField : public BitField<PropertyConstness, LocationField::kNext, 1> {};
class AttributesField : public BitField<PropertyAttributes, ConstnessField::kNext, 3> {};
class PropertyCellTypeField : public BitField<PropertyCellType, AttributesField::kNext, 2> {};
class DictionaryStorageField : public BitField<uint32_t, PropertyCellTypeField::kNext, 23> {};
// Bit fields for fast objects.
class RepresentationField : public BitField<uint32_t, AttributesField::kNext, 4> {};
class DescriptorPointer : public BitField<uint32_t, RepresentationField::kNext, kDescriptorIndexBitCount> {};
class FieldIndexField : public BitField<uint32_t, DescriptorPointer::kNext, kDescriptorIndexBitCount> {
enum PropertyKind { kData = 0, kAccessor = 1 };
enum PropertyLocation { kField = 0, kDescriptor = 1 };
enum class PropertyConstness { kMutable = 0, kConst = 1 };
enum PropertyAttributes {
NONE = ::v8::None,
READ_ONLY = ::v8::ReadOnly,
DONT_ENUM = ::v8::DontEnum,
DONT_DELETE = ::v8::DontDelete,
ALL_ATTRIBUTES_MASK = READ_ONLY | DONT_ENUM | DONT_DELETE,
SEALED = DONT_DELETE,
FROZEN = SEALED | READ_ONLY,
ABSENT = 64, // Used in runtime to indicate a property is absent.
// ABSENT can never be stored in or returned from a descriptor's attributes
// bitfield. It is only used as a return value meaning the attributes of
// a non-existent property.
};
enum class PropertyCellType {
// Meaningful when a property cell does not contain the hole.
kUndefined, // The PREMONOMORPHIC of property cells.
kConstant, // Cell has been assigned only once.
kConstantType, // Cell has been assigned only one type.
kMutable, // Cell will no longer be tracked as constant.
// Meaningful when a property cell contains the hole.
kUninitialized = kUndefined, // Cell has never been initialized.
kInvalidated = kConstant, // Cell has been deleted, invalidated or never
// existed.
// For dictionaries not holding cells.
kNoCell = kMutable,
};
template<class T, int shift, int size>
class BitField : public BitFieldBase<T, shift, size, uint32_t> { };
The Type T of KindField will be PropertyKind, the shift will be 0 , and the size 1. Notice that LocationField is using KindField::kNext as its shift. This is a static class constant of type uint32_t and is defined as:
static const U kNext = kShift + kSize;
So LocationField would get the value from KindField which should be:
class LocationField : public BitField<PropertyLocation, 1, 1> {};
The constructor for PropertyDetails looks like this:
PropertyDetails(PropertyKind kind, PropertyAttributes attributes, PropertyCellType cell_type, int dictionary_index = 0) {
value_ = KindField::encode(kind) | LocationField::encode(kField) |
AttributesField::encode(attributes) |
DictionaryStorageField::encode(dictionary_index) |
PropertyCellTypeField::encode(cell_type);
}
So what does KindField::encode(kind) actualy do then?
(lldb) expr static_cast<uint32_t>(kind())
(uint32_t) $36 = 0
(lldb) expr static_cast<uint32_t>(kind()) << 0
(uint32_t) $37 = 0
This value is later returned by calling kind():
PropertyKind kind() const { return KindField::decode(value_); }
So we have all this information about this property, its type (Representation), constness, if it is read-only, enumerable, deletable, sealed, frozen. After that little detour we are back in Descriptor::DataField:
return Descriptor(key, wrapped_field_type, details);
Here we are using the key (name of the property), the wrapped_field_type, and PropertyDetails we created. What is wrapped_field_type again?
If we back up a few frames back into Map::TransitionToDataProperty we can see that the type passed in is taken from the following code:
Representation representation = value->OptimalRepresentation();
Handle<FieldType> type = value->OptimalType(isolate, representation);
So this is only taking the type of the field:
(lldb) expr representation.kind()
(v8::internal::Representation::Kind) $51 = kHeapObject
This makes sense as the map only deals with the shape of the propery and not the value. Next in Map::CopyWithField we have:
Handle<Map> new_map = Map::CopyAddDescriptor(map, &d, flag);
CopyAddDescriptor does:
Handle<DescriptorArray> descriptors(map->instance_descriptors());
int nof = map->NumberOfOwnDescriptors();
Handle<DescriptorArray> new_descriptors = DescriptorArray::CopyUpTo(descriptors, nof, 1);
new_descriptors->Append(descriptor);
Handle<LayoutDescriptor> new_layout_descriptor =
FLAG_unbox_double_fields
? LayoutDescriptor::New(map, new_descriptors, nof + 1)
: handle(LayoutDescriptor::FastPointerLayout(), map->GetIsolate());
return CopyReplaceDescriptors(map, new_descriptors, new_layout_descriptor,
flag, descriptor->GetKey(), "CopyAddDescriptor",
SIMPLE_PROPERTY_TRANSITION);
Lets take a closer look at LayoutDescriptor
(lldb) expr new_layout_descriptor->Print()
Layout descriptor: <all tagged>
TODO: Take a closer look at LayoutDescritpor
Later when actually adding the value in Object::AddDataProperty:
it->WriteDataValue(value, true);
This call will end up in src/lookup.cc and in our case the path will be the following call:
JSObject::cast(*holder)->WriteToField(descriptor_number(), property_details_, *value);
TODO: Take a closer look at LookupIterator. WriteToField can be found in src/objects-inl.h:
FieldIndex index = FieldIndex::ForDescriptor(map(), descriptor);
FieldIndex::ForDescriptor can be found in src/field-index-inl.h:
inline FieldIndex FieldIndex::ForDescriptor(const Map* map, int descriptor_index) {
PropertyDetails details = map->instance_descriptors()->GetDetails(descriptor_index);
int field_index = details.field_index();
return ForPropertyIndex(map, field_index, details.representation());
}
Notice that this is calling instance_descriptors() on the passed-in map. This as we recall from earlier returns and DescriptorArray (which is a type of WeakFixedArray). A Descriptor array
Our DecsriptorArray only has one entry:
(lldb) expr map->instance_descriptors()->number_of_descriptors()
(int) $6 = 1
(lldb) expr map->instance_descriptors()->GetKey(0)->Print()
#prop_name
(lldb) expr map->instance_descriptors()->GetFieldIndex(0)
(int) $11 = 0
We can also use Print on the DescriptorArray:
lldb) expr map->instance_descriptors()->Print()
[0]: #prop_name (data field 0:h, p: 0, attrs: [WEC]) @ Any
In our case we are accessing the PropertyDetails and then getting the field_index which I think tells us where in the object the value for this property is stored. The last call in ForDescriptor is `ForProperty:
inline FieldIndex FieldIndex::ForPropertyIndex(const Map* map,
int property_index,
Representation representation) {
int inobject_properties = map->GetInObjectProperties();
bool is_inobject = property_index < inobject_properties;
int first_inobject_offset;
int offset;
if (is_inobject) {
first_inobject_offset = map->GetInObjectPropertyOffset(0);
offset = map->GetInObjectPropertyOffset(property_index);
} else {
first_inobject_offset = FixedArray::kHeaderSize;
property_index -= inobject_properties;
offset = FixedArray::kHeaderSize + property_index * kPointerSize;
}
Encoding encoding = FieldEncoding(representation);
return FieldIndex(is_inobject, offset, encoding, inobject_properties,
first_inobject_offset);
}
I was expecting inobject_propertis to be 1 here but it is 0:
(lldb) expr inobject_properties
(int) $14 = 0
Why is that, what am I missing?
These in-object properties are stored directly on the object instance and not do not use the properties array. All get back to an example of this later to clarify this. TODO: Add in-object properties example.
Back in JSObject::WriteToField:
RawFastPropertyAtPut(index, value);
void JSObject::RawFastPropertyAtPut(FieldIndex index, Object* value) {
if (index.is_inobject()) {
int offset = index.offset();
WRITE_FIELD(this, offset, value);
WRITE_BARRIER(GetHeap(), this, offset, value);
} else {
property_array()->set(index.outobject_array_index(), value);
}
}
In our case we know that the index is not inobject()
(lldb) expr index.is_inobject()
(bool) $18 = false
So, property_array()->set() will be called.
(lldb) expr this
(v8::internal::JSObject *) $21 = 0x00002c31c6a88b59
JSObject inherits from JSReceiver which is where the property_array() function is declared.
inline PropertyArray* property_array() const;
(lldb) expr property_array()->Print()
0x2c31c6a88bb1: [PropertyArray]
- map: 0x2c31f5603e21 <Map>
- length: 3
- hash: 0
0: 0x2c31f56025a1 <Odd Oddball: uninitialized>
1-2: 0x2c31f56026f1 <undefined>
(lldb) expr index.outobject_array_index()
(int) $26 = 0
(lldb) expr value->Print()
#prop_value
Looking at the above values printed we should see the property be written to entry 0.
(lldb) expr property_array()->get(0)->Print()
#uninitialized
// after call to set
(lldb) expr property_array()->get(0)->Print()
#prop_value
(lldb) expr map->instance_descriptors()
(v8::internal::DescriptorArray *) $4 = 0x000039a927082339
So a map has an pointer array of instance of DescriptorArray
(lldb) expr map->GetInObjectProperties()
(int) $19 = 1
Each Map has int that tells us the number of properties it has. This is the number specified when creating a new Map, for example:
i::Handle<i::Map> map = i::Map::Create(asInternal(isolate_), 1);
But at this stage we don't really have any properties. The value for a property is associated with the actual instance of the Object. What the Map specifies is index of the value for a particualar property.
Creating a Map instance
Lets take a look at when a map is created.
(lldb) br s -f map_test.cc -l 63
Handle<Map> Factory::NewMap(InstanceType type,
int instance_size,
ElementsKind elements_kind,
int inobject_properties) {
HeapObject* result = isolate()->heap()->AllocateRawWithRetryOrFail(Map::kSize, MAP_SPACE);
result->set_map_after_allocation(*meta_map(), SKIP_WRITE_BARRIER);
return handle(InitializeMap(Map::cast(result), type, instance_size,
elements_kind, inobject_properties),
isolate());
}
We can see that the above is calling AllocateRawWithRetryOrFail on the heap instance passing a size of 88 and specifying the MAP_SPACE:
HeapObject* Heap::AllocateRawWithRetryOrFail(int size, AllocationSpace space,
AllocationAlignment alignment) {
AllocationResult alloc;
HeapObject* result = AllocateRawWithLigthRetry(size, space, alignment);
if (result) return result;
isolate()->counters()->gc_last_resort_from_handles()->Increment();
CollectAllAvailableGarbage(GarbageCollectionReason::kLastResort);
{
AlwaysAllocateScope scope(isolate());
alloc = AllocateRaw(size, space, alignment);
}
if (alloc.To(&result)) {
DCHECK(result != exception());
return result;
}
// TODO(1181417): Fix this.
FatalProcessOutOfMemory("CALL_AND_RETRY_LAST");
return nullptr;
}
The default value for alignment is kWordAligned. Reading the docs in the header it says that this function will try to perform an allocation of size 88 in the MAP_SPACE and if it fails a full GC will be performed and the allocation retried. Lets take a look at AllocateRawWithLigthRetry:
AllocationResult alloc = AllocateRaw(size, space, alignment);
AllocateRaw can be found in src/heap/heap-inl.h. There are different paths that will be taken depending on the space parameteter. Since it is MAP_SPACE in our case we will focus on that path:
AllocationResult Heap::AllocateRaw(int size_in_bytes, AllocationSpace space, AllocationAlignment alignment) {
...
HeapObject* object = nullptr;
AllocationResult allocation;
if (OLD_SPACE == space) {
...
} else if (MAP_SPACE == space) {
allocation = map_space_->AllocateRawUnaligned(size_in_bytes);
}
...
}
map_space_ is a private member of Heap (src/heap/heap.h):
MapSpace* map_space_;
AllocateRawUnaligned can be found in src/heap/spaces-inl.h:
AllocationResult PagedSpace::AllocateRawUnaligned( int size_in_bytes, UpdateSkipList update_skip_list) {
if (!EnsureLinearAllocationArea(size_in_bytes)) {
return AllocationResult::Retry(identity());
}
HeapObject* object = AllocateLinearly(size_in_bytes);
MSAN_ALLOCATED_UNINITIALIZED_MEMORY(object->address(), size_in_bytes);
return object;
}
The default value for update_skip_list is UPDATE_SKIP_LIST. So lets take a look at AllocateLinearly:
HeapObject* PagedSpace::AllocateLinearly(int size_in_bytes) {
Address current_top = allocation_info_.top();
Address new_top = current_top + size_in_bytes;
allocation_info_.set_top(new_top);
return HeapObject::FromAddress(current_top);
}
Recall that size_in_bytes in our case is 88.
(lldb) expr current_top
(v8::internal::Address) $5 = 24847457492680
(lldb) expr new_top
(v8::internal::Address) $6 = 24847457492768
(lldb) expr new_top - current_top
(unsigned long) $7 = 88
Notice that first the top is set to the new_top and then the current_top is returned and that will be a pointer to the start of the object in memory (which in this case is of v8::internal::Map which is also of type HeapObject). I've been wondering why Map (and other HeapObject) don't have any member fields and only/mostly getters/setters for the various fields that make up an object. Well the answer is that pointers to instances of for example Map point to the first memory location of the instance. And the getters/setter functions use indexed to read/write to memory locations. The indexes are mostly in the form of enum fields that define the memory layout of the type.
Next, in AllocateRawUnaligned we have the MSAN_ALLOCATED_UNINITIALIZED_MEMORY macro:
MSAN_ALLOCATED_UNINITIALIZED_MEMORY(object->address(), size_in_bytes);
MSAN_ALLOCATED_UNINITIALIZED_MEMORY can be found in src/msan.h and ms stands for Memory Sanitizer and would only be used if V8_US_MEMORY_SANITIZER is defined. The returned object will be used to construct an AllocationResult when returned. Back in AllocateRaw we have:
if (allocation.To(&object)) {
...
OnAllocationEvent(object, size_in_bytes);
}
return allocation;
This will return us in AllocateRawWithLightRetry:
AllocationResult alloc = AllocateRaw(size, space, alignment);
if (alloc.To(&result)) {
DCHECK(result != exception());
return result;
}
This will return us back in AllocateRawWithRetryOrFail:
HeapObject* result = AllocateRawWithLigthRetry(size, space, alignment);
if (result) return result;
And that return will return to NewMap in src/heap/factory.cc:
result->set_map_after_allocation(*meta_map(), SKIP_WRITE_BARRIER);
return handle(InitializeMap(Map::cast(result), type, instance_size,
elements_kind, inobject_properties),
isolate());
InitializeMap:
map->set_instance_type(type);
map->set_prototype(*null_value(), SKIP_WRITE_BARRIER);
map->set_constructor_or_backpointer(*null_value(), SKIP_WRITE_BARRIER);
map->set_instance_size(instance_size);
if (map->IsJSObjectMap()) {
DCHECK(!isolate()->heap()->InReadOnlySpace(map));
map->SetInObjectPropertiesStartInWords(instance_size / kPointerSize - inobject_properties);
DCHECK_EQ(map->GetInObjectProperties(), inobject_properties);
map->set_prototype_validity_cell(*invalid_prototype_validity_cell());
} else {
DCHECK_EQ(inobject_properties, 0);
map->set_inobject_properties_start_or_constructor_function_index(0);
map->set_prototype_validity_cell(Smi::FromInt(Map::kPrototypeChainValid));
}
map->set_dependent_code(DependentCode::cast(*empty_fixed_array()), SKIP_WRITE_BARRIER);
map->set_weak_cell_cache(Smi::kZero);
map->set_raw_transitions(MaybeObject::FromSmi(Smi::kZero));
map->SetInObjectUnusedPropertyFields(inobject_properties);
map->set_instance_descriptors(*empty_descriptor_array());
map->set_visitor_id(Map::GetVisitorId(map));
map->set_bit_field(0);
map->set_bit_field2(Map::IsExtensibleBit::kMask);
int bit_field3 = Map::EnumLengthBits::encode(kInvalidEnumCacheSentinel) |
Map::OwnsDescriptorsBit::encode(true) |
Map::ConstructionCounterBits::encode(Map::kNoSlackTracking);
map->set_bit_field3(bit_field3);
map->set_elements_kind(elements_kind); //HOLEY_ELEMENTS
map->set_new_target_is_base(true);
isolate()->counters()->maps_created()->Increment();
if (FLAG_trace_maps) LOG(isolate(), MapCreate(map));
return map;
Context
Context extends FixedArray (src/context.h). So an instance of this Context is a FixedArray and we can use Get(index) etc to get entries in the array.
V8_EXPORT
This can be found in quite a few places in v8 source code. For example:
class V8_EXPORT ArrayBuffer : public Object {
What is this?
It is a preprocessor macro which looks like this:
#if V8_HAS_ATTRIBUTE_VISIBILITY && defined(V8_SHARED)
# ifdef BUILDING_V8_SHARED
# define V8_EXPORT __attribute__ ((visibility("default")))
# else
# define V8_EXPORT
# endif
#else
# define V8_EXPORT
#endif
So we can see that if V8_HAS_ATTRIBUTE_VISIBILITY, and defined(V8_SHARED), and also if BUILDING_V8_SHARED, V8_EXPORT is set to __attribute__ ((visibility("default")). But in all other cases V8_EXPORT is empty and the preprocessor does not insert anything (nothing will be there come compile time). But what about the __attribute__ ((visibility("default")) what is this?
In the GNU compiler collection (GCC) environment, the term that is used for exporting is visibility. As it applies to functions and variables in a shared object, visibility refers to the ability of other shared objects to call a C/C++ function. Functions with default visibility have a global scope and can be called from other shared objects. Functions with hidden visibility have a local scope and cannot be called from other shared objects.
Visibility can be controlled by using either compiler options or visibility attributes. In your header files, wherever you want an interface or API made public outside the current Dynamic Shared Object (DSO) , place __attribute__ ((visibility ("default"))) in struct, class and function declarations you wish to make public. With -fvisibility=hidden, you are telling GCC that every declaration not explicitly marked with a visibility attribute has a hidden visibility. There is such a flag in build/common.gypi
ToLocalChecked()
You'll see a few of these calls in the hello_world example:
Local<String> source = String::NewFromUtf8(isolate, js, NewStringType::kNormal).ToLocalChecked();
NewFromUtf8 actually returns a Local wrapped in a MaybeLocal which forces a check to see if the Local<> is empty before using it. NewStringType is an enum which can be kNormalString (k for constant) or kInternalized.
The following is after running the preprocessor (clang -E src/api.cc):
# 5961 "src/api.cc"
Local<String> String::NewFromUtf8(Isolate* isolate,
const char* data,
NewStringType type,
int length) {
MaybeLocal<String> result;
if (length == 0) {
result = String::Empty(isolate);
} else if (length > i::String::kMaxLength) {
result = MaybeLocal<String>();
} else {
i::Isolate* i_isolate = reinterpret_cast<internal::Isolate*>(isolate);
i::VMState<v8::OTHER> __state__((i_isolate));
i::RuntimeCallTimerScope _runtime_timer( i_isolate, &i::RuntimeCallStats::API_String_NewFromUtf8);
LOG(i_isolate, ApiEntryCall("v8::" "String" "::" "NewFromUtf8"));
if (length < 0) length = StringLength(data);
i::Handle<i::String> handle_result = NewString(i_isolate->factory(), static_cast<v8::NewStringType>(type), i::Vector<const char>(data, length)) .ToHandleChecked();
result = Utils::ToLocal(handle_result);
};
return result.FromMaybe(Local<String>());;
}
I was wondering where the Utils::ToLocal was defined but could not find it until I found:
MAKE_TO_LOCAL(ToLocal, String, String)
#define MAKE_TO_LOCAL(Name, From, To) \
Local<v8::To> Utils::Name(v8::internal::Handle<v8::internal::From> obj) { \
return Convert<v8::internal::From, v8::To>(obj); \
}
The above can be found in src/api.h. The same goes for Local<Object>, Local<String> etc.
Small Integers
Reading through v8.h I came accross // Tag information for Smi Smi stands for small integers.
A pointer is really just a integer that is treated like a memory address. We can use that memory address to get the start of the data located in that memory slot. But we can also just store an normal value like 18 in it. There might be cases where it does not make sense to store a small integer somewhere in the heap and have a pointer to it, but instead store the value directly in the pointer itself. But that only works for small integers so there needs to be away to know if the value we want is stored in the pointer or if we should follow the value stored to the heap to get the value.
A word on a 64 bit machine is 8 bytes (64 bits) and all of the pointers need to be aligned to multiples of 8. So a pointer could be:
1000 = 8
10000 = 16
11000 = 24
100000 = 32
1000000000 = 512
Remember that we are talking about the pointers and not the values store at the memory location they point to. We can see that there are always three bits that are zero in the pointers. So we can use them for something else and just mask them out when using them as pointers.
Tagging involves borrowing one bit of the 32-bit, making it 31-bit and having the leftover bit represent a tag. If the tag is zero then this is a plain value, but if tag is 1 then the pointer must be followed. This does not only have to be for numbers it could also be used for object (I think)
Instead the small integer is represented by the 32 bits plus a pointer to the 64-bit number. V8 needs to know if a value stored in memory represents a 32-bit integer, or if it is really a 64-bit number, in which case it has to follow the pointer to get the complete value. This is where the concept of tagging comes in.
Properties/Elements
Take the following object:
{ firstname: "Jon", lastname: "Doe' }
The above object has two named properties. Named properties differ from integer indexed which is what you have when you are working with arrays.
Memory layout of JavaScript Object:
Properties JavaScript Object Elements
+-----------+ +-----------------+ +----------------+
|property1 |<------+ | HiddenClass | +----->| |
+-----------+ | +-----------------+ | +----------------+
|... | +------| Properties | | | element1 |<------+
+-----------+ +-----------------+ | +----------------+ |
|... | | Elements |--+ | ... | |
+-----------+ +-----------------+ +----------------+ |
|propertyN | <---------------------+ | elementN | |
+-----------+ | +----------------+ |
| |
| |
| |
Named properties: { firstname: "Jon", lastname: "Doe' } Indexed Properties: {1: "Jon", 2: "Doe"}
We can see that properies and elements are stored in different data structures. Elements are usually implemented as a plain array and the indexes can be used for fast access to the elements. But for the properties this is not the case. Instead there is a mapping between the property names and the index into the properties.
In src/objects/objects.h we can find JSObject:
class JSObject: public JSReceiver {
...
DECL_ACCESSORS(elements, FixedArrayBase)
And looking a the DECL_ACCESSOR macro:
#define DECL_ACCESSORS(name, type) \
inline type* name() const; \
inline void set_##name(type* value, \
WriteBarrierMode mode = UPDATE_WRITE_BARRIER);
inline FixedArrayBase* name() const;
inline void set_elements(FixedArrayBase* value, WriteBarrierMode = UPDATE_WRITE_BARRIER)
Notice that JSObject extends JSReceiver which is extended by all types that can have properties defined on them. I think this includes all JSObjects and JSProxy. It is in JSReceiver that the we find the properties array:
DECL_ACCESSORS(raw_properties_or_hash, Object)
Now properties (named properties not elements) can be of different kinds internally. These work just like simple dictionaries from the outside but a dictionary is only used in certain curcumstances at runtime.
Properties JSObject HiddenClass (Map)
+-----------+ +-----------------+ +----------------+
|property1 |<------+ | HiddenClass |-------->| bit field1 |
+-----------+ | +-----------------+ +----------------+
|... | +------| Properties | | bit field2 |
+-----------+ +-----------------+ +----------------+
|... | | Elements | | bit field3 |
+-----------+ +-----------------+ +----------------+
|propertyN | | property1 |
+-----------+ +-----------------+
| property2 |
+-----------------+
| ... |
+-----------------+
JSObject
Each JSObject has as its first field a pointer to the generated HiddenClass. A hiddenclass contain mappings from property names to indices into the properties data type. When an instance of JSObject is created a Map is passed in. As mentioned earlier JSObject inherits from JSReceiver which inherits from HeapObject
For example,in jsobject_test.cc we first create a new Map using the internal Isolate Factory:
v8::internal::Handle<v8::internal::Map> map = factory->NewMap(v8::internal::JS_OBJECT_TYPE, 24);
v8::internal::Handle<v8::internal::JSObject> js_object = factory->NewJSObjectFromMap(map);
EXPECT_TRUE(js_object->HasFastProperties());
When we call js_object->HasFastProperties() this will delegate to the map instance:
return !map()->is_dictionary_map();
How do you add a property to a JSObject instance? Take a look at jsobject_test.cc for an example.
Caching
Are ways to optimize polymorphic function calls in dynamic languages, for example JavaScript.
Lookup caches
Sending a message to a receiver requires the runtime to find the correct target method using the runtime type of the receiver. A lookup cache maps the type of the receiver/message name pair to methods and stores the most recently used lookup results. The cache is first consulted and if there is a cache miss a normal lookup is performed and the result stored in the cache.
Inline caches
Using a lookup cache as described above still takes a considerable amount of time since the cache must be probed for each message. It can be observed that the type of the target does often not vary. If a call to type A is done at a particular call site it is very likely that the next time it is called the type will also be A. The method address looked up by the system lookup routine can be cached and the call instruction can be overwritten. Subsequent calls for the same type can jump directly to the cached method and completely avoid the lookup. The prolog of the called method must verify that the receivers type has not changed and do the lookup if it has changed (the type if incorrect, no longer A for example).
The target methods address is stored in the callers code, or "inline" with the callers code, hence the name "inline cache".
If V8 is able to make a good assumption about the type of object that will be passed to a method, it can bypass the process of figuring out how to access the objects properties, and instead use the stored information from previous lookups to the objects hidden class.
Polymorfic Inline cache (PIC)
A polymorfic call site is one where there are many equally likely receiver types (and thus call targets).
- Monomorfic means there is only one receiver type
- Polymorfic a few receiver types
- Megamorfic very many receiver types
This type of caching extends inline caching to not just cache the last lookup, but cache all lookup results for a given polymorfic call site using a specially generated stub. Lets say we have a method that iterates through a list of types and calls a method. If all the types are the same (monomorfic) a PIC acts just like an inline cache. The calls will directly call the target method (with the method prolog followed by the method body). If a different type exists in the list there will be a cache miss in the prolog and the lookup routine called. In normal inline caching this would rebind the call, replacing the call to this types target method. This would happen each time the type changes.
With PIC the cache miss handler will generate a small stub routine and rebinds the call to this stub. The stub will check if the receiver is of a type that it has seen before and branch to the correct targets. Since the type of the target is already known at this point it can directly branch to the target method body without the need for the prolog. If the type has not been seen before it will be added to the stub to handle that type. Eventually the stub will contain all types used and there will be no more cache misses/lookups.
The problem is that we don't have type information so methods cannot be called directly, but instead be looked up. In a static language a virtual table might have been used. In JavaScript there is no inheritance relationship so it is not possible to know a vtable offset ahead of time. What can be done is to observe and learn about the "types" used in the program. When an object is seen it can be stored and the target of that method call can be stored and inlined into that call. Bascially the type will be checked and if that particular type has been seen before the method can just be invoked directly. But how do we check the type in a dynamic language? The answer is hidden classes which allow the VM to quickly check an object against a hidden class.
The inline caching source are located in src/ic.
--trace-ic
$ out/x64.debug/d8 --trace-ic --trace-maps class.js
before
[TraceMaps: Normalize from= 0x19a314288b89 to= 0x19a31428aff9 reason= NormalizeAsPrototype ]
[TraceMaps: ReplaceDescriptors from= 0x19a31428aff9 to= 0x19a31428b051 reason= CopyAsPrototype ]
[TraceMaps: InitialMap map= 0x19a31428afa1 SFI= 34_Person ]
[StoreIC in ~Person+65 at class.js:2 (0->.) map=0x19a31428afa1 0x10e68ba83361 <String[4]: name>]
[TraceMaps: Transition from= 0x19a31428afa1 to= 0x19a31428b0a9 name= name ]
[StoreIC in ~Person+102 at class.js:3 (0->.) map=0x19a31428b0a9 0x2beaa25abd89 <String[3]: age>]
[TraceMaps: Transition from= 0x19a31428b0a9 to= 0x19a31428b101 name= age ]
[TraceMaps: SlowToFast from= 0x19a31428b051 to= 0x19a31428b159 reason= OptimizeAsPrototype ]
[StoreIC in ~Person+65 at class.js:2 (.->1) map=0x19a31428afa1 0x10e68ba83361 <String[4]: name>]
[StoreIC in ~Person+102 at class.js:3 (.->1) map=0x19a31428b0a9 0x2beaa25abd89 <String[3]: age>]
[LoadIC in ~+546 at class.js:9 (0->.) map=0x19a31428b101 0x10e68ba83361 <String[4]: name>]
[CallIC in ~+571 at class.js:9 (0->1) map=0x0 0x32f481082231 <String[5]: print>]
Daniel
[LoadIC in ~+642 at class.js:10 (0->.) map=0x19a31428b101 0x2beaa25abd89 <String[3]: age>]
[CallIC in ~+667 at class.js:10 (0->1) map=0x0 0x32f481082231 <String[5]: print>]
41
[LoadIC in ~+738 at class.js:11 (0->.) map=0x19a31428b101 0x10e68ba83361 <String[4]: name>]
[CallIC in ~+763 at class.js:11 (0->1) map=0x0 0x32f481082231 <String[5]: print>]
Tilda
[LoadIC in ~+834 at class.js:12 (0->.) map=0x19a31428b101 0x2beaa25abd89 <String[3]: age>]
[CallIC in ~+859 at class.js:12 (0->1) map=0x0 0x32f481082231 <String[5]: print>]
2
[CallIC in ~+927 at class.js:13 (0->1) map=0x0 0x32f481082231 <String[5]: print>]
after
LoadIC (0->.) means that it has transitioned from unititialized state (0) to pre-monomophic state (.) monomorphic state is specified with a 1. These states can be found in src/ic/ic.cc. What we are doing caching knowledge about the layout of the previously seen object inside the StoreIC/LoadIC calls.
$ lldb -- out/x64.debug/d8 class.js
HeapObject
This class describes heap allocated objects. It is in this class we find information regarding the type of object. This information is contained in v8::internal::Map.
v8::internal::Map
src/objects/map.h
bit_field1bit_field2bit field3contains information about the number of properties that this Map has, a pointer to an DescriptorArray. The DescriptorArray contains information like the name of the property, and the posistion where the value is stored in the JSObject. I noticed that this information available in src/objects/map.h.
DescriptorArray
Can be found in src/objects/descriptor-array.h. This class extends FixedArray and has the following entries:
[0] the number of descriptors it contains
[1] If uninitialized this will be Smi(0) otherwise an enum cache bridge which is a FixedArray of size 2:
[0] enum cache: FixedArray containing all own enumerable keys
[1] either Smi(0) or a pointer to a FixedArray with indices
[2] first key (and internalized String
[3] first descriptor
Factory
Each Internal Isolate has a Factory which is used to create instances. This is because all handles needs to be allocated using the factory (src/heap/factory.h)
Objects
All objects extend the abstract class Object (src/objects/objects.h).
Oddball
This class extends HeapObject and describes null, undefined, true, and false objects.
Map
Extends HeapObject and all heap objects have a Map which describes the objects structure. This is where you can find the size of the instance, access to the inobject_properties.
Compiler pipeline
When a script is compiled all of the top level code is parsed. These are function declarartions (but not the function bodies).
function f1() { <- top level code
console.log('f1'); <- non top level
}
function f2() { <- top level code
f1(); <- non top level
console.logg('f2'); <- non top level
}
f2(); <- top level code
var i = 10; <- top level code
The non top level code must be pre-parsed to check for syntax errors. The top level code is parsed and compiles by the full-codegen compiler. This compiler does not perform any optimizations and it's only task is to generate machine code as quickly as possible (this is pre turbofan)
Source ------> Parser --------> Full-codegen ---------> Unoptimized Machine Code
So the whole script is parsed even though we only generated code for the top-level code. The pre-parse (the syntax checking) was not stored in any way. The functions are lazy stubs that when/if the function gets called the function get compiled. This means that the function has to be parsed (again, the first time was the pre-parse remember).
If a function is determined to be hot it will be optimized by one of the two optimizing compilers crankshaft for older parts of JavaScript or Turbofan for Web Assembly (WASM) and some of the newer es6 features.
The first time V8 sees a function it will parse it into an AST but not do any further processing of that tree until that function is used.
+-----> Full-codegen -----> Unoptimized code
/ \/ /\ \
Parser ------> AST -------> Cranshaft -----> Optimized code |
\ /
+-----> Turbofan -----> Optimized code
Inline Cachine (IC) is done here which also help to gather type information. V8 also has a profiler thread which monitors which functions are hot and should be optimized. This profiling also allows V8 to find out information about types using IC. This type information can then be fed to Crankshaft/Turbofan. The type information is stored as a 8 bit value.
When a function is optimized the unoptimized code cannot be thrown away as it might be needed since JavaScript is highly dynamic the optimzed function migth change and the in that case we fallback to the unoptimzed code. This takes up alot of memory which may be important for low end devices. Also the time spent in parsing (twice) takes time.
The idea with Ignition is to be an bytecode interpreter and to reduce memory consumption, the bytecode is very consice compared to native code which can vary depending on the target platform. The whole source can be parsed and compiled, compared to the current pipeline the has the pre-parse and parse stages mentioned above. So even unused functions will get compiled. The bytecode becomes the source of truth instead of as before the AST.
Source ------> Parser --------> Ignition-codegen ---------> Bytecode ---------> Turbofan ----> Optimized Code ---+
/\ |
+--------------------------------------------------+
function bajja(a, b, c) {
var d = c - 100;
return a + d * b;
}
var result = bajja(2, 2, 150);
print(result);
$ ./d8 test.js --ignition --print_bytecode
[generating bytecode for function: bajja]
Parameter count 4
Frame size 8
14 E> 0x2eef8d9b103e @ 0 : 7f StackCheck
38 S> 0x2eef8d9b103f @ 1 : 03 64 LdaSmi [100] // load 100
38 E> 0x2eef8d9b1041 @ 3 : 2b 02 02 Sub a2, [2] // a2 is the third argument. a2 is an argument register
0x2eef8d9b1044 @ 6 : 1f fa Star r0 // r0 is a register for local variables. We only have one which is d
47 S> 0x2eef8d9b1046 @ 8 : 1e 03 Ldar a1 // LoaD accumulator from Register argument a1 which is b
60 E> 0x2eef8d9b1048 @ 10 : 2c fa 03 Mul r0, [3] // multiply that is our local variable in r0
56 E> 0x2eef8d9b104b @ 13 : 2a 04 04 Add a0, [4] // add that to our argument register 0 which is a
65 S> 0x2eef8d9b104e @ 16 : 83 Return // return the value in the accumulator?
Abstract Syntax Tree (AST)
In src/ast/ast.h. You can print the ast using the --print-ast option for d8.
Lets take the following javascript and look at the ast:
const msg = 'testing';
console.log(msg);
$ d8 --print-ast simple.js
[generating interpreter code for user-defined function: ]
--- AST ---
FUNC at 0
. KIND 0
. SUSPEND COUNT 0
. NAME ""
. INFERRED NAME ""
. DECLS
. . VARIABLE (0x7ffe5285b0f8) (mode = CONST) "msg"
. BLOCK NOCOMPLETIONS at -1
. . EXPRESSION STATEMENT at 12
. . . INIT at 12
. . . . VAR PROXY context[4] (0x7ffe5285b0f8) (mode = CONST) "msg"
. . . . LITERAL "testing"
. EXPRESSION STATEMENT at 23
. . ASSIGN at -1
. . . VAR PROXY local[0] (0x7ffe5285b330) (mode = TEMPORARY) ".result"
. . . CALL Slot(0)
. . . . PROPERTY Slot(4) at 31
. . . . . VAR PROXY Slot(2) unallocated (0x7ffe5285b3d8) (mode = DYNAMIC_GLOBAL) "console"
. . . . . NAME log
. . . . VAR PROXY context[4] (0x7ffe5285b0f8) (mode = CONST) "msg"
. RETURN at -1
. . VAR PROXY local[0] (0x7ffe5285b330) (mode = TEMPORARY) ".result"
You can find the declaration of EXPRESSION in ast.h.
Bytecode
Can be found in src/interpreter/bytecodes.h
- StackCheck checks that stack limits are not exceeded to guard against overflow.
StarStore content in accumulator regiser in register (the operand).- Ldar LoaD accumulator from Register argument a1 which is b
The registers are not machine registers, apart from the accumlator as I understand it, but would instead be stack allocated.
Parsing
Parsing is the parsing of the JavaScript and the generation of the abstract syntax tree. That tree is then visited and bytecode generated from it. This section tries to figure out where in the code these operations are performed.
For example, take the script example.
$ make run-script
$ lldb -- run-script
(lldb) br s -n main
(lldb) r
Lets take a look at the following line:
Local<Script> script = Script::Compile(context, source).ToLocalChecked();
This will land us in api.cc
ScriptCompiler::Source script_source(source);
return ScriptCompiler::Compile(context, &script_source);
MaybeLocal<Script> ScriptCompiler::Compile(Local<Context> context, Source* source, CompileOptions options) {
...
auto isolate = context->GetIsolate();
auto maybe = CompileUnboundInternal(isolate, source, options);
CompileUnboundInternal will call GetSharedFunctionInfoForScript (in src/compiler.cc):
result = i::Compiler::GetSharedFunctionInfoForScript(
str, name_obj, line_offset, column_offset, source->resource_options,
source_map_url, isolate->native_context(), NULL, &script_data, options,
i::NOT_NATIVES_CODE);
(lldb) br s -f compiler.cc -l 1259
LanguageMode language_mode = construct_language_mode(FLAG_use_strict);
(lldb) p language_mode
(v8::internal::LanguageMode) $10 = SLOPPY
LanguageMode can be found in src/globals.h and it is an enum with three values:
enum LanguageMode : uint32_t { SLOPPY, STRICT, LANGUAGE_END };
SLOPPY mode, I assume, is the mode when there is no "use strict";. Remember that this can go inside a function and does not have to be at the top level of the file.
ParseInfo parse_info(script);
There is a unit test that shows how a ParseInfo instance can be created and inspected.
This will call ParseInfo's constructor (in src/parsing/parse-info.cc), and which will call ParseInfo::InitFromIsolate:
DCHECK_NOT_NULL(isolate);
set_hash_seed(isolate->heap()->HashSeed());
set_stack_limit(isolate->stack_guard()->real_climit());
set_unicode_cache(isolate->unicode_cache());
set_runtime_call_stats(isolate->counters()->runtime_call_stats());
set_ast_string_constants(isolate->ast_string_constants());
I was curious about these ast_string_constants:
(lldb) p *ast_string_constants_
(const v8::internal::AstStringConstants) $58 = {
zone_ = {
allocation_size_ = 1312
segment_bytes_allocated_ = 8192
position_ = 0x0000000105052538 <no value available>
limit_ = 0x0000000105054000 <no value available>
allocator_ = 0x0000000103e00080
segment_head_ = 0x0000000105052000
name_ = 0x0000000101623a70 "../../src/ast/ast-value-factory.h:365"
sealed_ = false
}
string_table_ = {
v8::base::TemplateHashMapImpl<void *, void *, v8::base::HashEqualityThenKeyMatcher<void *, bool (*)(void *, void *)>, v8::base::DefaultAllocationPolicy> = {
map_ = 0x0000000105054000
capacity_ = 64
occupancy_ = 41
match_ = {
match_ = 0x000000010014b260 (libv8.dylib`v8::internal::AstRawString::Compare(void*, void*) at ast-value-factory.cc:122)
}
}
}
hash_seed_ = 500815076
anonymous_function_string_ = 0x0000000105052018
arguments_string_ = 0x0000000105052038
async_string_ = 0x0000000105052058
await_string_ = 0x0000000105052078
boolean_string_ = 0x0000000105052098
constructor_string_ = 0x00000001050520b8
default_string_ = 0x00000001050520d8
done_string_ = 0x00000001050520f8
dot_string_ = 0x0000000105052118
dot_for_string_ = 0x0000000105052138
dot_generator_object_string_ = 0x0000000105052158
dot_iterator_string_ = 0x0000000105052178
dot_result_string_ = 0x0000000105052198
dot_switch_tag_string_ = 0x00000001050521b8
dot_catch_string_ = 0x00000001050521d8
empty_string_ = 0x00000001050521f8
eval_string_ = 0x0000000105052218
function_string_ = 0x0000000105052238
get_space_string_ = 0x0000000105052258
length_string_ = 0x0000000105052278
let_string_ = 0x0000000105052298
name_string_ = 0x00000001050522b8
native_string_ = 0x00000001050522d8
new_target_string_ = 0x00000001050522f8
next_string_ = 0x0000000105052318
number_string_ = 0x0000000105052338
object_string_ = 0x0000000105052358
proto_string_ = 0x0000000105052378
prototype_string_ = 0x0000000105052398
return_string_ = 0x00000001050523b8
set_space_string_ = 0x00000001050523d8
star_default_star_string_ = 0x00000001050523f8
string_string_ = 0x0000000105052418
symbol_string_ = 0x0000000105052438
this_string_ = 0x0000000105052458
this_function_string_ = 0x0000000105052478
throw_string_ = 0x0000000105052498
undefined_string_ = 0x00000001050524b8
use_asm_string_ = 0x00000001050524d8
use_strict_string_ = 0x00000001050524f8
value_string_ = 0x0000000105052518
}
So these are constants that are set on the new ParseInfo instance using the values from the isolate. Not exactly sure what I want with this but I might come back to it later. So, we are back in ParseInfo's constructor:
set_allow_lazy_parsing();
set_toplevel();
set_script(script);
Script is of type v8::internal::Script which can be found in src/object/script.h
Back now in compiler.cc and the GetSharedFunctionInfoForScript function:
Zone compile_zone(isolate->allocator(), ZONE_NAME);
...
if (parse_info->literal() == nullptr && !parsing::ParseProgram(parse_info, isolate))
ParseProgram:
Parser parser(info);
...
FunctionLiteral* result = nullptr;
result = parser.ParseProgram(isolate, info);
parser.ParseProgram:
Handle<String> source(String::cast(info->script()->source()));
(lldb) job *source
"var user1 = new Person('Fletch');\x0avar user2 = new Person('Dr.Rosen');\x0aprint("user1 = " + user1.name);\x0aprint("user2 = " + user2.name);\x0a\x0a"
So here we can see our JavaScript as a String.
std::unique_ptr<Utf16CharacterStream> stream(ScannerStream::For(source));
scanner_.Initialize(stream.get(), info->is_module());
result = DoParseProgram(info);
DoParseProgram:
(lldb) br s -f parser.cc -l 639
...
this->scope()->SetLanguageMode(info->language_mode());
ParseStatementList(body, Token::EOS, &ok);
This call will land in parser-base.h and its ParseStatementList function.
(lldb) br s -f parser-base.h -l 4695
StatementT stat = ParseStatementListItem(CHECK_OK_CUSTOM(Return, kLazyParsingComplete));
result = CompileToplevel(&parse_info, isolate, Handle<SharedFunctionInfo>::null());
This will land in CompileTopelevel (in the same file which is src/compiler.cc):
// Compile the code.
result = CompileUnoptimizedCode(parse_info, shared_info, isolate);
This will land in CompileUnoptimizedCode (in the same file which is src/compiler.cc):
// Prepare and execute compilation of the outer-most function.
std::unique_ptr<CompilationJob> outer_job(
PrepareAndExecuteUnoptimizedCompileJob(parse_info, parse_info->literal(),
shared_info, isolate));
std::unique_ptr<CompilationJob> job(
interpreter::Interpreter::NewCompilationJob(parse_info, literal, isolate));
if (job->PrepareJob() == CompilationJob::SUCCEEDED &&
job->ExecuteJob() == CompilationJob::SUCCEEDED) {
return job;
}
PrepareJobImpl:
CodeGenerator::MakeCodePrologue(parse_info(), compilation_info(),
"interpreter");
return SUCCEEDED;
codegen.cc MakeCodePrologue:
interpreter.cc ExecuteJobImpl:
generator()->GenerateBytecode(stack_limit());
src/interpreter/bytecode-generator.cc
RegisterAllocationScope register_scope(this);
The bytecode is register based (if that is the correct term) and we had an example previously. I'm guessing that this is what this call is about.
VisitDeclarations will iterate over all the declarations in the file which in our case are:
var user1 = new Person('Fletch');
var user2 = new Person('Dr.Rosen');
(lldb) p *variable->raw_name()
(const v8::internal::AstRawString) $33 = {
= {
next_ = 0x000000010600a280
string_ = 0x000000010600a280
}
literal_bytes_ = (start_ = "user1", length_ = 5)
hash_field_ = 1303438034
is_one_byte_ = true
has_string_ = false
}
// Perform a stack-check before the body.
builder()->StackCheck(info()->literal()->start_position());
So that call will output a stackcheck instruction, like in the example above:
14 E> 0x2eef8d9b103e @ 0 : 7f StackCheck
Performance
Say you have the expression x + y the full-codegen compiler might produce:
movq rax, x
movq rbx, y
callq RuntimeAdd
If x and y are integers just using the add operation would be much quicker:
movq rax, x
movq rbx, y
add rax, rbx
Recall that functions are optimized so if the compiler has to bail out and unoptimize part of a function then the whole functions will be affected and it will go back to the unoptimized version.
Bytecode
This section will examine the bytecode for the following JavaScript:
function beve() {
const p = new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
resolve('ok');
});
p.then(msg => {
console.log(msg);
});
}
beve();
$ d8 --print-bytecode promise.js
First have the main function which does not have a name:
[generating bytecode for function: ]
(The code that generated this can be found in src/objects.cc BytecodeArray::Dissassemble)
Parameter count 1
Frame size 32
// load what ever the FixedArray[4] is in the constant pool into the accumulator.
0x34423e7ac19e @ 0 : 09 00 LdaConstant [0]
// store the FixedArray[4] in register r1
0x34423e7ac1a0 @ 2 : 1e f9 Star r1
// store zero into the accumulator.
0x34423e7ac1a2 @ 4 : 02 LdaZero
// store zero (the contents of the accumulator) into register r2.
0x34423e7ac1a3 @ 5 : 1e f8 Star r2
//
0x34423e7ac1a5 @ 7 : 1f fe f7 Mov <closure>, r3
0x34423e7ac1a8 @ 10 : 53 96 01 f9 03 CallRuntime [DeclareGlobalsForInterpreter], r1-r3
0 E> 0x34423e7ac1ad @ 15 : 90 StackCheck
141 S> 0x34423e7ac1ae @ 16 : 0a 01 00 LdaGlobal [1], [0]
0x34423e7ac1b1 @ 19 : 1e f9 Star r1
141 E> 0x34423e7ac1b3 @ 21 : 4f f9 03 CallUndefinedReceiver0 r1, [3]
0x34423e7ac1b6 @ 24 : 1e fa Star r0
148 S> 0x34423e7ac1b8 @ 26 : 94 Return
Constant pool (size = 2)
0x34423e7ac149: [FixedArray] in OldSpace
- map = 0x344252182309 <Map(HOLEY_ELEMENTS)>
- length: 2
0: 0x34423e7ac069 <FixedArray[4]>
1: 0x34423e7abf59 <String[4]: beve>
Handler Table (size = 16) Load the global with name in constant pool entry <name_index> into the
// accumulator using FeedBackVector slot <slot> outside of a typeof
- LdaConstant Load the constant at index from the constant pool into the accumulator.
- Star Store the contents of the accumulator register in dst.
- Ldar Load accumulator with value from register src.
- LdaGlobal Load the global with name in constant pool entry idx into the accumulator using FeedBackVector slot outside of a typeof.
- Mov , Store the value of register
You can find the declarations for the these instructions in src/interpreter/interpreter-generator.cc.
Unified code generation architecture
FeedbackVector
Is attached to every function and is responsible for recording and managing all execution feedback, which is information about types enabling. You can find the declaration for this class in src/feedback-vector.h
BytecodeGenerator
Is currently the only part of V8 that cares about the AST.
BytecodeGraphBuilder
Produces high-level IR graph based on interpreter bytecodes.
TurboFan
Is a compiler backend that gets fed a control flow graph and then does instruction selection, register allocation and code generation. The code generation generates
Execution/Runtime
I'm not sure if V8 follows this exactly but I've heard and read that when the engine comes across a function declaration it only parses and verifies the syntax and saves a ref to the function name. The statements inside the function are not checked at this stage only the syntax of the function declaration (parenthesis, arguments, brackets etc).
Function methods
The declaration of Function can be found in include/v8.h (just noting this as I've looked for it several times)
Symbol
The declarations for the Symbol class can be found in v8.h and the internal implementation in src/api/api.cc.
The well known Symbols are generated using macros so you won't find the just by searching using the static function names like 'GetToPrimitive`.
#define WELL_KNOWN_SYMBOLS(V) \
V(AsyncIterator, async_iterator) \
V(HasInstance, has_instance) \
V(IsConcatSpreadable, is_concat_spreadable) \
V(Iterator, iterator) \
V(Match, match) \
V(Replace, replace) \
V(Search, search) \
V(Split, split) \
V(ToPrimitive, to_primitive) \
V(ToStringTag, to_string_tag) \
V(Unscopables, unscopables)
#define SYMBOL_GETTER(Name, name) \
Local<Symbol> v8::Symbol::Get##Name(Isolate* isolate) { \
i::Isolate* i_isolate = reinterpret_cast<i::Isolate*>(isolate); \
return Utils::ToLocal(i_isolate->factory()->name##_symbol()); \
}
So GetToPrimitive would become:
Local<Symbol> v8::Symbol::GeToPrimitive(Isolate* isolate) {
i::Isolate* i_isolate = reinterpret_cast<i::Isolate*>(isolate);
return Utils::ToLocal(i_isolate->factory()->to_primitive_symbol());
}
There is an example in symbol-test.cc.
Builtins
Are JavaScript functions/objects that are provided by V8. These are built using a C++ DSL and are passed through:
CodeStubAssembler -> CodeAssembler -> RawMachineAssembler.
Builtins need to have bytecode generated for them so that they can be run in TurboFan.
src/code-stub-assembler.h
All the builtins are declared in src/builtins/builtins-definitions.h by the BUILTIN_LIST_BASE macro. There are different type of builtins (TF = Turbo Fan):
TFJ JavaScript linkage which means it is callable as a JavaScript function
TFS CodeStub linkage. A builtin with stub linkage can be used to extract common code into a separate code object which can then be used by multiple callers. These is useful because builtins are generated at compile time and included in the V8 snapshot. This means that they are part of every isolate that is created. Being able to share common code for multiple builtins will save space.
TFC CodeStub linkage with custom descriptor
To see how this works in action we first need to disable snapshots. If we don't, we won't be able to set breakpoints as the the heap will be serialized at compile time and deserialized upon startup of v8.
To find the option to disable snapshots use:
$ gn args --list out.gn/learning --short | more
...
v8_use_snapshot=true
$ gn args out.gn/learning
v8_use_snapshot=false
$ gn -C out.gn/learning
After building we should be able to set a break point in bootstrapper.cc and its function Genesis::InitializeGlobal:
(lldb) br s -f bootstrapper.cc -l 2684
Lets take a look at how the JSON object is setup:
Handle<String> name = factory->InternalizeUtf8String("JSON");
Handle<JSObject> json_object = factory->NewJSObject(isolate->object_function(), TENURED);
TENURED means that this object should be allocated directly in the old generation.
JSObject::AddProperty(global, name, json_object, DONT_ENUM);
DONT_ENUM is checked by some builtin functions and if set this object will be ignored by those functions.
SimpleInstallFunction(json_object, "parse", Builtins::kJsonParse, 2, false);
Here we can see that we are installing a function named parse, which takes 2 parameters. You can find the definition in src/builtins/builtins-json.cc. What does the SimpleInstallFunction do?
Lets take console as an example which was created using:
Handle<JSObject> console = factory->NewJSObject(cons, TENURED);
JSObject::AddProperty(global, name, console, DONT_ENUM);
SimpleInstallFunction(console, "debug", Builtins::kConsoleDebug, 1, false,
NONE);
V8_NOINLINE Handle<JSFunction> SimpleInstallFunction(
Handle<JSObject> base,
const char* name,
Builtins::Name call,
int len,
bool adapt,
PropertyAttributes attrs = DONT_ENUM,
BuiltinFunctionId id = kInvalidBuiltinFunctionId) {
So we can see that base is our Handle to a JSObject, and name is "debug". Builtins::Name is Builtins:kConsoleDebug. Where is this defined?
You can find a macro named CPP in src/builtins/builtins-definitions.h:
CPP(ConsoleDebug)
What does this macro expand to?
It is part of the BUILTIN_LIST_BASE macro in builtin-definitions.h We have to look at where BUILTIN_LIST is used which we can find in builtins.cc. In builtins.cc we have an array of BuiltinMetadata which is declared as:
const BuiltinMetadata builtin_metadata[] = {
BUILTIN_LIST(DECL_CPP, DECL_API, DECL_TFJ, DECL_TFC, DECL_TFS, DECL_TFH, DECL_ASM)
};
#define DECL_CPP(Name, ...) { #Name, Builtins::CPP, \
{ FUNCTION_ADDR(Builtin_##Name) }},
Which will expand to the creation of a BuiltinMetadata struct entry in the array. The BuildintMetadata struct looks like this which might help understand what is going on:
struct BuiltinMetadata {
const char* name;
Builtins::Kind kind;
union {
Address cpp_entry; // For CPP and API builtins.
int8_t parameter_count; // For TFJ builtins.
} kind_specific_data;
};
So the CPP(ConsoleDebug) will expand to an entry in the array which would look something like this:
{ ConsoleDebug,
Builtins::CPP,
{
reinterpret_cast<v8::internal::Address>(reinterpret_cast<intptr_t>(Builtin_ConsoleDebug))
}
},
The third paramter is the creation on the union which might not be obvious.
Back to the question I'm trying to answer which is:
"Buildtins::Name is is Builtins:kConsoleDebug. Where is this defined?"
For this we have to look at builtins.h and the enum Name:
enum Name : int32_t {
#define DEF_ENUM(Name, ...) k##Name,
BUILTIN_LIST_ALL(DEF_ENUM)
#undef DEF_ENUM
builtin_count
};
This will expand to the complete list of builtins in builtin-definitions.h using the DEF_ENUM macro. So the expansion for ConsoleDebug will look like:
enum Name: int32_t {
...
kDebugConsole,
...
};
So backing up to looking at the arguments to SimpleInstallFunction which are:
SimpleInstallFunction(console, "debug", Builtins::kConsoleDebug, 1, false,
NONE);
V8_NOINLINE Handle<JSFunction> SimpleInstallFunction(
Handle<JSObject> base,
const char* name,
Builtins::Name call,
int len,
bool adapt,
PropertyAttributes attrs = DONT_ENUM,
BuiltinFunctionId id = kInvalidBuiltinFunctionId) {
We know about Builtins::Name, so lets look at len which is one, what is this?
SimpleInstallFunction will call:
Handle<JSFunction> fun =
SimpleCreateFunction(base->GetIsolate(), function_name, call, len, adapt);
len would be used if adapt was true but it is false in our case. This is what it would be used for if adapt was true:
fun->shared()->set_internal_formal_parameter_count(len);
I'm not exactly sure what adapt is referring to here.
PropertyAttributes is not specified so it will get the default value of DONT_ENUM. The last parameter which is of type BuiltinFunctionId is not specified either so the default value of kInvalidBuiltinFunctionId will be used. This is an enum defined in src/objects/objects.h.
This blog provides an example of adding a function to the String object.
$ out.gn/learning/mksnapshot --print-code > output
You can then see the generated code from this. This will produce a code stub that can be called through C++. Lets update this to have it be called from JavaScript:
Update builtins/builtins-string-get.cc :
TF_BUILTIN(GetStringLength, StringBuiltinsAssembler) {
Node* const str = Parameter(Descriptor::kReceiver);
Return(LoadStringLength(str));
}
We also have to update builtins/builtins-definitions.h:
TFJ(GetStringLength, 0)
And bootstrapper.cc:
SimpleInstallFunction(prototype, "len", Builtins::kGetStringLength, 0, true);
If you now build using 'ninja -C out.gn/learning_v8' you should be able to run d8 and try this out:
d8> const s = 'testing'
undefined
d8> s.len()
7
Now lets take a closer look at the code that is generated for this:
$ out.gn/learning/mksnapshot --print-code > output
Looking at the output generated I was surprised to see two entries for GetStringLength (I changed the name just to make sure there was not something else generating the second one). Why two?
The following uses Intel Assembly syntax which means that no register/immediate prefixes and the first operand is the destination and the second operand the source.
--- Code ---
kind = BUILTIN
name = BeveStringLength
compiler = turbofan
Instructions (size = 136)
0x1fafde09b3a0 0 55 push rbp
0x1fafde09b3a1 1 4889e5 REX.W movq rbp,rsp // movq rsp into rbp
0x1fafde09b3a4 4 56 push rsi // push the value of rsi (first parameter) onto the stack
0x1fafde09b3a5 5 57 push rdi // push the value of rdi (second parameter) onto the stack
0x1fafde09b3a6 6 50 push rax // push the value of rax (accumulator) onto the stack
0x1fafde09b3a7 7 4883ec08 REX.W subq rsp,0x8 // make room for a 8 byte value on the stack
0x1fafde09b3ab b 488b4510 REX.W movq rax,[rbp+0x10] // move the value rpm + 10 to rax
0x1fafde09b3af f 488b58ff REX.W movq rbx,[rax-0x1]
0x1fafde09b3b3 13 807b0b80 cmpb [rbx+0xb],0x80 // IsString(object). compare byte to zero
0x1fafde09b3b7 17 0f8350000000 jnc 0x1fafde09b40d <+0x6d> // jump it carry flag was not set
0x1fafde09b3bd 1d 488b400f REX.W movq rax,[rax+0xf]
0x1fafde09b3c1 21 4989e2 REX.W movq r10,rsp
0x1fafde09b3c4 24 4883ec08 REX.W subq rsp,0x8
0x1fafde09b3c8 28 4883e4f0 REX.W andq rsp,0xf0
0x1fafde09b3cc 2c 4c891424 REX.W movq [rsp],r10
0x1fafde09b3d0 30 488945e0 REX.W movq [rbp-0x20],rax
0x1fafde09b3d4 34 48be0000000001000000 REX.W movq rsi,0x100000000
0x1fafde09b3de 3e 48bad9c228dfa8090000 REX.W movq rdx,0x9a8df28c2d9 ;; object: 0x9a8df28c2d9 <String[101]: CAST(LoadObjectField(object, offset, MachineTypeOf<T>::value)) at ../../src/code-stub-assembler.h:432>
0x1fafde09b3e8 48 488bf8 REX.W movq rdi,rax
0x1fafde09b3eb 4b 48b830726d0a01000000 REX.W movq rax,0x10a6d7230 ;; external reference (check_object_type)
0x1fafde09b3f5 55 40f6c40f testb rsp,0xf
0x1fafde09b3f9 59 7401 jz 0x1fafde09b3fc <+0x5c>
0x1fafde09b3fb 5b cc int3l
0x1fafde09b3fc 5c ffd0 call rax
0x1fafde09b3fe 5e 488b2424 REX.W movq rsp,[rsp]
0x1fafde09b402 62 488b45e0 REX.W movq rax,[rbp-0x20]
0x1fafde09b406 66 488be5 REX.W movq rsp,rbp
0x1fafde09b409 69 5d pop rbp
0x1fafde09b40a 6a c20800 ret 0x8
// this is where we jump to if IsString failed
0x1fafde09b40d 6d 48ba71c228dfa8090000 REX.W movq rdx,0x9a8df28c271 ;; object: 0x9a8df28c271 <String[76]\: CSA_ASSERT failed: IsString(object) [../../src/code-stub-assembler.cc:1498]\n>
0x1fafde09b417 77 e8e4d1feff call 0x1fafde088600 ;; code: BUILTIN
0x1fafde09b41c 7c cc int3l
0x1fafde09b41d 7d cc int3l
0x1fafde09b41e 7e 90 nop
0x1fafde09b41f 7f 90 nop
Safepoints (size = 8)
RelocInfo (size = 7)
0x1fafde09b3e0 embedded object (0x9a8df28c2d9 <String[101]: CAST(LoadObjectField(object, offset, MachineTypeOf<T>::value)) at ../../src/code-stub-assembler.h:432>)
0x1fafde09b3ed external reference (check_object_type) (0x10a6d7230)
0x1fafde09b40f embedded object (0x9a8df28c271 <String[76]\: CSA_ASSERT failed: IsString(object) [../../src/code-stub-assembler.cc:1498]\n>)
0x1fafde09b418 code target (BUILTIN) (0x1fafde088600)
--- End code ---
TF_BUILTIN macro
Is a macro to defining Turbofan (TF) builtins and can be found in builtins/builtins-utils-gen.h
If we take a look at the file src/builtins/builtins-bigint-gen.cc and the following function:
TF_BUILTIN(BigIntToI64, CodeStubAssembler) {
if (!Is64()) {
Unreachable();
return;
}
TNode<Object> value = CAST(Parameter(Descriptor::kArgument));
TNode<Context> context = CAST(Parameter(Descriptor::kContext));
TNode<BigInt> n = ToBigInt(context, value);
TVARIABLE(UintPtrT, var_low);
TVARIABLE(UintPtrT, var_high);
BigIntToRawBytes(n, &var_low, &var_high);
Return(var_low.value());
}
Let's take our GetStringLength example from above and see what this will be expanded to after processing this macro:
$ clang++ --sysroot=build/linux/debian_sid_amd64-sysroot -isystem=./buildtools/third_party/libc++/trunk/include -isystem=buildtools/third_party/libc++/trunk/include -I. -E src/builtins/builtins-bigint-gen.cc > builtins-bigint-gen.cc.pp
static void Generate_BigIntToI64(compiler::CodeAssemblerState* state);
class BigIntToI64Assembler : public CodeStubAssembler {
public:
using Descriptor = Builtin_BigIntToI64_InterfaceDescriptor;
explicit BigIntToI64Assembler(compiler::CodeAssemblerState* state) : CodeStubAssembler(state) {}
void GenerateBigIntToI64Impl();
Node* Parameter(Descriptor::ParameterIndices index) {
return CodeAssembler::Parameter(static_cast<int>(index));
}
};
void Builtins::Generate_BigIntToI64(compiler::CodeAssemblerState* state) {
BigIntToI64Assembler assembler(state);
state->SetInitialDebugInformation("BigIntToI64", "src/builtins/builtins-bigint-gen.cc", 14);
if (Builtins::KindOf(Builtins::kBigIntToI64) == Builtins::TFJ) {
assembler.PerformStackCheck(assembler.GetJSContextParameter());
}
assembler.GenerateBigIntToI64Impl();
}
void BigIntToI64Assembler::GenerateBigIntToI64Impl() {
if (!Is64()) {
Unreachable();
return;
}
TNode<Object> value = Cast(Parameter(Descriptor::kArgument));
TNode<Context> context = Cast(Parameter(Descriptor::kContext));
TNode<BigInt> n = ToBigInt(context, value);
TVariable<UintPtrT> var_low(this);
TVariable<UintPtrT> var_high(this);
BigIntToRawBytes(n, &var_low, &var_high);
Return(var_low.value());
}
From the resulting class you can see how Parameter can be used from within TF_BUILTIN macro.
Building V8
You'll need to have checked out the Google V8 sources to you local file system and build it by following the instructions found here.
Configure v8 build for learning-v8
There is a make target that can generate a build configuration for V8 that is specific to this project. It can be run using the following command:
$ make configure_v8
Then to compile this configuration:
$ make compile_v8
gclient sync
$ gclient sync
Troubleshooting build:
/v8_src/v8/out/x64.release/obj/libv8_monolith.a(eh-frame.o):eh-frame.cc:function v8::internal::EhFrameWriter::WriteEmptyEhFrame(std::__1::basic_ostream<char, std::__1::char_traits<char> >&): error: undefined reference to 'std::__1::basic_ostream<char, std::__1::char_traits<char> >::write(char const*, long)'
clang: error: linker command failed with exit code 1 (use -v to see invocation)
-stdlib=libc++ is llvm's C++ runtime. This runtime has a __1 namespace. I looks like the static library above was compiled with clangs/llvm's libc++ as we are seeing the __1 namespace.
-stdlib=libstdc++ is GNU's C++ runtime
So we can see that the namespace std::__1 is used which we now know is the namespace that libc++ which is clangs libc++ library. I guess we could go about this in two ways, either we can change v8 build of to use glibc++ when compiling so that the symbols are correct when we want to link against it, or we can update our linker (ld) to use libc++.
We need to include the correct libraries to link with during linking, which means specifying:
-stdlib=libc++ -Wl,-L$(v8_build_dir)
If we look in $(v8_build_dir) we find libc++.so. We also need to this library to be found at runtime by the dynamic linker using LD_LIBRARY_PATH:
$ LD_LIBRARY_PATH=../v8_src/v8/out/x64.release/ ./hello-world
Notice that this is using ld from our path. We can tell clang to use a different search path with the -B option:
$ clang++ --help | grep -- '-B'
-B <dir> Add <dir> to search path for binaries and object files used implicitly
libgcc_s is GCC low level runtime library. I've been confusing this with glibc++ libraries for some reason but they are not the same.
Running cctest:
$ out.gn/learning/cctest test-heap-profiler/HeapSnapshotRetainedObjectInfo
To get a list of the available tests:
$ out.gn/learning/cctest --list
Checking formating/linting:
$ git cl format
You can then git diff and see the changes.
Running pre-submit checks:
$ git cl presubmit
Then upload using:
$ git cl upload
Build details
So when we run gn it will generate Ninja build file. GN itself is written in C++ but has a python wrapper around it.
A group in gn is just a collection of other targets which enables them to have a name.
So when we run gn there will be a number of .ninja files generated. If we look in the root of the output directory we find two .ninja files:
build.ninja toolchain.ninja
By default ninja will look for build.ninja and when we run ninja we usually specify the -C out/dir. If no targets are specified on the command line ninja will execute all outputs unless there is one specified as default. V8 has the following default target:
default all
build all: phony $
./bytecode_builtins_list_generator $
./d8 $
obj/fuzzer_support.stamp $
./gen-regexp-special-case $
obj/generate_bytecode_builtins_list.stamp $
obj/gn_all.stamp $
obj/json_fuzzer.stamp $
obj/lib_wasm_fuzzer_common.stamp $
./mksnapshot $
obj/multi_return_fuzzer.stamp $
obj/parser_fuzzer.stamp $
obj/postmortem-metadata.stamp $
obj/regexp_builtins_fuzzer.stamp $
obj/regexp_fuzzer.stamp $
obj/run_gen-regexp-special-case.stamp $
obj/run_mksnapshot_default.stamp $
obj/run_torque.stamp $
./torque $
./torque-language-server $
obj/torque_base.stamp $
obj/torque_generated_definitions.stamp $
obj/torque_generated_initializers.stamp $
obj/torque_ls_base.stamp $
./libv8.so.TOC $
obj/v8_archive.stamp $
...
A phony rule can be used to create an alias for other targets. The $ in ninja is an escape character so in the case of the all target it escapes the new line, like using \ in a shell script.
Lets take a look at bytecode_builtins_list_generator:
build $:bytecode_builtins_list_generator: phony ./bytecode_builtins_list_generator
The format of the ninja build statement is:
build outputs: rulename inputs
We are again seeing the $ ninja escape character but this time it is escaping the colon which would otherwise be interpreted as separating file names. The output in this case is bytecode_builtins_list_generator. And I'm guessing, as I can't find a connection between ./bytecode_builtins_list_generator and
The default target_out_dir in this case is //out/x64.release_gcc/obj. The executable in BUILD.gn which generates this does not specify any output directory so I'm assuming that it the generated .ninja file is place in the target_out_dir in this case where we can find bytecode_builtins_list_generator.ninja This file has a label named:
label_name = bytecode_builtins_list_generator
Hmm, notice that in build.ninja there is the following command:
subninja toolchain.ninja
And in toolchain.ninja we have:
subninja obj/bytecode_builtins_list_generator.ninja
This is what is making ./bytecode_builtins_list_generator available.
$ ninja -C out/x64.release_gcc/ -t targets all | grep bytecode_builtins_list_generator
$ rm out/x64.release_gcc/bytecode_builtins_list_generator
$ ninja -C out/x64.release_gcc/ bytecode_builtins_list_generator
ninja: Entering directory `out/x64.release_gcc/'
[1/1] LINK ./bytecode_builtins_list_generator
Alright, so I'd like to understand when in the process torque is run to generate classes like TorqueGeneratedStruct:
class Struct : public TorqueGeneratedStruct<Struct, HeapObject> {
./torque $
./torque-language-server $
obj/torque_base.stamp $
obj/torque_generated_definitions.stamp $
obj/torque_generated_initializers.stamp $
obj/torque_ls_base.stamp $
Like before we can find that obj/torque.ninja in included by the subninja command in toolchain.ninja:
subninja obj/torque.ninja
So this is building the executable torque, but it has not been run yet.
$ gn ls out/x64.release_gcc/ --type=action
//:generate_bytecode_builtins_list
//:postmortem-metadata
//:run_gen-regexp-special-case
//:run_mksnapshot_default
//:run_torque
//:v8_dump_build_config
//src/inspector:protocol_compatibility
//src/inspector:protocol_generated_sources
//tools/debug_helper:gen_heap_constants
//tools/debug_helper:run_mkgrokdump
Notice the run_torque target
$ gn desc out/x64.release_gcc/ //:run_torque
If we look in toolchain.ninja we have a rule named ___run_torque___build_toolchain_linux_x64__rule
command = python ../../tools/run.py ./torque -o gen/torque-generated -v8-root ../..
src/builtins/array-copywithin.tq
src/builtins/array-every.tq
src/builtins/array-filter.tq
src/builtins/array-find.tq
...
And there is a build that specifies the .h and cc files in gen/torque-generated which has this rule in it if they change.
Building chromium
When making changes to V8 you might need to verify that your changes have not broken anything in Chromium.
Generate Your Project (gpy) : You'll have to run this once before building:
$ gclient sync
$ gclient runhooks
Update the code base
$ git fetch origin master
$ git co master
$ git merge origin/master
Building using GN
$ gn args out.gn/learning
Building using Ninja
$ ninja -C out.gn/learning
Building the tests:
$ ninja -C out.gn/learning chrome/test:unit_tests
An error I got when building the first time:
traceback (most recent call last):
File "./gyp-mac-tool", line 713, in <module>
sys.exit(main(sys.argv[1:]))
File "./gyp-mac-tool", line 29, in main
exit_code = executor.Dispatch(args)
File "./gyp-mac-tool", line 44, in Dispatch
return getattr(self, method)(*args[1:])
File "./gyp-mac-tool", line 68, in ExecCopyBundleResource
self._CopyStringsFile(source, dest)
File "./gyp-mac-tool", line 134, in _CopyStringsFile
import CoreFoundation
ImportError: No module named CoreFoundation
[6642/20987] CXX obj/base/debug/base.task_annotator.o
[6644/20987] ACTION base_nacl: build newlib plib_9b4f41e4158ebb93a5d28e6734a13e85
ninja: build stopped: subcommand failed.
I was able to get around this by:
$ pip install -U pyobjc
Using a specific version of V8
The instructions below work but it is also possible to create a soft link from chromium/src/v8 to local v8 repository and the build/test.
So, we want to include our updated version of V8 so that we can verify that it builds correctly with our change to V8. While I'm not sure this is the proper way to do it, I was able to update DEPS in src (chromium) and set the v8 entry to git@github.com:danbev/v8.git@064718a8921608eaf9b5eadbb7d734ec04068a87:
"git@github.com:danbev/v8.git@064718a8921608eaf9b5eadbb7d734ec04068a87"
You'll have to run gclient sync after this.
Another way is to not updated the DEPS file, which is a version controlled file, but instead update .gclientrc and add a custom_deps entry:
solutions = [{u'managed': False, u'name': u'src', u'url': u'https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src.git',
u'custom_deps': {
"src/v8": "git@github.com:danbev/v8.git@27a666f9be7ca3959c7372bdeeee14aef2a4b7ba"
}, u'deps_file': u'.DEPS.git', u'safesync_url': u''}]
Buiding pdfium
You may have to compile this project (in addition to chromium to verify that changes in v8 are not breaking code in pdfium.
Create/clone the project
$ mkdir pdfuim_reop
$ gclient config --unmanaged https://pdfium.googlesource.com/pdfium.git
$ gclient sync
$ cd pdfium
Building
$ ninja -C out/Default
Using a branch of v8
You should be able to update the .gclient file adding a custom_deps entry:
solutions = [
{
"name" : "pdfium",
"url" : "https://pdfium.googlesource.com/pdfium.git",
"deps_file" : "DEPS",
"managed" : False,
"custom_deps" : {
"v8": "git@github.com:danbev/v8.git@064718a8921608eaf9b5eadbb7d734ec04068a87"
},
},
] cache_dir = None You'll have to run gclient sync after this too.
Code in this repo
hello-world
hello-world is heavily commented and show the usage of a static int being exposed and accessed from JavaScript.
instances
instances shows the usage of creating new instances of a C++ class from JavaScript.
run-script
run-script is basically the same as instance but reads an external file, script.js and run the script.
tests
The test directory contains unit tests for individual classes/concepts in V8 to help understand them.
Building this projects code
$ make
Running
$ ./hello-world
Cleaning
$ make clean
Contributing a change to V8
- Create a working branch using
git new-branch name - git cl upload
See Googles contributing-code for more details.
Find the current issue number
$ git cl issue
Debugging
$ lldb hello-world
(lldb) br s -f hello-world.cc -l 27
There are a number of useful functions in src/objects-printer.cc which can also be used in lldb.
Print value of a Local object
(lldb) print _v8_internal_Print_Object(*(v8::internal::Object**)(*init_fn))
Print stacktrace
(lldb) p _v8_internal_Print_StackTrace()
Creating command aliases in lldb
Create a file named .lldbinit (in your project director or home directory). This file can now be found in v8's tools directory.
Using d8
This is the source used for the following examples:
$ cat class.js
function Person(name, age) {
this.name = name;
this.age = age;
}
print("before");
const p = new Person("Daniel", 41);
print(p.name);
print(p.age);
print("after");
V8_shell startup
What happens when the v8_shell is run?
$ lldb -- out/x64.debug/d8 --enable-inspector class.js
(lldb) breakpoint set --file d8.cc --line 2662
Breakpoint 1: where = d8`v8::Shell::Main(int, char**) + 96 at d8.cc:2662, address = 0x0000000100015150
First v8::base::debug::EnableInProcessStackDumping() is called followed by some windows specific code guarded by macros. Next is all the options are set using v8::Shell::SetOptions
SetOptions will call v8::V8::SetFlagsFromCommandLine which is found in src/api.cc:
i::FlagList::SetFlagsFromCommandLine(argc, argv, remove_flags);
This function can be found in src/flags.cc. The flags themselves are defined in src/flag-definitions.h
Next a new SourceGroup array is create:
options.isolate_sources = new SourceGroup[options.num_isolates];
SourceGroup* current = options.isolate_sources;
current->Begin(argv, 1);
for (int i = 1; i < argc; i++) {
const char* str = argv[i];
(lldb) p str
(const char *) $6 = 0x00007fff5fbfed4d "manual.js"
There are then checks performed to see if the args is --isolate or --module, or -e and if not (like in our case)
} else if (strncmp(str, "-", 1) != 0) {
// Not a flag, so it must be a script to execute.
options.script_executed = true;
TODO: I'm not exactly sure what SourceGroups are about but just noting this and will revisit later.
This will take us back int Shell::Main in src/d8.cc
::V8::InitializeICUDefaultLocation(argv[0], options.icu_data_file);
(lldb) p argv[0]
(char *) $8 = 0x00007fff5fbfed48 "./d8"
See ICU a little more details.
Next the default V8 platform is initialized:
g_platform = i::FLAG_verify_predictable ? new PredictablePlatform() : v8::platform::CreateDefaultPlatform();
v8::platform::CreateDefaultPlatform() will be called in our case.
We are then back in Main and have the following lines:
2685 v8::V8::InitializePlatform(g_platform);
2686 v8::V8::Initialize();
This is very similar to what I've seen in the Node.js startup process.
We did not specify any natives_blob or snapshot_blob as an option on the command line so the defaults will be used:
v8::V8::InitializeExternalStartupData(argv[0]);
back in src/d8.cc line 2918:
Isolate* isolate = Isolate::New(create_params);
this call will bring us into api.cc line 8185:
i::Isolate* isolate = new i::Isolate(false);
So, we are invoking the Isolate constructor (in src/isolate.cc).
isolate->set_snapshot_blob(i::Snapshot::DefaultSnapshotBlob());
api.cc:
isolate->Init(NULL);
compilation_cache_ = new CompilationCache(this);
context_slot_cache_ = new ContextSlotCache();
descriptor_lookup_cache_ = new DescriptorLookupCache();
unicode_cache_ = new UnicodeCache();
inner_pointer_to_code_cache_ = new InnerPointerToCodeCache(this);
global_handles_ = new GlobalHandles(this);
eternal_handles_ = new EternalHandles();
bootstrapper_ = new Bootstrapper(this);
handle_scope_implementer_ = new HandleScopeImplementer(this);
load_stub_cache_ = new StubCache(this, Code::LOAD_IC);
store_stub_cache_ = new StubCache(this, Code::STORE_IC);
materialized_object_store_ = new MaterializedObjectStore(this);
regexp_stack_ = new RegExpStack();
regexp_stack_->isolate_ = this;
date_cache_ = new DateCache();
call_descriptor_data_ =
new CallInterfaceDescriptorData[CallDescriptors::NUMBER_OF_DESCRIPTORS];
access_compiler_data_ = new AccessCompilerData();
cpu_profiler_ = new CpuProfiler(this);
heap_profiler_ = new HeapProfiler(heap());
interpreter_ = new interpreter::Interpreter(this);
compiler_dispatcher_ =
new CompilerDispatcher(this, V8::GetCurrentPlatform(), FLAG_stack_size);
src/builtins/builtins.cc, this is where the builtins are defined. TODO: sort out what these macros do.
In src/v8.cc we have a couple of checks for if the options passed are for a stress_run but since we did not pass in any such flags this code path will be followed which will call RunMain:
result = RunMain(isolate, argc, argv, last_run);
this will end up calling:
options.isolate_sources[0].Execute(isolate);
Which will call SourceGroup::Execute(Isolate* isolate)
// Use all other arguments as names of files to load and run.
HandleScope handle_scope(isolate);
Local<String> file_name = String::NewFromUtf8(isolate, arg, NewStringType::kNormal).ToLocalChecked();
Local<String> source = ReadFile(isolate, arg);
if (source.IsEmpty()) {
printf("Error reading '%s'\n", arg);
Shell::Exit(1);
}
Shell::options.script_executed = true;
if (!Shell::ExecuteString(isolate, source, file_name, false, true)) {
exception_was_thrown = true;
break;
}
ScriptOrigin origin(name);
if (compile_options == ScriptCompiler::kNoCompileOptions) {
ScriptCompiler::Source script_source(source, origin);
return ScriptCompiler::Compile(context, &script_source, compile_options);
}
Which will delegate to ScriptCompiler(Local, Source* source, CompileOptions options):
auto maybe = CompileUnboundInternal(isolate, source, options);
CompileUnboundInternal
result = i::Compiler::GetSharedFunctionInfoForScript(
str, name_obj, line_offset, column_offset, source->resource_options,
source_map_url, isolate->native_context(), NULL, &script_data, options,
i::NOT_NATIVES_CODE);
src/compiler.cc
// Compile the function and add it to the cache.
ParseInfo parse_info(script);
Zone compile_zone(isolate->allocator(), ZONE_NAME);
CompilationInfo info(&compile_zone, &parse_info, Handle<JSFunction>::null());
Back in src/compiler.cc-info.cc:
result = CompileToplevel(&info);
(lldb) job *result
0x17df0df309f1: [SharedFunctionInfo]
- name = 0x1a7f12d82471 <String[0]: >
- formal_parameter_count = 0
- expected_nof_properties = 10
- ast_node_count = 23
- instance class name = #Object
- code = 0x1d8484d3661 <Code: BUILTIN>
- source code = function bajja(a, b, c) {
var d = c - 100;
return a + d * b;
}
var result = bajja(2, 2, 150);
print(result);
- anonymous expression
- function token position = -1
- start position = 0
- end position = 114
- no debug info
- length = 0
- optimized_code_map = 0x1a7f12d82241 <FixedArray[0]>
- feedback_metadata = 0x17df0df30d09: [FeedbackMetadata]
- length: 3
- slot_count: 11
Slot #0 LOAD_GLOBAL_NOT_INSIDE_TYPEOF_IC
Slot #2 kCreateClosure
Slot #3 LOAD_GLOBAL_NOT_INSIDE_TYPEOF_IC
Slot #5 CALL_IC
Slot #7 CALL_IC
Slot #9 LOAD_GLOBAL_NOT_INSIDE_TYPEOF_IC
- bytecode_array = 0x17df0df30c61
Back in d8.cc:
maybe_result = script->Run(realm);
src/api.cc
auto fun = i::Handle<i::JSFunction>::cast(Utils::OpenHandle(this));
(lldb) job *fun
0x17df0df30e01: [Function]
- map = 0x19cfe0003859 [FastProperties]
- prototype = 0x17df0df043b1
- elements = 0x1a7f12d82241 <FixedArray[0]> [FAST_HOLEY_ELEMENTS]
- initial_map =
- shared_info = 0x17df0df309f1 <SharedFunctionInfo>
- name = 0x1a7f12d82471 <String[0]: >
- formal_parameter_count = 0
- context = 0x17df0df03bf9 <FixedArray[245]>
- feedback vector cell = 0x17df0df30ed1 Cell for 0x17df0df30e49 <FixedArray[13]>
- code = 0x1d8484d3661 <Code: BUILTIN>
- properties = 0x1a7f12d82241 <FixedArray[0]> {
#length: 0x2c35a5718089 <AccessorInfo> (const accessor descriptor)
#name: 0x2c35a57180f9 <AccessorInfo> (const accessor descriptor)
#arguments: 0x2c35a5718169 <AccessorInfo> (const accessor descriptor)
#caller: 0x2c35a57181d9 <AccessorInfo> (const accessor descriptor)
#prototype: 0x2c35a5718249 <AccessorInfo> (const accessor descriptor)
}
i::Handle<i::Object> receiver = isolate->global_proxy();
Local<Value> result;
has_pending_exception = !ToLocal<Value>(i::Execution::Call(isolate, fun, receiver, 0, nullptr), &result);
src/execution.cc
Zone
Taken directly from src/zone/zone.h:
// The Zone supports very fast allocation of small chunks of
// memory. The chunks cannot be deallocated individually, but instead
// the Zone supports deallocating all chunks in one fast
// operation. The Zone is used to hold temporary data structures like
// the abstract syntax tree, which is deallocated after compilation.
V8 flags
$ ./d8 --help
d8
(lldb) br s -f d8.cc -l 2935
return v8::Shell::Main(argc, argv);
api.cc:6112
i::ReadNatives();
natives-external.cc
v8::String::NewFromOneByte
So I was a little confused when I first read this function name and thought it had something to do with the length of the string. But the byte is the type of the chars that make up the string. For example, a one byte char would be reinterpreted as uint8_t:
const char* data
reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(data)
Tasks
- gdbinit has been updated. Check if there is something that should be ported to lldbinit
Invocation walkthrough
This section will go through calling a Script to understand what happens in V8.
I'll be using run-scripts.cc as the example for this.
$ lldb -- ./run-scripts
(lldb) br s -n main
I'll step through until the following call:
script->Run(context).ToLocalChecked();
So, Script::Run is defined in api.cc First things that happens in this function is a macro:
PREPARE_FOR_EXECUTION_WITH_CONTEXT_IN_RUNTIME_CALL_STATS_SCOPE(
"v8",
"V8.Execute",
context,
Script,
Run,
MaybeLocal<Value>(),
InternalEscapableScope,
true);
TRACE_EVENT_CALL_STATS_SCOPED(isolate, category, name);
PREPARE_FOR_EXECUTION_GENERIC(isolate, context, class_name, function_name, \
bailout_value, HandleScopeClass, do_callback);
So, what does the preprocessor replace this with then:
auto isolate = context.IsEmpty() ? i::Isolate::Current() : reinterpret_cast<i::Isolate*>(context->GetIsolate());
I'm skipping TRACE_EVENT_CALL_STATS_SCOPED for now. PREPARE_FOR_EXECUTION_GENERIC will be replaced with:
if (IsExecutionTerminatingCheck(isolate)) { \
return bailout_value; \
} \
HandleScopeClass handle_scope(isolate); \
CallDepthScope<do_callback> call_depth_scope(isolate, context); \
LOG_API(isolate, class_name, function_name); \
ENTER_V8_DO_NOT_USE(isolate); \
bool has_pending_exception = false
auto fun = i::Handle<i::JSFunction>::cast(Utils::OpenHandle(this));
(lldb) job *fun
0x33826912c021: [Function]
- map = 0x1d0656c03599 [FastProperties]
- prototype = 0x338269102e69
- elements = 0x35190d902241 <FixedArray[0]> [FAST_HOLEY_ELEMENTS]
- initial_map =
- shared_info = 0x33826912bc11 <SharedFunctionInfo>
- name = 0x35190d902471 <String[0]: >
- formal_parameter_count = 0
- context = 0x338269102611 <FixedArray[265]>
- feedback vector cell = 0x33826912c139 <Cell value= 0x33826912c069 <FixedArray[24]>>
- code = 0x1319e25fcf21 <Code BUILTIN>
- properties = 0x35190d902241 <FixedArray[0]> {
#length: 0x2e9d97ce68b1 <AccessorInfo> (const accessor descriptor)
#name: 0x2e9d97ce6921 <AccessorInfo> (const accessor descriptor)
#arguments: 0x2e9d97ce6991 <AccessorInfo> (const accessor descriptor)
#caller: 0x2e9d97ce6a01 <AccessorInfo> (const accessor descriptor)
#prototype: 0x2e9d97ce6a71 <AccessorInfo> (const accessor descriptor)
}
The code for i::JSFunction is generated in src/api.h. Lets take a closer look at this.
#define DECLARE_OPEN_HANDLE(From, To) \
static inline v8::internal::Handle<v8::internal::To> \
OpenHandle(const From* that, bool allow_empty_handle = false);
OPEN_HANDLE_LIST(DECLARE_OPEN_HANDLE)
OPEN_HANDLE_LIST looks like this:
#define OPEN_HANDLE_LIST(V) \
....
V(Script, JSFunction) \
So lets expand this for JSFunction and it should become:
static inline v8::internal::Handle<v8::internal::JSFunction> \
OpenHandle(const Script* that, bool allow_empty_handle = false);
So there will be an function named OpenHandle that will take a const pointer to Script.
A little further down in src/api.h there is another macro which looks like this:
OPEN_HANDLE_LIST(MAKE_OPEN_HANDLE)
MAKE_OPEN_HANDLE:
#define MAKE_OPEN_HANDLE(From, To)
v8::internal::Handle<v8::internal::To> Utils::OpenHandle(
const v8::From* that, bool allow_empty_handle) {
return v8::internal::Handle<v8::internal::To>(
reinterpret_cast<v8::internal::Address*>(const_cast<v8::From*>(that)));
}
And remember that JSFunction is included in the OPEN_HANDLE_LIST so there will be the following in the source after the preprocessor has processed this header: A concrete example would look like this:
v8::internal::Handle<v8::internal::JSFunction> Utils::OpenHandle(
const v8::Script* that, bool allow_empty_handle) {
return v8::internal::Handle<v8::internal::JSFunction>(
reinterpret_cast<v8::internal::Address*>(const_cast<v8::Script*>(that))); }
You can inspect the output of the preprocessor using:
$ clang++ -I./out/x64.release/gen -I. -I./include -E src/api/api-inl.h > api-inl.output
So where is JSFunction declared? It is defined in objects.h
Ignition interpreter
User JavaScript also needs to have bytecode generated for them and they also use the C++ DLS and use the CodeStubAssembler -> CodeAssembler -> RawMachineAssembler just like builtins.
C++ Domain Specific Language (DLS)
Build failure
After rebasing I've seen the following issue:
$ ninja -C out/Debug chrome
ninja: Entering directory `out/Debug'
ninja: error: '../../chrome/renderer/resources/plugins/plugin_delay.html', needed by 'gen/chrome/grit/renderer_resources.h', missing and no known rule to make it
The "solution" was to remove the out directory and rebuild.
Tasks
To find suitable task you can use label:HelpWanted at bugs.chromium.org.
OpenHandle
What does this call do:
Utils::OpenHandle(*(source->source_string));
OPEN_HANDLE_LIST(MAKE_OPEN_HANDLE)
Which is a macro defined in src/api.h:
#define MAKE_OPEN_HANDLE(From, To) \
v8::internal::Handle<v8::internal::To> Utils::OpenHandle( \
const v8::From* that, bool allow_empty_handle) { \
DCHECK(allow_empty_handle || that != NULL); \
DCHECK(that == NULL || \
(*reinterpret_cast<v8::internal::Object* const*>(that))->Is##To()); \
return v8::internal::Handle<v8::internal::To>( \
reinterpret_cast<v8::internal::To**>(const_cast<v8::From*>(that))); \
}
OPEN_HANDLE_LIST(MAKE_OPEN_HANDLE)
If we take a closer look at the macro is should expand to something like this in our case:
v8::internal::Handle<v8::internal::To> Utils::OpenHandle(const v8:String* that, false) {
DCHECK(allow_empty_handle || that != NULL); \
DCHECK(that == NULL || \
(*reinterpret_cast<v8::internal::Object* const*>(that))->IsString()); \
return v8::internal::Handle<v8::internal::String>( \
reinterpret_cast<v8::internal::String**>(const_cast<v8::String*>(that))); \
}
So this is returning a new v8::internal::Handle, the constructor is defined in src/handles.h:95.
src/objects.cc Handle WeakFixedArray::Add(Handle maybe_array, 10167 Handle value, 10168 int* assigned_index) { Notice the name of the first parameter maybe_array but it is not of type maybe?
Context
JavaScript provides a set of builtin functions and objects. These functions and objects can be changed by user code. Each context is separate collection of these objects and functions.
And internal::Context is declared in deps/v8/src/contexts.h and extends FixedArray
class Context: public FixedArray {
A Context can be create by calling:
const v8::HandleScope handle_scope(isolate_);
Handle<Context> context = Context::New(isolate_,
nullptr,
v8::Local<v8::ObjectTemplate>());
Context::New can be found in src/api.cc:6405:
Local<Context> v8::Context::New(
v8::Isolate* external_isolate, v8::ExtensionConfiguration* extensions,
v8::MaybeLocal<ObjectTemplate> global_template,
v8::MaybeLocal<Value> global_object,
DeserializeInternalFieldsCallback internal_fields_deserializer) {
return NewContext(external_isolate, extensions, global_template,
global_object, 0, internal_fields_deserializer);
}
The declaration of this function can be found in include/v8.h:
static Local<Context> New(
Isolate* isolate, ExtensionConfiguration* extensions = NULL,
MaybeLocal<ObjectTemplate> global_template = MaybeLocal<ObjectTemplate>(),
MaybeLocal<Value> global_object = MaybeLocal<Value>(),
DeserializeInternalFieldsCallback internal_fields_deserializer =
DeserializeInternalFieldsCallback());
So we can see the reason why we did not have to specify internal_fields_deserialize. What is ExtensionConfiguration?
This class can be found in include/v8.h and only has two members, a count of the extension names and an array with the names.
If specified these will be installed by Boostrapper::InstallExtensions which will delegate to Genesis::InstallExtensions, both can be found in src/boostrapper.cc. Where are extensions registered?
This is done once per process and called from V8::Initialize():
void Bootstrapper::InitializeOncePerProcess() {
free_buffer_extension_ = new FreeBufferExtension;
v8::RegisterExtension(free_buffer_extension_);
gc_extension_ = new GCExtension(GCFunctionName());
v8::RegisterExtension(gc_extension_);
externalize_string_extension_ = new ExternalizeStringExtension;
v8::RegisterExtension(externalize_string_extension_);
statistics_extension_ = new StatisticsExtension;
v8::RegisterExtension(statistics_extension_);
trigger_failure_extension_ = new TriggerFailureExtension;
v8::RegisterExtension(trigger_failure_extension_);
ignition_statistics_extension_ = new IgnitionStatisticsExtension;
v8::RegisterExtension(ignition_statistics_extension_);
}
The extensions can be found in src/extensions. You register your own extensions and an example of this can be found in test/context_test.cc.
(lldb) br s -f node.cc -l 4439
(lldb) expr context->length()
(int) $522 = 281
This output was taken
Creating a new Context is done by v8::CreateEnvironment
(lldb) br s -f api.cc -l 6565
InvokeBootstrapper<ObjectType> invoke;
6635 result =
-> 6636 invoke.Invoke(isolate, maybe_proxy, proxy_template, extensions,
6637 context_snapshot_index, embedder_fields_deserializer);
This will later end up in Snapshot::NewContextFromSnapshot:
Vector<const byte> context_data =
ExtractContextData(blob, static_cast<uint32_t>(context_index));
SnapshotData snapshot_data(context_data);
MaybeHandle<Context> maybe_result = PartialDeserializer::DeserializeContext(
isolate, &snapshot_data, can_rehash, global_proxy,
embedder_fields_deserializer);
So we can see here that the Context is deserialized from the snapshot. What does the Context contain at this stage:
(lldb) expr result->length()
(int) $650 = 281
(lldb) expr result->Print()
// not inlcuding the complete output
Lets take a look at an entry:
(lldb) expr result->get(0)->Print()
0xc201584331: [Function] in OldSpace
- map = 0xc24c002251 [FastProperties]
- prototype = 0xc201584371
- elements = 0xc2b2882251 <FixedArray[0]> [HOLEY_ELEMENTS]
- initial_map =
- shared_info = 0xc2b2887521 <SharedFunctionInfo>
- name = 0xc2b2882441 <String[0]: >
- formal_parameter_count = -1
- kind = [ NormalFunction ]
- context = 0xc201583a59 <FixedArray[281]>
- code = 0x2df1f9865a61 <Code BUILTIN>
- source code = () {}
- properties = 0xc2b2882251 <FixedArray[0]> {
#length: 0xc2cca83729 <AccessorInfo> (const accessor descriptor)
#name: 0xc2cca83799 <AccessorInfo> (const accessor descriptor)
#arguments: 0xc201587fd1 <AccessorPair> (const accessor descriptor)
#caller: 0xc201587fd1 <AccessorPair> (const accessor descriptor)
#constructor: 0xc201584c29 <JSFunction Function (sfi = 0xc2b28a6fb1)> (const data descriptor)
#apply: 0xc201588079 <JSFunction apply (sfi = 0xc2b28a7051)> (const data descriptor)
#bind: 0xc2015880b9 <JSFunction bind (sfi = 0xc2b28a70f1)> (const data descriptor)
#call: 0xc2015880f9 <JSFunction call (sfi = 0xc2b28a7191)> (const data descriptor)
#toString: 0xc201588139 <JSFunction toString (sfi = 0xc2b28a7231)> (const data descriptor)
0xc2b28bc669 <Symbol: Symbol.hasInstance>: 0xc201588179 <JSFunction [Symbol.hasInstance] (sfi = 0xc2b28a72d1)> (const data descriptor)
}
- feedback vector: not available
So we can see that this is of type [Function] which we can cast using:
(lldb) expr JSFunction::cast(result->get(0))->code()->Print()
0x2df1f9865a61: [Code]
kind = BUILTIN
name = EmptyFunction
(lldb) expr JSFunction::cast(result->closure())->Print()
0xc201584331: [Function] in OldSpace
- map = 0xc24c002251 [FastProperties]
- prototype = 0xc201584371
- elements = 0xc2b2882251 <FixedArray[0]> [HOLEY_ELEMENTS]
- initial_map =
- shared_info = 0xc2b2887521 <SharedFunctionInfo>
- name = 0xc2b2882441 <String[0]: >
- formal_parameter_count = -1
- kind = [ NormalFunction ]
- context = 0xc201583a59 <FixedArray[281]>
- code = 0x2df1f9865a61 <Code BUILTIN>
- source code = () {}
- properties = 0xc2b2882251 <FixedArray[0]> {
#length: 0xc2cca83729 <AccessorInfo> (const accessor descriptor)
#name: 0xc2cca83799 <AccessorInfo> (const accessor descriptor)
#arguments: 0xc201587fd1 <AccessorPair> (const accessor descriptor)
#caller: 0xc201587fd1 <AccessorPair> (const accessor descriptor)
#constructor: 0xc201584c29 <JSFunction Function (sfi = 0xc2b28a6fb1)> (const data descriptor)
#apply: 0xc201588079 <JSFunction apply (sfi = 0xc2b28a7051)> (const data descriptor)
#bind: 0xc2015880b9 <JSFunction bind (sfi = 0xc2b28a70f1)> (const data descriptor)
#call: 0xc2015880f9 <JSFunction call (sfi = 0xc2b28a7191)> (const data descriptor)
#toString: 0xc201588139 <JSFunction toString (sfi = 0xc2b28a7231)> (const data descriptor)
0xc2b28bc669 <Symbol: Symbol.hasInstance>: 0xc201588179 <JSFunction [Symbol.hasInstance] (sfi = 0xc2b28a72d1)> (const data descriptor)
}
- feedback vector: not available
So this is the JSFunction associated with the deserialized context. Not sure what this is about as looking at the source code it looks like an empty function. A function can also be set on the context so I'm guessing that this give access to the function of a context once set. Where is function set, well it is probably deserialized but we can see it be used in deps/v8/src/bootstrapper.cc:
{
Handle<JSFunction> function = SimpleCreateFunction(isolate, factory->empty_string(), Builtins::kAsyncFunctionAwaitCaught, 2, false);
native_context->set_async_function_await_caught(*function);
}
```console
(lldb) expr isolate()->builtins()->builtin_handle(Builtins::Name::kAsyncFunctionAwaitCaught)->Print()
Context::Scope is a RAII class used to Enter/Exit a context. Lets take a closer look at Enter:
void Context::Enter() {
i::Handle<i::Context> env = Utils::OpenHandle(this);
i::Isolate* isolate = env->GetIsolate();
ENTER_V8_NO_SCRIPT_NO_EXCEPTION(isolate);
i::HandleScopeImplementer* impl = isolate->handle_scope_implementer();
impl->EnterContext(env);
impl->SaveContext(isolate->context());
isolate->set_context(*env);
}
So the current context is saved and then the this context env is set as the current on the isolate. EnterContext will push the passed-in context (deps/v8/src/api.cc):
void HandleScopeImplementer::EnterContext(Handle<Context> context) {
entered_contexts_.push_back(*context);
}
...
DetachableVector<Context*> entered_contexts_;
DetachableVector is a delegate/adaptor with some additonaly features on a std::vector.
Handle<Context> context1 = NewContext(isolate);
Handle<Context> context2 = NewContext(isolate);
Context::Scope context_scope1(context1); // entered_contexts_ [context1], saved_contexts_[isolateContext]
Context::Scope context_scope2(context2); // entered_contexts_ [context1, context2], saved_contexts[isolateContext, context1]
Now, SaveContext is using the current context, not this context (env) and pushing that to the end of the saved_contexts_ vector. We can look at this as we entered context_scope2 from context_scope1:
And Exit looks like:
void Context::Exit() {
i::Handle<i::Context> env = Utils::OpenHandle(this);
i::Isolate* isolate = env->GetIsolate();
ENTER_V8_NO_SCRIPT_NO_EXCEPTION(isolate);
i::HandleScopeImplementer* impl = isolate->handle_scope_implementer();
if (!Utils::ApiCheck(impl->LastEnteredContextWas(env),
"v8::Context::Exit()",
"Cannot exit non-entered context")) {
return;
}
impl->LeaveContext();
isolate->set_context(impl->RestoreContext());
}
EmbedderData
A context can have embedder data set on it. Like decsribed above a Context is internally A FixedArray. SetEmbedderData in Context is implemented in src/api.cc:
const char* location = "v8::Context::SetEmbedderData()";
i::Handle<i::FixedArray> data = EmbedderDataFor(this, index, true, location);
i::Handle<i::FixedArray> data(env->embedder_data());
location is only used for logging and we can ignore it for now. EmbedderDataFor:
i::Handle<i::Context> env = Utils::OpenHandle(context);
...
i::Handle<i::FixedArray> data(env->embedder_data());
We can find embedder_data in src/contexts-inl.h
#define NATIVE_CONTEXT_FIELD_ACCESSORS(index, type, name) \
inline void set_##name(type* value); \
inline bool is_##name(type* value) const; \
inline type* name() const;
NATIVE_CONTEXT_FIELDS(NATIVE_CONTEXT_FIELD_ACCESSORS)
And NATIVE_CONTEXT_FIELDS in context.h:
#define NATIVE_CONTEXT_FIELDS(V) \
V(GLOBAL_PROXY_INDEX, JSObject, global_proxy_object) \
V(EMBEDDER_DATA_INDEX, FixedArray, embedder_data) \
...
#define NATIVE_CONTEXT_FIELD_ACCESSORS(index, type, name) \
void Context::set_##name(type* value) { \
DCHECK(IsNativeContext()); \
set(index, value); \
} \
bool Context::is_##name(type* value) const { \
DCHECK(IsNativeContext()); \
return type::cast(get(index)) == value; \
} \
type* Context::name() const { \
DCHECK(IsNativeContext()); \
return type::cast(get(index)); \
}
NATIVE_CONTEXT_FIELDS(NATIVE_CONTEXT_FIELD_ACCESSORS)
#undef NATIVE_CONTEXT_FIELD_ACCESSORS
So the preprocessor would expand this to:
FixedArray embedder_data() const;
void Context::set_embedder_data(FixedArray value) {
DCHECK(IsNativeContext());
set(EMBEDDER_DATA_INDEX, value);
}
bool Context::is_embedder_data(FixedArray value) const {
DCHECK(IsNativeContext());
return FixedArray::cast(get(EMBEDDER_DATA_INDEX)) == value;
}
FixedArray Context::embedder_data() const {
DCHECK(IsNativeContext());
return FixedArray::cast(get(EMBEDDER_DATA_INDEX));
}
We can take a look at the initial data:
lldb) expr data->Print()
0x2fac3e896439: [FixedArray] in OldSpace
- map = 0x2fac9de82341 <Map(HOLEY_ELEMENTS)>
- length: 3
0-2: 0x2fac1cb822e1 <undefined>
(lldb) expr data->length()
(int) $5 = 3
And after setting:
(lldb) expr data->Print()
0x2fac3e896439: [FixedArray] in OldSpace
- map = 0x2fac9de82341 <Map(HOLEY_ELEMENTS)>
- length: 3
0: 0x2fac20c866e1 <String[7]: embdata>
1-2: 0x2fac1cb822e1 <undefined>
(lldb) expr v8::internal::String::cast(data->get(0))->Print()
"embdata"
This was taken while debugging ContextTest::EmbedderData.
ENTER_V8_FOR_NEW_CONTEXT
This macro is used in CreateEnvironment (src/api.cc) and the call in this function looks like this:
ENTER_V8_FOR_NEW_CONTEXT(isolate);
Factory::NewMap
This section will take a look at the following call:
i::Handle<i::Map> map = factory->NewMap(i::JS_OBJECT_TYPE, 24);
Lets take a closer look at this function which can be found in src/factory.cc:
Handle<Map> Factory::NewMap(InstanceType type, int instance_size,
ElementsKind elements_kind,
int inobject_properties) {
CALL_HEAP_FUNCTION(
isolate(),
isolate()->heap()->AllocateMap(type, instance_size, elements_kind,
inobject_properties),
Map);
}
If we take a look at factory.h we can see the default values for elements_kind and inobject_properties:
Handle<Map> NewMap(InstanceType type, int instance_size,
ElementsKind elements_kind = TERMINAL_FAST_ELEMENTS_KIND,
int inobject_properties = 0);
If we expand the CALL_HEAP_FUNCTION macro we will get:
AllocationResult __allocation__ = isolate()->heap()->AllocateMap(type,
instance_size,
elements_kind,
inobject_properties),
Object* __object__ = nullptr;
RETURN_OBJECT_UNLESS_RETRY(isolate(), Map)
/* Two GCs before panicking. In newspace will almost always succeed. */
for (int __i__ = 0; __i__ < 2; __i__++) {
(isolate())->heap()->CollectGarbage(
__allocation__.RetrySpace(),
GarbageCollectionReason::kAllocationFailure);
__allocation__ = FUNCTION_CALL;
RETURN_OBJECT_UNLESS_RETRY(isolate, Map)
}
(isolate())->counters()->gc_last_resort_from_handles()->Increment();
(isolate())->heap()->CollectAllAvailableGarbage(
GarbageCollectionReason::kLastResort);
{
AlwaysAllocateScope __scope__(isolate());
t __allocation__ = isolate()->heap()->AllocateMap(type,
instance_size,
elements_kind,
inobject_properties),
}
RETURN_OBJECT_UNLESS_RETRY(isolate, Map)
/* TODO(1181417): Fix this. */
v8::internal::Heap::FatalProcessOutOfMemory("CALL_AND_RETRY_LAST", true);
return Handle<Map>();
So, lets take a look at isolate()->heap()->AllocateMap in 'src/heap/heap.cc':
HeapObject* result = nullptr;
AllocationResult allocation = AllocateRaw(Map::kSize, MAP_SPACE);
AllocateRaw can be found in src/heap/heap-inl.h:
bool large_object = size_in_bytes > kMaxRegularHeapObjectSize;
HeapObject* object = nullptr;
AllocationResult allocation;
if (NEW_SPACE == space) {
if (large_object) {
space = LO_SPACE;
} else {
allocation = new_space_->AllocateRaw(size_in_bytes, alignment);
if (allocation.To(&object)) {
OnAllocationEvent(object, size_in_bytes);
}
return allocation;
}
}
} else if (MAP_SPACE == space) {
allocation = map_space_->AllocateRawUnaligned(size_in_bytes);
}
(lldb) expr large_object
(bool) $3 = false
(lldb) expr size_in_bytes
(int) $5 = 80
(lldb) expr map_space_
(v8::internal::MapSpace *) $6 = 0x0000000104700f60
AllocateRawUnaligned can be found in src/heap/spaces-inl.h
HeapObject* object = AllocateLinearly(size_in_bytes);
v8::internal::Object
Is an abstract super class for all classes in the object hierarch and both Smi and HeapObject are subclasses of Object so there are no data members in object only functions. For example:
bool IsObject() const { return true; }
INLINE(bool IsSmi() const
INLINE(bool IsLayoutDescriptor() const
INLINE(bool IsHeapObject() const
INLINE(bool IsPrimitive() const
INLINE(bool IsNumber() const
INLINE(bool IsNumeric() const
INLINE(bool IsAbstractCode() const
INLINE(bool IsAccessCheckNeeded() const
INLINE(bool IsArrayList() const
INLINE(bool IsBigInt() const
INLINE(bool IsUndefined() const
INLINE(bool IsNull() const
INLINE(bool IsTheHole() const
INLINE(bool IsException() const
INLINE(bool IsUninitialized() const
INLINE(bool IsTrue() const
INLINE(bool IsFalse() const
...
v8::internal::Smi
Extends v8::internal::Object and are not allocated on the heap. There are no members as the pointer itself is used to store the information.
In our case the calling v8::Isolate::New which is done by the test fixture:
virtual void SetUp() {
isolate_ = v8::Isolate::New(create_params_);
}
This will call:
Isolate* Isolate::New(const Isolate::CreateParams& params) {
Isolate* isolate = Allocate();
Initialize(isolate, params);
return isolate;
}
In Isolate::Initialize we'll call i::Snapshot::Initialize(i_isolate):
if (params.entry_hook || !i::Snapshot::Initialize(i_isolate)) {
...
Which will call:
bool success = isolate->Init(&deserializer);
Before this call all the roots are uninitialized. Reading this blog it says that the Isolate class contains a roots table. It looks to me that the Heap contains this data structure but perhaps that is what they meant.
(lldb) bt 3
* thread #1, queue = 'com.apple.main-thread', stop reason = step over
* frame #0: 0x0000000101584f43 libv8.dylib`v8::internal::StartupDeserializer::DeserializeInto(this=0x00007ffeefbfe200, isolate=0x000000010481cc00) at startup-deserializer.cc:39
frame #1: 0x0000000101028bb6 libv8.dylib`v8::internal::Isolate::Init(this=0x000000010481cc00, des=0x00007ffeefbfe200) at isolate.cc:3036
frame #2: 0x000000010157c682 libv8.dylib`v8::internal::Snapshot::Initialize(isolate=0x000000010481cc00) at snapshot-common.cc:54
In startup-deserializer.cc we can find StartupDeserializer::DeserializeInto:
DisallowHeapAllocation no_gc;
isolate->heap()->IterateSmiRoots(this);
isolate->heap()->IterateStrongRoots(this, VISIT_ONLY_STRONG);
After If we take a look in src/roots.h we can find the read-only roots in Heap. If we take the 10 value, which is:
V(String, empty_string, empty_string) \
we can then inspect this value:
(lldb) expr roots_[9]
(v8::internal::Object *) $32 = 0x0000152d30b82851
(lldb) expr roots_[9]->IsString()
(bool) $30 = true
(lldb) expr roots_[9]->Print()
#
So this entry is a pointer to objects on the managed heap which have been deserialized from the snapshot.
The heap class has a lot of members that are initialized during construction by the body of the constructor looks like this:
{
// Ensure old_generation_size_ is a multiple of kPageSize.
DCHECK_EQ(0, max_old_generation_size_ & (Page::kPageSize - 1));
memset(roots_, 0, sizeof(roots_[0]) * kRootListLength);
set_native_contexts_list(nullptr);
set_allocation_sites_list(Smi::kZero);
set_encountered_weak_collections(Smi::kZero);
// Put a dummy entry in the remembered pages so we can find the list the
// minidump even if there are no real unmapped pages.
RememberUnmappedPage(nullptr, false);
}
We can see that roots_ is filled with 0 values. We can inspect roots_ using:
(lldb) expr roots_
(lldb) expr RootListIndex::kRootListLength
(int) $16 = 509
Now they are all 0 at this stage, so when will this array get populated?
These will happen in Isolate::Init:
heap_.SetUp()
if (!create_heap_objects) des->DeserializeInto(this);
void StartupDeserializer::DeserializeInto(Isolate* isolate) {
-> 17 Initialize(isolate);
startup-deserializer.cc:37
isolate->heap()->IterateSmiRoots(this);
This will delegate to ConfigureHeapDefaults() which will call Heap::ConfigureHeap:
enum RootListIndex {
kFreeSpaceMapRootIndex,
kOnePointerFillerMapRootIndex,
...
}
(lldb) expr heap->RootListIndex::kFreeSpaceMapRootIndex
(int) $3 = 0
(lldb) expr heap->RootListIndex::kOnePointerFillerMapRootIndex
(int) $4 = 1
MemoryChunk
Found in src/heap/spaces.h an instace of a MemoryChunk represents a region in memory that is owned by a specific space.
Embedded builtins
In the blog post explains how the builtins are embedded into the executable in to the .TEXT section which is readonly and therefore can be shared amoung multiple processes. We know that builtins are compiled and stored in the snapshot but now it seems that the are instead placed in to out.gn/learning/gen/embedded.cc and the combined with the object files from the compile to produce the libv8.dylib. V8 has a configuration option named v8_enable_embedded_builtins which which case embedded.cc will be added to the list of sources. This is done in BUILD.gn and the v8_snapshot target. If v8_enable_embedded_builtins is false then src/snapshot/embedded-empty.cc will be included instead. Both of these files have the following functions:
const uint8_t* DefaultEmbeddedBlob()
uint32_t DefaultEmbeddedBlobSize()
#ifdef V8_MULTI_SNAPSHOTS
const uint8_t* TrustedEmbeddedBlob()
uint32_t TrustedEmbeddedBlobSize()
#endif
These functions are used by isolate.cc and declared extern:
extern const uint8_t* DefaultEmbeddedBlob();
extern uint32_t DefaultEmbeddedBlobSize();
And the usage of DefaultEmbeddedBlob can be see in Isolate::Isolate where is sets the embedded blob:
SetEmbeddedBlob(DefaultEmbeddedBlob(), DefaultEmbeddedBlobSize());
Lets set a break point there and see if this is empty of not.
(lldb) expr v8_embedded_blob_size_
(uint32_t) $0 = 4021088
So we can see that we are not using the empty one. Isolate::SetEmbeddedBlob
We can see in src/snapshot/deserializer.cc (line 552) we have a check for the embedded_blob():
CHECK_NOT_NULL(isolate->embedded_blob());
EmbeddedData d = EmbeddedData::FromBlob();
Address address = d.InstructionStartOfBuiltin(builtin_index);
EmbeddedData can be found in src/snapshot/snapshot.h` and the implementation can be found in snapshot-common.cc.
Address EmbeddedData::InstructionStartOfBuiltin(int i) const {
const struct Metadata* metadata = Metadata();
const uint8_t* result = RawData() + metadata[i].instructions_offset;
return reinterpret_cast<Address>(result);
}
(lldb) expr *metadata
(const v8::internal::EmbeddedData::Metadata) $7 = (instructions_offset = 0, instructions_length = 1464)
struct Metadata {
// Blob layout information.
uint32_t instructions_offset;
uint32_t instructions_length;
};
(lldb) expr *this
(v8::internal::EmbeddedData) $10 = (data_ = "\xffffffdc\xffffffc0\xffffff88'"y[\xffffffd6", size_ = 4021088)
(lldb) expr metadata[i]
(const v8::internal::EmbeddedData::Metadata) $8 = (instructions_offset = 0, instructions_length = 1464)
So, is it possible for us to verify that this information is in the .text section?
(lldb) expr result
(const uint8_t *) $13 = 0x0000000101b14ee0 "UH\x89�jH\x83�(H\x89U�H�\x16H\x89}�H�u�H�E�H\x89U�H\x83�
(lldb) image lookup --address 0x0000000101b14ee0 --verbose
Address: libv8.dylib[0x00000000019cdee0] (libv8.dylib.__TEXT.__text + 27054464)
Summary: libv8.dylib`v8_Default_embedded_blob_ + 7072
Module: file = "/Users/danielbevenius/work/google/javascript/v8/out.gn/learning/libv8.dylib", arch = "x86_64"
Symbol: id = {0x0004b596}, range = [0x0000000101b13340-0x0000000101ee8ea0), name="v8_Default_embedded_blob_"
So what we have is a pointer to the .text segment which is returned:
(lldb) memory read -f x -s 1 -c 13 0x0000000101b14ee0
0x101b14ee0: 0x55 0x48 0x89 0xe5 0x6a 0x18 0x48 0x83
0x101b14ee8: 0xec 0x28 0x48 0x89 0x55
And we can compare this with out.gn/learning/gen/embedded.cc:
V8_EMBEDDED_TEXT_HEADER(v8_Default_embedded_blob_)
__asm__(
...
".byte 0x55,0x48,0x89,0xe5,0x6a,0x18,0x48,0x83,0xec,0x28,0x48,0x89,0x55\n"
...
);
The macro V8_EMBEDDED_TEXT_HEADER can be found src/snapshot/macros.h:
#define V8_EMBEDDED_TEXT_HEADER(LABEL) \
__asm__(V8_ASM_DECLARE(#LABEL) \
".csect " #LABEL "[DS]\n" \
#LABEL ":\n" \
".llong ." #LABEL ", TOC[tc0], 0\n" \
V8_ASM_TEXT_SECTION \
"." #LABEL ":\n");
define V8_ASM_DECLARE(NAME) ".private_extern " V8_ASM_MANGLE_LABEL NAME "\n"
#define V8_ASM_MANGLE_LABEL "_"
#define V8_ASM_TEXT_SECTION ".csect .text[PR]\n"
And would be expanded by the preprocessor into:
__asm__(".private_extern " _ v8_Default_embedded_blob_ "\n"
".csect " v8_Default_embedded_blob_ "[DS]\n"
v8_Default_embedded_blob_ ":\n"
".llong ." v8_Default_embedded_blob_ ", TOC[tc0], 0\n"
".csect .text[PR]\n"
"." v8_Default_embedded_blob_ ":\n");
__asm__(
...
".byte 0x55,0x48,0x89,0xe5,0x6a,0x18,0x48,0x83,0xec,0x28,0x48,0x89,0x55\n"
...
);
Back in src/snapshot/deserialzer.cc we are on this line:
Address address = d.InstructionStartOfBuiltin(builtin_index);
CHECK_NE(kNullAddress, address);
if (RelocInfo::OffHeapTargetIsCodedSpecially()) {
// is false in our case so skipping the code here
} else {
MaybeObject* o = reinterpret_cast<MaybeObject*>(address);
UnalignedCopy(current, &o);
current++;
}
break;
print-code
$ ./d8 -print-bytecode -print-code sample.js
[generated bytecode for function: (0x2a180824ffbd <SharedFunctionInfo>)]
Parameter count 1
Register count 5
Frame size 40
0x2a1808250066 @ 0 : 12 00 LdaConstant [0]
0x2a1808250068 @ 2 : 26 f9 Star r2
0x2a180825006a @ 4 : 27 fe f8 Mov <closure>, r3
0x2a180825006d @ 7 : 61 32 01 f9 02 CallRuntime [DeclareGlobals], r2-r3
0x2a1808250072 @ 12 : 0b LdaZero
0x2a1808250073 @ 13 : 26 fa Star r1
0x2a1808250075 @ 15 : 0d LdaUndefined
0x2a1808250076 @ 16 : 26 fb Star r0
0x2a1808250078 @ 18 : 00 0c 10 27 LdaSmi.Wide [10000]
0x2a180825007c @ 22 : 69 fa 00 TestLessThan r1, [0]
0x2a180825007f @ 25 : 9a 1c JumpIfFalse [28] (0x2a180825009b @ 53)
0x2a1808250081 @ 27 : a7 StackCheck
0x2a1808250082 @ 28 : 13 01 01 LdaGlobal [1], [1]
0x2a1808250085 @ 31 : 26 f9 Star r2
0x2a1808250087 @ 33 : 0c 02 LdaSmi [2]
0x2a1808250089 @ 35 : 26 f7 Star r4
0x2a180825008b @ 37 : 5e f9 fa f7 03 CallUndefinedReceiver2 r2, r1, r4, [3]
0x2a1808250090 @ 42 : 26 fb Star r0
0x2a1808250092 @ 44 : 25 fa Ldar r1
0x2a1808250094 @ 46 : 4c 05 Inc [5]
0x2a1808250096 @ 48 : 26 fa Star r1
0x2a1808250098 @ 50 : 8a 20 00 JumpLoop [32], [0] (0x2a1808250078 @ 18)
0x2a180825009b @ 53 : 25 fb Ldar r0
0x2a180825009d @ 55 : ab Return
Constant pool (size = 2)
0x2a1808250035: [FixedArray] in OldSpace
- map: 0x2a18080404b1 <Map>
- length: 2
0: 0x2a180824ffe5 <FixedArray[2]>
1: 0x2a180824ff61 <String[#9]: something>
Handler Table (size = 0)
Source Position Table (size = 0)
[generated bytecode for function: something (0x2a180824fff5 <SharedFunctionInfo something>)]
Parameter count 3
Register count 0
Frame size 0
0x2a18082501ba @ 0 : 25 02 Ldar a1
0x2a18082501bc @ 2 : 34 03 00 Add a0, [0]
0x2a18082501bf @ 5 : ab Return
Constant pool (size = 0)
Handler Table (size = 0)
Source Position Table (size = 0)
--- Raw source ---
function something(x, y) {
return x + y
}
for (let i = 0; i < 10000; i++) {
something(i, 2);
}
--- Optimized code ---
optimization_id = 0
source_position = 0
kind = OPTIMIZED_FUNCTION
stack_slots = 14
compiler = turbofan
address = 0x108400082ae1
Instructions (size = 536)
0x108400082b20 0 488d1df9ffffff REX.W leaq rbx,[rip+0xfffffff9]
0x108400082b27 7 483bd9 REX.W cmpq rbx,rcx
0x108400082b2a a 7418 jz 0x108400082b44 <+0x24>
0x108400082b2c c 48ba6800000000000000 REX.W movq rdx,0x68
0x108400082b36 16 49bae0938c724b560000 REX.W movq r10,0x564b728c93e0 (Abort) ;; off heap target
0x108400082b40 20 41ffd2 call r10
0x108400082b43 23 cc int3l
0x108400082b44 24 8b59d0 movl rbx,[rcx-0x30]
0x108400082b47 27 4903dd REX.W addq rbx,r13
0x108400082b4a 2a f6430701 testb [rbx+0x7],0x1
0x108400082b4e 2e 740d jz 0x108400082b5d <+0x3d>
0x108400082b50 30 49bae0f781724b560000 REX.W movq r10,0x564b7281f7e0 (CompileLazyDeoptimizedCode) ;; off heap target
0x108400082b5a 3a 41ffe2 jmp r10
0x108400082b5d 3d 55 push rbp
0x108400082b5e 3e 4889e5 REX.W movq rbp,rsp
0x108400082b61 41 56 push rsi
0x108400082b62 42 57 push rdi
0x108400082b63 43 48ba4200000000000000 REX.W movq rdx,0x42
0x108400082b6d 4d 4c8b15c4ffffff REX.W movq r10,[rip+0xffffffc4]
0x108400082b74 54 41ffd2 call r10
0x108400082b77 57 cc int3l
0x108400082b78 58 4883ec18 REX.W subq rsp,0x18
0x108400082b7c 5c 488975a0 REX.W movq [rbp-0x60],rsi
0x108400082b80 60 488b4dd0 REX.W movq rcx,[rbp-0x30]
0x108400082b84 64 f6c101 testb rcx,0x1
0x108400082b87 67 0f8557010000 jnz 0x108400082ce4 <+0x1c4>
0x108400082b8d 6d 81f9204e0000 cmpl rcx,0x4e20
0x108400082b93 73 0f8c0b000000 jl 0x108400082ba4 <+0x84>
0x108400082b99 79 488b45d8 REX.W movq rax,[rbp-0x28]
0x108400082b9d 7d 488be5 REX.W movq rsp,rbp
0x108400082ba0 80 5d pop rbp
0x108400082ba1 81 c20800 ret 0x8
0x108400082ba4 84 493b6560 REX.W cmpq rsp,[r13+0x60] (external value (StackGuard::address_of_jslimit()))
0x108400082ba8 88 0f8669000000 jna 0x108400082c17 <+0xf7>
0x108400082bae 8e 488bf9 REX.W movq rdi,rcx
0x108400082bb1 91 d1ff sarl rdi, 1
0x108400082bb3 93 4c8bc7 REX.W movq r8,rdi
0x108400082bb6 96 4183c002 addl r8,0x2
0x108400082bba 9a 0f8030010000 jo 0x108400082cf0 <+0x1d0>
0x108400082bc0 a0 83c701 addl rdi,0x1
0x108400082bc3 a3 0f8033010000 jo 0x108400082cfc <+0x1dc>
0x108400082bc9 a9 e921000000 jmp 0x108400082bef <+0xcf>
0x108400082bce ae 6690 nop
0x108400082bd0 b0 488bcf REX.W movq rcx,rdi
0x108400082bd3 b3 83c102 addl rcx,0x2
0x108400082bd6 b6 0f802c010000 jo 0x108400082d08 <+0x1e8>
0x108400082bdc bc 4c8bc7 REX.W movq r8,rdi
0x108400082bdf bf 4183c001 addl r8,0x1
0x108400082be3 c3 0f802b010000 jo 0x108400082d14 <+0x1f4>
0x108400082be9 c9 498bf8 REX.W movq rdi,r8
0x108400082bec cc 4c8bc1 REX.W movq r8,rcx
0x108400082bef cf 81ff10270000 cmpl rdi,0x2710
0x108400082bf5 d5 0f8d0b000000 jge 0x108400082c06 <+0xe6>
0x108400082bfb db 493b6560 REX.W cmpq rsp,[r13+0x60] (external value (StackGuard::address_of_jslimit()))
0x108400082bff df 77cf ja 0x108400082bd0 <+0xb0>
0x108400082c01 e1 e943000000 jmp 0x108400082c49 <+0x129>
0x108400082c06 e6 498bc8 REX.W movq rcx,r8
0x108400082c09 e9 4103c8 addl rcx,r8
0x108400082c0c ec 0f8061000000 jo 0x108400082c73 <+0x153>
0x108400082c12 f2 488bc1 REX.W movq rax,rcx
0x108400082c15 f5 eb86 jmp 0x108400082b9d <+0x7d>
0x108400082c17 f7 33c0 xorl rax,rax
0x108400082c19 f9 48bef50c240884100000 REX.W movq rsi,0x108408240cf5 ;; object: 0x108408240cf5 <NativeContext[261]>
0x108400082c23 103 48bb101206724b560000 REX.W movq rbx,0x564b72061210 ;; external reference (Runtime::StackGuard)
0x108400082c2d 10d 488bf8 REX.W movq rdi,rax
0x108400082c30 110 4c8bc6 REX.W movq r8,rsi
0x108400082c33 113 49ba2089a3724b560000 REX.W movq r10,0x564b72a38920 (CEntry_Return1_DontSaveFPRegs_ArgvOnStack_NoBuiltinExit) ;; off heap target
0x108400082c3d 11d 41ffd2 call r10
0x108400082c40 120 488b4dd0 REX.W movq rcx,[rbp-0x30]
0x108400082c44 124 e965ffffff jmp 0x108400082bae <+0x8e>
0x108400082c49 129 48897da8 REX.W movq [rbp-0x58],rdi
0x108400082c4d 12d 488b1dd1ffffff REX.W movq rbx,[rip+0xffffffd1]
0x108400082c54 134 33c0 xorl rax,rax
0x108400082c56 136 48bef50c240884100000 REX.W movq rsi,0x108408240cf5 ;; object: 0x108408240cf5 <NativeContext[261]>
0x108400082c60 140 4c8b15ceffffff REX.W movq r10,[rip+0xffffffce]
0x108400082c67 147 41ffd2 call r10
0x108400082c6a 14a 488b7da8 REX.W movq rdi,[rbp-0x58]
0x108400082c6e 14e e95dffffff jmp 0x108400082bd0 <+0xb0>
0x108400082c73 153 48b968ea2f744b560000 REX.W movq rcx,0x564b742fea68 ;; external reference (Heap::NewSpaceAllocationTopAddress())
0x108400082c7d 15d 488b39 REX.W movq rdi,[rcx]
0x108400082c80 160 4c8d4f0c REX.W leaq r9,[rdi+0xc]
0x108400082c84 164 4c8945b0 REX.W movq [rbp-0x50],r8
0x108400082c88 168 49bb70ea2f744b560000 REX.W movq r11,0x564b742fea70 ;; external reference (Heap::NewSpaceAllocationLimitAddress())
0x108400082c92 172 4d390b REX.W cmpq [r11],r9
0x108400082c95 175 0f8721000000 ja 0x108400082cbc <+0x19c>
0x108400082c9b 17b ba0c000000 movl rdx,0xc
0x108400082ca0 180 49ba200282724b560000 REX.W movq r10,0x564b72820220 (AllocateRegularInYoungGeneration) ;; off heap target
0x108400082caa 18a 41ffd2 call r10
0x108400082cad 18d 488d78ff REX.W leaq rdi,[rax-0x1]
0x108400082cb1 191 488b0dbdffffff REX.W movq rcx,[rip+0xffffffbd]
0x108400082cb8 198 4c8b45b0 REX.W movq r8,[rbp-0x50]
0x108400082cbc 19c 4c8d4f0c REX.W leaq r9,[rdi+0xc]
0x108400082cc0 1a0 4c8909 REX.W movq [rcx],r9
0x108400082cc3 1a3 488d4f01 REX.W leaq rcx,[rdi+0x1]
0x108400082cc7 1a7 498bbd40010000 REX.W movq rdi,[r13+0x140] (root (heap_number_map))
0x108400082cce 1ae 8979ff movl [rcx-0x1],rdi
0x108400082cd1 1b1 c4c1032ac0 vcvtlsi2sd xmm0,xmm15,r8
0x108400082cd6 1b6 c5fb114103 vmovsd [rcx+0x3],xmm0
0x108400082cdb 1bb 488bc1 REX.W movq rax,rcx
0x108400082cde 1be e9bafeffff jmp 0x108400082b9d <+0x7d>
0x108400082ce3 1c3 90 nop
0x108400082ce4 1c4 49c7c500000000 REX.W movq r13,0x0
0x108400082ceb 1cb e850f30300 call 0x1084000c2040 ;; eager deoptimization bailout
0x108400082cf0 1d0 49c7c501000000 REX.W movq r13,0x1
0x108400082cf7 1d7 e844f30300 call 0x1084000c2040 ;; eager deoptimization bailout
0x108400082cfc 1dc 49c7c502000000 REX.W movq r13,0x2
0x108400082d03 1e3 e838f30300 call 0x1084000c2040 ;; eager deoptimization bailout
0x108400082d08 1e8 49c7c503000000 REX.W movq r13,0x3
0x108400082d0f 1ef e82cf30300 call 0x1084000c2040 ;; eager deoptimization bailout
0x108400082d14 1f4 49c7c504000000 REX.W movq r13,0x4
0x108400082d1b 1fb e820f30300 call 0x1084000c2040 ;; eager deoptimization bailout
0x108400082d20 200 49c7c505000000 REX.W movq r13,0x5
0x108400082d27 207 e814f30700 call 0x108400102040 ;; lazy deoptimization bailout
0x108400082d2c 20c 49c7c506000000 REX.W movq r13,0x6
0x108400082d33 213 e808f30700 call 0x108400102040 ;; lazy deoptimization bailout
Source positions:
pc offset position
f7 0
Inlined functions (count = 1)
0x10840824fff5 <SharedFunctionInfo something>
Deoptimization Input Data (deopt points = 7)
index bytecode-offset pc
0 22 NA
1 2 NA
2 46 NA
3 2 NA
4 46 NA
5 27 120
6 27 14a
Safepoints (size = 50)
0x108400082c40 120 200 10000010000000 (sp -> fp) 5
0x108400082c6a 14a 20c 10000000000000 (sp -> fp) 6
0x108400082cad 18d NA 00000000000000 (sp -> fp) <none>
RelocInfo (size = 34)
0x108400082b38 off heap target
0x108400082b52 off heap target
0x108400082c1b full embedded object (0x108408240cf5 <NativeContext[261]>)
0x108400082c25 external reference (Runtime::StackGuard) (0x564b72061210)
0x108400082c35 off heap target
0x108400082c58 full embedded object (0x108408240cf5 <NativeContext[261]>)
0x108400082c75 external reference (Heap::NewSpaceAllocationTopAddress()) (0x564b742fea68)
0x108400082c8a external reference (Heap::NewSpaceAllocationLimitAddress()) (0x564b742fea70)
0x108400082ca2 off heap target
0x108400082cec runtime entry (eager deoptimization bailout)
0x108400082cf8 runtime entry (eager deoptimization bailout)
0x108400082d04 runtime entry (eager deoptimization bailout)
0x108400082d10 runtime entry (eager deoptimization bailout)
0x108400082d1c runtime entry (eager deoptimization bailout)
0x108400082d28 runtime entry (lazy deoptimization bailout)
0x108400082d34 runtime entry (lazy deoptimization bailout)
--- End code ---
$
Building Google Test
$ mkdir lib
$ mkdir deps ; cd deps
$ git clone git@github.com:google/googletest.git
$ cd googletest/googletest
$ /usr/bin/clang++ --std=c++14 -Iinclude -I. -pthread -c src/gtest-all.cc
$ ar -rv libgtest-linux.a gtest-all.o
$ cp libgtest-linux.a ../../../../lib/gtest
Linking issue:
./lib/gtest/libgtest-linux.a(gtest-all.o):gtest-all.cc:function testing::internal::BoolFromGTestEnv(char const*, bool): error: undefined reference to 'std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::c_str() const'
$ nm lib/gtest/libgtest-linux.a | grep basic_string | c++filt
....
There are a lot of symbols listed above but the point is that in the object file of libgtest-linux.a these symbols were compiled in. Now, when we compile v8 and the tests we are using -std=c++14 and we have to use the same when compiling gtest. Lets try that. Just adding that does not help in this case. We need to check which c++ headers are being used:
$ /usr/bin/clang++ -print-search-dirs
programs: =/usr/bin:/usr/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/9/../../../../x86_64-redhat-linux/bin
libraries: =/usr/lib64/clang/9.0.0:
/usr/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/9:
/usr/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/9/../../../../lib64:
/usr/bin/../lib64:
/lib/../lib64:
/usr/lib/../lib64:
/usr/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/9/../../..:
/usr/bin/../lib:
/lib:/usr/lib
$
Lets search for the string header and inspect the namespace in that header:
$ find /usr/ -name string
/usr/include/c++/9/debug/string
/usr/include/c++/9/experimental/string
/usr/include/c++/9/string
/usr/src/debug/gcc-9.2.1-1.fc31.x86_64/obj-x86_64-redhat-linux/x86_64-redhat-linux/libstdc++-v3/include/string
$ vi /usr/include/c++/9/string
So this looks alright and thinking about this a little more I've been bitten by the linking with different libc++ symbols issue (again). When we compile using Make we are using the c++ headers that are shipped with v8 (clang libc++). Take the string header for example in v8/buildtools/third_party/libc++/trunk/include/string which is from clang's c++ library which does not use namespaces (__11 or __14 etc).
But when I compiled gtest did not specify the istystem include path and the default would be used adding symbols with __11 into them. When the linker tries to find these symbols it fails as it does not have any such symbols in the libraries that it searches.
Create a simple test linking with the standard build of gtest to see if that compiles and runs:
$ /usr/bin/clang++ -std=c++14 -I./deps/googletest/googletest/include -L$PWD/lib -g -O0 -o test/simple_test test/main.cc test/simple.cc lib/libgtest.a -lpthread
That worked and does not segfault.
But when I run the version that is built using the makefile I get:
lldb) target create "./test/persistent-object_test"
Current executable set to './test/persistent-object_test' (x86_64).
(lldb) r
Process 1024232 launched: '/home/danielbevenius/work/google/learning-v8/test/persistent-object_test' (x86_64)
warning: (x86_64) /lib64/libgcc_s.so.1 unsupported DW_FORM values: 0x1f20 0x1f21
[ FATAL ] Process 1024232 stopped
* thread #1, name = 'persistent-obje', stop reason = signal SIGSEGV: invalid address (fault address: 0x33363658)
frame #0: 0x00007ffff7c0a7b0 libc.so.6`__GI___libc_free + 32
libc.so.6`__GI___libc_free:
-> 0x7ffff7c0a7b0 <+32>: mov rax, qword ptr [rdi - 0x8]
0x7ffff7c0a7b4 <+36>: lea rsi, [rdi - 0x10]
0x7ffff7c0a7b8 <+40>: test al, 0x2
0x7ffff7c0a7ba <+42>: jne 0x7ffff7c0a7f0 ; <+96>
(lldb) bt
* thread #1, name = 'persistent-obje', stop reason = signal SIGSEGV: invalid address (fault address: 0x33363658)
* frame #0: 0x00007ffff7c0a7b0 libc.so.6`__GI___libc_free + 32
frame #1: 0x000000000042bb58 persistent-object_test`std::__1::basic_stringbuf<char, std::__1::char_traits<char>, std::__1::allocator<char> >::~basic_stringbuf(this=0x000000000046e908) at iosfwd:130:32
frame #2: 0x000000000042ba4f persistent-object_test`std::__1::basic_stringstream<char, std::__1::char_traits<char>, std::__1::allocator<char> >::~basic_stringstream(this=0x000000000046e8f0, vtt=0x000000000044db28) at iosfwd:139:32
frame #3: 0x0000000000420176 persistent-object_test`std::__1::basic_stringstream<char, std::__1::char_traits<char>, std::__1::allocator<char> >::~basic_stringstream(this=0x000000000046e8f0) at iosfwd:139:32
frame #4: 0x000000000042bacc persistent-object_test`std::__1::basic_stringstream<char, std::__1::char_traits<char>, std::__1::allocator<char> >::~basic_stringstream(this=0x000000000046e8f0) at iosfwd:139:32
frame #5: 0x0000000000427f4e persistent-object_test`testing::internal::scoped_ptr<std::__1::basic_stringstream<char, std::__1::char_traits<char>, std::__1::allocator<char> > >::reset(this=0x00007fffffffcee8, p=0x0000000000000000) at gtest-port.h:1216:9
frame #6: 0x0000000000427ee9 persistent-object_test`testing::internal::scoped_ptr<std::__1::basic_stringstream<char, std::__1::char_traits<char>, std::__1::allocator<char> > >::~scoped_ptr(this=0x00007fffffffcee8) at gtest-port.h:1201:19
frame #7: 0x000000000041f265 persistent-object_test`testing::Message::~Message(this=0x00007fffffffcee8) at gtest-message.h:89:18
frame #8: 0x00000000004235ec persistent-object_test`std::__1::basic_string<char, std::__1::char_traits<char>, std::__1::allocator<char> > testing::internal::StreamableToString<int>(streamable=0x00007fffffffcf9c) at gtest-message.h:247:3
frame #9: 0x000000000040d2bd persistent-object_test`testing::internal::FormatFileLocation(file="/home/danielbevenius/work/google/learning-v8/deps/googletest/googletest/src/gtest-internal-inl.h", line=663) at gtest-port.cc:946:28
frame #10: 0x000000000041b7e2 persistent-object_test`testing::internal::GTestLog::GTestLog(this=0x00007fffffffd060, severity=GTEST_FATAL, file="/home/danielbevenius/work/google/learning-v8/deps/googletest/googletest/src/gtest-internal-inl.h", line=663) at gtest-port.cc:972:18
frame #11: 0x000000000042242c persistent-object_test`testing::internal::UnitTestImpl::AddTestInfo(this=0x000000000046e480, set_up_tc=(persistent-object_test`testing::Test::SetUpTestCase() at gtest.h:427), tear_down_tc=(persistent-object_test`testing::Test::TearDownTestCase() at gtest.h:435), test_info=0x000000000046e320)(), void (*)(), testing::TestInfo*) at gtest-internal-inl.h:663:7
frame #12: 0x000000000040d04f persistent-object_test`testing::internal::MakeAndRegisterTestInfo(test_case_name="Persistent", name="object", type_param=0x0000000000000000, value_param=0x0000000000000000, code_location=<unavailable>, fixture_class_id=0x000000000046d748, set_up_tc=(persistent-object_test`testing::Test::SetUpTestCase() at gtest.h:427), tear_down_tc=(persistent-object_test`testing::Test::TearDownTestCase() at gtest.h:435), factory=0x000000000046e300)(), void (*)(), testing::internal::TestFactoryBase*) at gtest.cc:2599:22
frame #13: 0x00000000004048b8 persistent-object_test`::__cxx_global_var_init() at persistent-object_test.cc:5:1
frame #14: 0x00000000004048e9 persistent-object_test`_GLOBAL__sub_I_persistent_object_test.cc at persistent-object_test.cc:0
frame #15: 0x00000000004497a5 persistent-object_test`__libc_csu_init + 69
frame #16: 0x00007ffff7ba512e libc.so.6`__libc_start_main + 126
frame #17: 0x0000000000404eba persistent-object_test`_start + 42
Google test (gtest) linking issue
This issue came up when linking a unit test with gtest:
/usr/bin/ld: ./lib/gtest/libgtest-linux.a(gtest-all.o): in function `testing::internal::BoolFromGTestEnv(char const*, bool)':
/home/danielbevenius/work/google/learning-v8/deps/googletest/googletest/src/gtest-port.cc:1259: undefined reference to `std::__1::basic_string<char, std::__1::char_traits<char>, std::__1::allocator<char> >::~basic_string()'
So this indicated that the object files in libgtest-linux.a where infact using headers from libc++ and not libstc++. This was a really stupig mistake on my part, I'd not specified the output file explicitly (-o) so this was getting added into the current working directory, but the file included in the archive was taken from within deps/googltest/googletest/ directory which was old and compiled using libc++.
Peristent cast-function-type
This issue was seen in Node.js when compiling with GCC. It can also been see if building V8 using GCC and also enabling -Wcast-function-type in BUILD.gn:
"-Wcast-function-type",
There are unit tests in V8 that also produce this warning, for example test/cctest/test-global-handles.cc: Original:
g++ -MMD -MF obj/test/cctest/cctest_sources/test-global-handles.o.d -DV8_INTL_SUPPORT -DUSE_UDEV -DUSE_AURA=1 -DUSE_GLIB=1 -DUSE_NSS_CERTS=1 -DUSE_X11=1 -D_FILE_OFFSET_BITS=64 -D_LARGEFILE_SOURCE -D_LARGEFILE64_SOURCE -D__STDC_CONSTANT_MACROS -D__STDC_FORMAT_MACROS -DCR_SYSROOT_HASH=9c905c99558f10e19cc878b5dca1d4bd58c607ae -D_DEBUG -DDYNAMIC_ANNOTATIONS_ENABLED=1 -DENABLE_DISASSEMBLER -DV8_TYPED_ARRAY_MAX_SIZE_IN_HEAP=64 -DENABLE_GDB_JIT_INTERFACE -DENABLE_MINOR_MC -DOBJECT_PRINT -DV8_TRACE_MAPS -DV8_ENABLE_ALLOCATION_TIMEOUT -DV8_ENABLE_FORCE_SLOW_PATH -DV8_ENABLE_DOUBLE_CONST_STORE_CHECK -DV8_INTL_SUPPORT -DENABLE_HANDLE_ZAPPING -DV8_SNAPSHOT_NATIVE_CODE_COUNTERS -DV8_CONCURRENT_MARKING -DV8_ENABLE_LAZY_SOURCE_POSITIONS -DV8_CHECK_MICROTASKS_SCOPES_CONSISTENCY -DV8_EMBEDDED_BUILTINS -DV8_WIN64_UNWINDING_INFO -DV8_ENABLE_REGEXP_INTERPRETER_THREADED_DISPATCH -DV8_SNAPSHOT_COMPRESSION -DV8_ENABLE_CHECKS -DV8_COMPRESS_POINTERS -DV8_31BIT_SMIS_ON_64BIT_ARCH -DV8_DEPRECATION_WARNINGS -DV8_IMMINENT_DEPRECATION_WARNINGS -DV8_TARGET_ARCH_X64 -DV8_HAVE_TARGET_OS -DV8_TARGET_OS_LINUX -DDEBUG -DDISABLE_UNTRUSTED_CODE_MITIGATIONS -DV8_ENABLE_CHECKS -DV8_COMPRESS_POINTERS -DV8_31BIT_SMIS_ON_64BIT_ARCH -DV8_DEPRECATION_WARNINGS -DV8_IMMINENT_DEPRECATION_WARNINGS -DU_USING_ICU_NAMESPACE=0 -DU_ENABLE_DYLOAD=0 -DUSE_CHROMIUM_ICU=1 -DU_STATIC_IMPLEMENTATION -DICU_UTIL_DATA_IMPL=ICU_UTIL_DATA_FILE -DUCHAR_TYPE=uint16_t -I../.. -Igen -I../../include -Igen/include -I../.. -Igen -I../../third_party/icu/source/common -I../../third_party/icu/source/i18n -I../../include -I../../tools/debug_helper -fno-strict-aliasing --param=ssp-buffer-size=4 -fstack-protector -funwind-tables -fPIC -pipe -B../../third_party/binutils/Linux_x64/Release/bin -pthread -m64 -march=x86-64 -Wno-builtin-macro-redefined -D__DATE__= -D__TIME__= -D__TIMESTAMP__= -Wall -Wno-unused-local-typedefs -Wno-maybe-uninitialized -Wno-deprecated-declarations -Wno-comments -Wno-packed-not-aligned -Wno-missing-field-initializers -Wno-unused-parameter -fno-omit-frame-pointer -g2 -Wno-strict-overflow -Wno-return-type -Wcast-function-type -O3 -fno-ident -fdata-sections -ffunction-sections -fvisibility=default -std=gnu++14 -Wno-narrowing -Wno-class-memaccess -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti --sysroot=../../build/linux/debian_sid_amd64-sysroot -c ../../test/cctest/test-global-handles.cc -o obj/test/cctest/cctest_sources/test-global-handles.o
In file included from ../../include/v8-inspector.h:14,
from ../../src/execution/isolate.h:15,
from ../../src/api/api.h:10,
from ../../src/api/api-inl.h:8,
from ../../test/cctest/test-global-handles.cc:28:
../../include/v8.h: In instantiation of ‘void v8::PersistentBase<T>::SetWeak(P*, typename v8::WeakCallbackInfo<P>::Callback, v8::WeakCallbackType) [with P = v8::Global<v8::Object>; T = v8::Object; typename v8::WeakCallbackInfo<P>::Callback = void (*)(const v8::WeakCallbackInfo<v8::Global<v8::Object> >&)]’:
../../test/cctest/test-global-handles.cc:292:47: required from here
../../include/v8.h:10750:16: warning: cast between incompatible function types from ‘v8::WeakCallbackInfo<v8::Global<v8::Object> >::Callback’ {aka ‘void (*)(const v8::WeakCallbackInfo<v8::Global<v8::Object> >&)’} to ‘Callback’ {aka ‘void (*)(const v8::WeakCallbackInfo<void>&)’} [-Wcast-function-type]
10750 | reinterpret_cast<Callback>(callback), type);
| ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
../../include/v8.h: In instantiation of ‘void v8::PersistentBase<T>::SetWeak(P*, typename v8::WeakCallbackInfo<P>::Callback, v8::WeakCallbackType) [with P = v8::internal::{anonymous}::FlagAndGlobal; T = v8::Object; typename v8::WeakCallbackInfo<P>::Callback = void (*)(const v8::WeakCallbackInfo<v8::internal::{anonymous}::FlagAndGlobal>&)]’:
../../test/cctest/test-global-handles.cc:493:53: required from here
../../include/v8.h:10750:16: warning: cast between incompatible function types from ‘v8::WeakCallbackInfo<v8::internal::{anonymous}::FlagAndGlobal>::Callback’ {aka ‘void (*)(const v8::WeakCallbackInfo<v8::internal::{anonymous}::FlagAndGlobal>&)’} to ‘Callback’ {aka ‘void (*)(const v8::WeakCallbackInfo<void>&)’} [-Wcast-function-type]
Formatted for git commit message:
g++ -MMD -MF obj/test/cctest/cctest_sources/test-global-handles.o.d
...
In file included from ../../include/v8-inspector.h:14,
from ../../src/execution/isolate.h:15,
from ../../src/api/api.h:10,
from ../../src/api/api-inl.h:8,
from ../../test/cctest/test-global-handles.cc:28:
../../include/v8.h:
In instantiation of ‘void v8::PersistentBase<T>::SetWeak(
P*,
typename v8::WeakCallbackInfo<P>::Callback,
v8::WeakCallbackType)
[with
P = v8::Global<v8::Object>;
T = v8::Object;
typename v8::WeakCallbackInfo<P>::Callback =
void (*)(const v8::WeakCallbackInfo<v8::Global<v8::Object> >&)
]’:
../../test/cctest/test-global-handles.cc:292:47: required from here
../../include/v8.h:10750:16: warning:
cast between incompatible function types from
‘v8::WeakCallbackInfo<v8::Global<v8::Object> >::Callback’ {aka
‘void (*)(const v8::WeakCallbackInfo<v8::Global<v8::Object> >&)’} to
‘Callback’ {aka ‘void (*)(const v8::WeakCallbackInfo<void>&)’}
[-Wcast-function-type]
10750 | reinterpret_cast<Callback>(callback), type);
| ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
This commit suggests adding a pragma specifically for GCC to suppress this warning. The motivation for this is that there were quite a few of these warnings in the Node.js build, but these have been suppressed by adding a similar pragma but around the include of v8.h [1].
[1] https://github.com/nodejs/node/blob/331d63624007be4bf49d6d161bdef2b5e540affa/src/node.h#L63-L70
$
In file included from persistent-obj.cc:8:
/home/danielbevenius/work/google/v8_src/v8/include/v8.h: In instantiation of ‘void v8::PersistentBase<T>::SetWeak(P*, typename v8::WeakCallbackInfo<P>::Callback, v8::WeakCallbackType) [with P = Something; T = v8::Object; typename v8::WeakCallbackInfo<P>::Callback = void (*)(const v8::WeakCallbackInfo<Something>&)]’:
persistent-obj.cc:57:38: required from here
/home/danielbevenius/work/google/v8_src/v8/include/v8.h:10750:16: warning: cast between incompatible function types from ‘v8::WeakCallbackInfo<Something>::Callback’ {aka ‘void (*)(const v8::WeakCallbackInfo<Something>&)’} to ‘Callback’ {aka ‘void (*)(const v8::WeakCallbackInfo<void>&)’} [-Wcast-function-type]
10750 | reinterpret_cast<Callback>(callback), type);
| ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Currently, we have added a pragma to avoid this warning in node.js but we'd like to add this in v8 and closer to the actual code that is causing it. In node we have to set the praga on the header.
template <class T>
template <typename P>
V8_INLINE void PersistentBase<T>::SetWeak(
P* parameter,
typename WeakCallbackInfo<P>::Callback callback,
WeakCallbackType type) {
typedef typename WeakCallbackInfo<void>::Callback Callback;
V8::MakeWeak(reinterpret_cast<internal::Address*>(this->val_), parameter,
reinterpret_cast<Callback>(callback), type);
}
Notice the second parameter is typename WeakCallbackInfo<P>::Callback which is a typedef:
typedef void (*Callback)(const WeakCallbackInfo<T>& data);
This is a function declaration for Callback which is a function that takes a reference to a const WeakCallbackInfo and returns void. So we could define it like this:
void WeakCallback(const v8::WeakCallbackInfo<Something>& data) {
Something* obj = data.GetParameter();
std::cout << "in make weak callback..." << '\n';
}
And the trying to cast it into:
typedef typename v8::WeakCallbackInfo<void>::Callback Callback;
Callback cb = reinterpret_cast<Callback>(WeakCallback);
This is done as V8::MakeWeak has the following signature:
void V8::MakeWeak(i::Address* location, void* parameter,
WeakCallbackInfo<void>::Callback weak_callback,
WeakCallbackType type) {
i::GlobalHandles::MakeWeak(location, parameter, weak_callback, type);
}
gdb warnings
warning: Could not find DWO CU obj/v8_compiler/common-node-cache.dwo(0x42b8adb87d74d56b) referenced by CU at offset 0x206f7 [in module /home/danielbevenius/work/google/learning-v8/hello-world]
This can be worked around by specifying the --cd argument to gdb:
$ gdb --cd=/home/danielbevenius/work/google/v8_src/v8/out/x64.release --args /home/danielbevenius/work/google/learning-v8/hello-world
Building with g++
Update args.gn to include:
is_clang = false
Next I got the following error when trying to compile:
$ ninja -v -C out/x64.release/ obj/test/cctest/cctest_sources/test-global-handles.o
ux/debian_sid_amd64-sysroot -fexceptions -frtti -c ../../src/torque/instance-type-generator.cc -o obj/torque_base/instance-type-generator.o
In file included from /usr/include/c++/9/bits/stl_algobase.h:59,
from /usr/include/c++/9/memory:62,
from ../../src/torque/implementation-visitor.h:8,
from ../../src/torque/instance-type-generator.cc:5:
/usr/include/c++/9/x86_64-redhat-linux/bits/c++config.h:3:10: fatal error: bits/wordsize.h: No such file or directory
3 | #include <bits/wordsize.h>
| ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
compilation terminated.
ninja: build stopped: subcommand failed.
$ export CPATH=/usr/include
third_party/binutils/Linux_x64/Release/bin/ld.gold: error: cannot open /usr/lib64/libatomic.so.1.2.0: No such file or directory
$ sudo dnf install -y libatomic
I still got an error because of a warning but I'm trying to build using:
treat_warnings_as_errors = false
Lets see how that works out. I also had to use gnus linker by disableing gold:
use_gold = false
CodeStubAssembler
This history of this is that JavaScript builtins used be written in assembly which gave very good performance but made porting V8 to different architectures more difficult as these builtins had to have specific implementations for each supported architecture, so it dit not scale very well. With the addition of features to the JavaScript specifications having to support new features meant having to implement them for all platforms which made it difficult to keep up and deliver these new features.
The goal is to have the perfomance of handcoded assembly but not have to write it for every platform. So a portable assembly language was build on top of Tubofans backend. This is an API that generates Turbofan's machine-level IR. This IR can be used by Turbofan to produce very good machine code on all platforms. So one "only" has to implement one component/function/feature (not sure what to call this) and then it can be made available to all platforms. They no longer have to maintain all that handwritten assembly.
Just to be clear CSA is a C++ API that is used to generate IR which is then compiled in to machine code for the target instruction set architectur.
Torque
Torque is a DLS language to avoid having to use the CodeStubAssembler directly (it is still used behind the scene). This language is statically typed, garbage collected, and compatible with JavaScript.
The JavaScript standard library was implemented in V8 previously using hand written assembly. But as we mentioned in the previous section this did not scale.
It could have been written in JavaScript too, and I think this was done in the past but this has some issues as builtins would need warmup time to become optimized, there were also issues with monkey-patching and exposing VM internals unintentionally.
Is torque run a build time, I'm thinking yes as it would have to generate the c++ code.
There is a main function in torque.cc which will be built into an executable
$ ./out/x64.release_gcc/torque --help
Unexpected command-line argument "--help", expected a .tq file.
The files that are processed by torque are defined in BUILD.gc in the torque_files section. There is also a template named run_torque. I've noticed that this template and others in GN use the script tools/run.py. This is apperently because GN can only execute scripts at the moment and what this script does is use python to create a subprocess with the passed in argument:
$ gn help action
And a template is way to reuse code in GN.
There is a make target that shows what is generated by torque:
$ make torque-example
This will create a directory in the current directory named gen/torque-generated. Notice that this directory contains c++ headers and sources.
It take torque-example.tq as input. For this file the following header will be generated:
#ifndef V8_GEN_TORQUE_GENERATED_TORQUE_EXAMPLE_TQ_H_
#define V8_GEN_TORQUE_GENERATED_TORQUE_EXAMPLE_TQ_H_
#include "src/builtins/builtins-promise.h"
#include "src/compiler/code-assembler.h"
#include "src/codegen/code-stub-assembler.h"
#include "src/utils/utils.h"
#include "torque-generated/field-offsets-tq.h"
#include "torque-generated/csa-types-tq.h"
namespace v8 {
namespace internal {
void HelloWorld_0(compiler::CodeAssemblerState* state_);
} // namespace internal
} // namespace v8
#endif // V8_GEN_TORQUE_GENERATED_TORQUE_EXAMPLE_TQ_H_
This is only to show the generated files and make it clear that torque will generate these file which will then be compiled during the v8 build. So, lets try copying example-torque.tq to v8/src/builtins directory.
$ cp torque-example.tq ../v8_src/v8/src/builtins/
This is not enough to get it included in the build, we have to update BUILD.gn and add this file to the torque_files list. After running the build we can see that there is a file named src/builtins/torque-example-tq-csa.h generated along with a .cc.
To understand how this works I'm going to use https://v8.dev/docs/torque-builtins as a starting point:
transitioning javascript builtin
MathIs42(js-implicit context: NativeContext, receiver: JSAny)(x: JSAny): Boolean {
const number: Number = ToNumber_Inline(x);
typeswitch (number) {
case (smi: Smi): {
return smi == 42 ? True : False;
}
case (heapNumber: HeapNumber): {
return Convert<float64>(heapNumber) == 42 ? True : False;
}
}
}
This has been updated to work with the latest V8 version.
Next, we need to update src/init/bootstrappers.cc to add/install this function on the math object:
SimpleInstallFunction(isolate_, math, "is42", Builtins::kMathIs42, 1, true);
After this we need to rebuild v8:
$ env CPATH=/usr/include ninja -v -C out/x64.release_gcc
$ d8
d8> Math.is42(42)
true
d8> Math.is42(2)
false
If we look at the generated code that Torque has produced in out/x64.release_gcc/gen/torque-generated/src/builtins/math-tq-csa.cc (we can run it through the preprocessor using):
$ clang++ --sysroot=build/linux/debian_sid_amd64-sysroot -isystem=./buildtools/third_party/libc++/trunk/include -isystem=buildtools/third_party/libc++/trunk/include -I. -E out/x64.release_gcc/gen/torque-generated/src/builtins/math-tq-csa.cc > math.cc.pp
If we open math.cc.pp and search for Is42 we can find:
class MathIs42Assembler : public CodeStubAssembler {
public:
using Descriptor = Builtin_MathIs42_InterfaceDescriptor;
explicit MathIs42Assembler(compiler::CodeAssemblerState* state) : CodeStubAssembler(state) {}
void GenerateMathIs42Impl();
Node* Parameter(Descriptor::ParameterIndices index) {
return CodeAssembler::Parameter(static_cast<int>(index));
}
};
void Builtins::Generate_MathIs42(compiler::CodeAssemblerState* state) {
MathIs42Assembler assembler(state);
state->SetInitialDebugInformation("MathIs42", "out/x64.release_gcc/gen/torque-generated/src/builtins/math-tq-csa.cc", 2121);
if (Builtins::KindOf(Builtins::kMathIs42) == Builtins::TFJ) {
assembler.PerformStackCheck(assembler.GetJSContextParameter());
}
assembler.GenerateMathIs42Impl();
}
void MathIs42Assembler::GenerateMathIs42Impl() {
...
So this is what gets generated by the Torque compiler and what we see above is CodeStubAssemble class.
If we take a look in out/x64.release_gcc/gen/torque-generated/builtin-definitions-tq.h we can find the following line that has been generated:
TFJ(MathIs42, 1, kReceiver, kX) \
Now, there is a section about the TF_BUILTIN macro, and it will create function declarations, and function and class definitions:
Now, in src/builtins/builtins.h we have the following macros:
class Builtins {
public:
enum Name : int32_t {
#define DEF_ENUM(Name, ...) k##Name,
BUILTIN_LIST(DEF_ENUM, DEF_ENUM, DEF_ENUM, DEF_ENUM, DEF_ENUM, DEF_ENUM,
DEF_ENUM)
#undef DEF_ENUM
...
}
#define DECLARE_TF(Name, ...) \
static void Generate_##Name(compiler::CodeAssemblerState* state);
BUILTIN_LIST(IGNORE_BUILTIN, DECLARE_TF, DECLARE_TF, DECLARE_TF, DECLARE_TF,
IGNORE_BUILTIN, DECLARE_ASM)
And BUILTINS_LIST is declared in src/builtins/builtins-definitions.h and this file includes:
#include "torque-generated/builtin-definitions-tq.h"
#define BUILTIN_LIST(CPP, TFJ, TFC, TFS, TFH, BCH, ASM) \
BUILTIN_LIST_BASE(CPP, TFJ, TFC, TFS, TFH, ASM) \
BUILTIN_LIST_FROM_TORQUE(CPP, TFJ, TFC, TFS, TFH, ASM) \
BUILTIN_LIST_INTL(CPP, TFJ, TFS) \
BUILTIN_LIST_BYTECODE_HANDLERS(BCH)
Notice BUILTIN_LIST_FROM_TORQUE, this is how our MathIs42 gets included from builtin-definitions-tq.h. This is in turn included by builtins.h.
If we take a look at the this header after it has gone through the preprocessor we can see what has been generated for MathIs42:
$ clang++ --sysroot=build/linux/debian_sid_amd64-sysroot -isystem=./buildtools/third_party/libc++/trunk/include -isystem=buildtools/third_party/libc++/trunk/include -I. -I./out/x64.release_gcc/gen/ -E src/builtins/builtins.h > builtins.h.pp
First MathIs42 will be come a member in the Name enum of the Builtins class:
class Builtins {
public:
enum Name : int32_t {
...
kMathIs42,
};
static void Generate_MathIs42(compiler::CodeAssemblerState* state);
We should also take a look in src/builtins/builtins-descriptors.h as the BUILTIN_LIST is used there two and specifically to our current example there is a DEFINE_TFJ_INTERFACE_DESCRIPTOR macro used:
BUILTIN_LIST(IGNORE_BUILTIN, DEFINE_TFJ_INTERFACE_DESCRIPTOR,
DEFINE_TFC_INTERFACE_DESCRIPTOR, DEFINE_TFS_INTERFACE_DESCRIPTOR,
DEFINE_TFH_INTERFACE_DESCRIPTOR, IGNORE_BUILTIN,
DEFINE_ASM_INTERFACE_DESCRIPTOR)
#define DEFINE_TFJ_INTERFACE_DESCRIPTOR(Name, Argc, ...) \
struct Builtin_##Name##_InterfaceDescriptor { \
enum ParameterIndices { \
kJSTarget = compiler::CodeAssembler::kTargetParameterIndex, \
##__VA_ARGS__, \
kJSNewTarget, \
kJSActualArgumentsCount, \
kContext, \
kParameterCount, \
}; \
};
So the above will generate the following code but this time for builtins.cc:
$ clang++ --sysroot=build/linux/debian_sid_amd64-sysroot -isystem=./buildtools/third_party/libc++/trunk/include -isystem=buildtools/third_party/libc++/trunk/include -I. -I./out/x64.release_gcc/gen/ -E src/builtins/builtins.cc > builtins.cc.pp
struct Builtin_MathIs42_InterfaceDescriptor {
enum ParameterIndices {
kJSTarget = compiler::CodeAssembler::kTargetParameterIndex,
kReceiver,
kX,
kJSNewTarget,
kJSActualArgumentsCount,
kContext,
kParameterCount,
};
const BuiltinMetadata builtin_metadata[] = {
...
{"MathIs42", Builtins::TFJ, {1, 0}}
...
};
BuiltinMetadata is a struct defined in builtins.cc and in our case the name is passed, then the type, and the last struct is specifying the number of parameters and the last 0 is unused as far as I can tell and only there make it different from the constructor that takes an Address parameter.
So, where is Generate_MathIs42 used:
void SetupIsolateDelegate::SetupBuiltinsInternal(Isolate* isolate) {
Code code;
...
code = BuildWithCodeStubAssemblerJS(isolate, index, &Builtins::Generate_MathIs42, 1, "MathIs42");
AddBuiltin(builtins, index++, code);
...
BuildWithCodeStubAssemblerJS can be found in src/builtins/setup-builtins-internal.cc
Code BuildWithCodeStubAssemblerJS(Isolate* isolate, int32_t builtin_index,
CodeAssemblerGenerator generator, int argc,
const char* name) {
Zone zone(isolate->allocator(), ZONE_NAME);
const int argc_with_recv = (argc == kDontAdaptArgumentsSentinel) ? 0 : argc + 1;
compiler::CodeAssemblerState state(
isolate, &zone, argc_with_recv, Code::BUILTIN, name,
PoisoningMitigationLevel::kDontPoison, builtin_index);
generator(&state);
Handle<Code> code = compiler::CodeAssembler::GenerateCode(
&state, BuiltinAssemblerOptions(isolate, builtin_index));
return *code;
Lets add a conditional break point so that we can stop in this function when MathIs42 is passed in:
(gdb) br setup-builtins-internal.cc:161
(gdb) cond 1 ((int)strcmp(name, "MathIs42")) == 0
We can see that we first create a new CodeAssemblerState, which we say previously was that type that the Generate_MathIs42 function takes. TODO: look into this class a litte more. After this generator will be called with the newly created state passed in:
(gdb) p generator
$8 = (v8::internal::(anonymous namespace)::CodeAssemblerGenerator) 0x5619fd61b66e <v8::internal::Builtins::Generate_MathIs42(v8::internal::compiler::CodeAssemblerState*)>
TODO: Take a closer look at generate and how that code works. After generate returns we will have the following call:
generator(&state);
Handle<Code> code = compiler::CodeAssembler::GenerateCode(
&state, BuiltinAssemblerOptions(isolate, builtin_index));
return *code;
Then next thing that will happen is the code returned will be added to the builtins by calling SetupIsolateDelegate::AddBuiltin:
void SetupIsolateDelegate::AddBuiltin(Builtins* builtins, int index, Code code) {
builtins->set_builtin(index, code);
}
set_builtins can be found in src/builtins/builtins.cc` and looks like this:
void Builtins::set_builtin(int index, Code builtin) {
isolate_->heap()->set_builtin(index, builtin);
}
And Heap::set_builtin does:
void Heap::set_builtin(int index, Code builtin) {
isolate()->builtins_table()[index] = builtin.ptr();
}
So this is how the builtins_table is populated.
And when is SetupBuiltinsInternal called?
It is called from SetupIsolateDelegat::SetupBuiltins which is called from Isolate::Init.
Just to recap before I loose track of what is going on...We have math.tq, which is the torque source file. This is parsed by the torque compiler/parser and it will generate c++ headers and source files, one of which will be a CodeStubAssembler class for our MathI42 function. It will also generate the "torque-generated/builtin-definitions-tq.h. After this has happened the sources need to be compiled into object files. After that if a snapshot is configured to be created, mksnapshot will create a new Isolate and in that process the MathIs42 builtin will get added. Then a context will be created and saved. The snapshot can then be deserialized into an Isoalte as some later point.
Alright, so we have seen what gets generated for the function MathIs42 but how does this get "hooked" but to enable us to call Math.is42(11)?
In bootstrapper.cc we can see a number of lines:
SimpleInstallFunction(isolate_, math, "trunc", Builtins::kMathTrunc, 1, true);
And we are going to add a line like the following:
SimpleInstallFunction(isolate_, math, "is42", Builtins::kMathIs42, 1, true);
The signature for SimpleInstallFunction looks like this
V8_NOINLINE Handle<JSFunction> SimpleInstallFunction(
Isolate* isolate, Handle<JSObject> base, const char* name,
Builtins::Name call, int len, bool adapt,
PropertyAttributes attrs = DONT_ENUM) {
Handle<String> internalized_name = isolate->factory()->InternalizeUtf8String(name);
Handle<JSFunction> fun = SimpleCreateFunction(isolate, internalized_name, call, len, adapt);
JSObject::AddProperty(isolate, base, internalized_name, fun, attrs);
return fun;
}
So we see that the function is added as a property to the Math object. Notice that we also have to add kMathIs42 to the Builtins class which is now part of the builtins_table_ array which we went through above.
Transitioning/Transient
In torgue source files we can sometimes see types declared as transient, and functions that have a transitioning specifier. In V8 HeapObjects can change at runtime (I think an example of this would be deleting an element in an array which would transition it to a different type of array HoleyElementArray or something like that. TODO: verify and explain this). And a function that calls JavaScript which cause such a transition is marked with transitioning.
Callables
Are like functions is js/c++ but have some additional capabilities and there are several different types of callables:
macro callables
These correspond to generated CodeStubAssebler C++ that will be inlined at the callsite.
builtin callables
These will become V8 builtins with info added to builtin-definitions.h (via the include of torque-generated/builtin-definitions-tq.h). There is only one copy of this and this will be a call instead of being inlined as is the case with macros.
runtime callables
intrinsic callables
Explicit parameters
macros and builtins can have parameters. For example:
@export
macro HelloWorld1(msg: JSAny) {
Print(msg);
}
And we can call this from another macro like this:
@export
macro HelloWorld() {
HelloWorld1('Hello World');
}
Implicit parameters
In the previous section we showed explicit parameters but we can also have implicit parameters:
@export
macro HelloWorld2(implicit msg: JSAny)() {
Print(msg);
}
@export
macro HelloWorld() {
const msg = 'Hello implicit';
HelloWorld2();
}
Troubleshooting
Compilation error when including `src/objects/objects-inl.h:
/home/danielbevenius/work/google/v8_src/v8/src/objects/object-macros.h:263:14: error: no declaration matches ‘bool v8::internal::HeapObject::IsJSCollator() const’
Does this need i18n perhaps?
$ gn args --list out/x64.release_gcc | grep i18n
v8_enable_i18n_support
usr/bin/ld: /tmp/ccJOrUMl.o: in function `v8::internal::MaybeHandle<v8::internal::Object>::Check() const':
/home/danielbevenius/work/google/v8_src/v8/src/handles/maybe-handles.h:44: undefined reference to `V8_Fatal(char const*, ...)'
collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status
V8_Fatal is referenced but not defined in v8_monolith.a:
$ nm libv8_monolith.a | grep V8_Fatal | c++filt
...
U V8_Fatal(char const*, int, char const*, ...)
And I thought it might be defined in libv8_libbase.a but it is the same there. Actually, I was looking at the wrong symbol. This was not from the logging.o object file. If we look at it we find:
v8_libbase/logging.o:
...
0000000000000000 T V8_Fatal(char const*, int, char const*, ...)
In out/x64.release/obj/logging.o we can find it defined:
$ nm -C libv8_libbase.a | grep -A 50 logging.o | grep V8_Fatal
0000000000000000 T V8_Fatal(char const*, int, char const*, ...)
T means that the symbol is in the text section. So if the linker is able to find libv8_libbase.a it should be able to resolve this.
So we need to make sure the linker can find the directory where the libraries are located ('-Wl,-Ldir'), and also that it will include the library ('-Wl,-llibname')
With this in place I can see that the linker can open the archive:
attempt to open /home/danielbevenius/work/google/v8_src/v8/out/x64.release_gcc/obj/libv8_libbase.so failed
attempt to open /home/danielbevenius/work/google/v8_src/v8/out/x64.release_gcc/obj/libv8_libbase.a succeeded
/home/danielbevenius/work/google/v8_src/v8/out/x64.release_gcc/obj/libv8_libbase.a
But I'm still getting the same linking error. If we look closer at the error message we can see that it is maybe-handles.h that is complaining. Could it be that the order is incorrect when linking. libv8_libbase.a needs to come after libv8_monolith Something I noticed is that even though the library libv8_libbase.a is found it does not look like the linker actually reads the object files. I can see that it does this for libv8_monolith.a:
(/home/danielbevenius/work/google/v8_src/v8/out/x64.release_gcc/obj/libv8_monolith.a)common-node-cache.o
Hmm, actually looking at the signature of the function it is V8_Fatal(char const*, ...) and not char const*, int, char const*, ...)
For a debug build it will be:
void V8_Fatal(const char* file, int line, const char* format, ...);
And else
void V8_Fatal(const char* format, ...);
So it looks like I need to set debug to false. With this the V8_Fatal symbol in logging.o is:
$ nm -C out/x64.release_gcc/obj/v8_libbase/logging.o | grep V8_Fatal
0000000000000000 T V8_Fatal(char const*, ...)
V8 Build artifacts
What is actually build when you specify v8_monolithic: When this type is chosen the build cannot be a component build, there is an assert for this. In this case a static library build:
if (v8_monolithic) {
# A component build is not monolithic.
assert(!is_component_build)
# Using external startup data would produce separate files.
assert(!v8_use_external_startup_data)
v8_static_library("v8_monolith") {
deps = [
":v8",
":v8_libbase",
":v8_libplatform",
":v8_libsampler",
"//build/win:default_exe_manifest",
]
configs = [ ":internal_config" ]
}
}
Notice that the builtin function is called static_library so is a template that can be found in gni/v8.gni
v8_static_library: This will use source_set instead of creating a static library when compiling. When set to false, the object files that would be included in the linker command. The can speed up the build as the creation of the static libraries is skipped. But this does not really help when linking to v8 externally as from this project.
is_component_build: This will compile targets declared as components as shared libraries. All the v8_components in BUILD.gn will be built as .so files in the output director (not the obj directory which is the case for static libraries).
So the only two options are the v8_monolith or is_component_build where it might be an advantage of being able to build a single component and not have to rebuild the whole monolith at times.
wee8
libwee8 can be produced which is a library which only supports WebAssembly and does not support JavaScript.
$ ninja -C out/wee8 wee8
V8 Internal Isolate
src/execution/isolate.h is where you can find the v8::internal::Isolate.
class V8_EXPORT_PRIVATE Isolate final : private HiddenFactory {
And HiddenFactory is just to allow Isolate to inherit privately from Factory which can be found in src/heap/factory.h.
Startup Walk through
This section will walk through the start up on V8 by using the hello_world example in this project:
$ LD_LIBRARY_PATH=../v8_src/v8/out/x64.release_gcc/ lldb ./hello-world
(lldb) br s -n main
Breakpoint 1: where = hello-world`main + 25 at hello-world.cc:41:38, address = 0x0000000000402821
V8::InitializeExternalStartupData(argv[0]);
This call will land in api.cc which will just delegate the call to and internal (internal namespace that is). If you try to step into this function you will just land on the next line in hello_world. This is because we compiled v8 without external start up data so this function will be empty:
$ objdump -Cd out/x64.release_gcc/obj/v8_base_without_compiler/startup-data-util.o
Disassembly of section .text._ZN2v88internal37InitializeExternalStartupDataFromFileEPKc:
0000000000000000 <v8::internal::InitializeExternalStartupDataFromFile(char const*)>:
0: c3 retq
Next, we have:
std::unique_ptr<Platform> platform = platform::NewDefaultPlatform();
This will land in src/libplatform/default-platform.cc which will create a new DefaultPlatform.
Isolate* isolate = Isolate::New(create_params);
This will call Allocate:
Isolate* isolate = Allocate();
Isolate* Isolate::Allocate() {
return reinterpret_cast<Isolate*>(i::Isolate::New());
}
Remember that the internal Isolate can be found in src/execution/isolate.h. In src/execution/isolate.cc we find Isolate::New
Isolate* Isolate::New(IsolateAllocationMode mode) {
std::unique_ptr<IsolateAllocator> isolate_allocator = std::make_unique<IsolateAllocator>(mode);
void* isolate_ptr = isolate_allocator->isolate_memory();
Isolate* isolate = new (isolate_ptr) Isolate(std::move(isolate_allocator));
So we first create an IsolateAllocator instance which will allocate memory for a single Isolate instance. This is then passed into the Isolate constructor, notice the usage of new here, this is just a normal heap allocation.
The default new operator has been deleted and an override provided that takes a void pointer, which is just returned:
void* operator new(size_t, void* ptr) { return ptr; }
void* operator new(size_t) = delete;
void operator delete(void*) = delete;
In this case it just returns the memory allocateed by isolate-memory(). The reason for doing this is that using the new operator not only invokes the new operator but the compiler will also add a call the types constructor passing in the address of the allocated memory.
Isolate::Isolate(std::unique_ptr<i::IsolateAllocator> isolate_allocator)
: isolate_data_(this),
isolate_allocator_(std::move(isolate_allocator)),
id_(isolate_counter.fetch_add(1, std::memory_order_relaxed)),
allocator_(FLAG_trace_zone_stats
? new VerboseAccountingAllocator(&heap_, 256 * KB)
: new AccountingAllocator()),
builtins_(this),
rail_mode_(PERFORMANCE_ANIMATION),
code_event_dispatcher_(new CodeEventDispatcher()),
jitless_(FLAG_jitless),
#if V8_SFI_HAS_UNIQUE_ID
next_unique_sfi_id_(0),
#endif
cancelable_task_manager_(new CancelableTaskManager()) {
Notice that isolate_data_ will be populated by calling the constructor which takes an pointer to an Isolate.
class IsolateData final {
public:
explicit IsolateData(Isolate* isolate) : stack_guard_(isolate) {}
Back in Isolate's constructor we have:
#define ISOLATE_INIT_LIST(V) \
/* Assembler state. */ \
V(FatalErrorCallback, exception_behavior, nullptr) \
...
#define ISOLATE_INIT_EXECUTE(type, name, initial_value) \
name##_ = (initial_value);
ISOLATE_INIT_LIST(ISOLATE_INIT_EXECUTE)
#undef ISOLATE_INIT_EXECUTE
So lets expand the first entry to understand what is going on:
exception_behavior_ = (nullptr);
oom_behavior_ = (nullptr);
event_logger_ = (nullptr);
allow_code_gen_callback_ = (nullptr);
modify_code_gen_callback_ = (nullptr);
allow_wasm_code_gen_callback_ = (nullptr);
wasm_module_callback_ = (&NoExtension);
wasm_instance_callback_ = (&NoExtension);
wasm_streaming_callback_ = (nullptr);
wasm_threads_enabled_callback_ = (nullptr);
wasm_load_source_map_callback_ = (nullptr);
relocatable_top_ = (nullptr);
string_stream_debug_object_cache_ = (nullptr);
string_stream_current_security_token_ = (Object());
api_external_references_ = (nullptr);
external_reference_map_ = (nullptr);
root_index_map_ = (nullptr);
default_microtask_queue_ = (nullptr);
turbo_statistics_ = (nullptr);
code_tracer_ = (nullptr);
per_isolate_assert_data_ = (0xFFFFFFFFu);
promise_reject_callback_ = (nullptr);
snapshot_blob_ = (nullptr);
code_and_metadata_size_ = (0);
bytecode_and_metadata_size_ = (0);
external_script_source_size_ = (0);
is_profiling_ = (false);
num_cpu_profilers_ = (0);
formatting_stack_trace_ = (false);
debug_execution_mode_ = (DebugInfo::kBreakpoints);
code_coverage_mode_ = (debug::CoverageMode::kBestEffort);
type_profile_mode_ = (debug::TypeProfileMode::kNone);
last_stack_frame_info_id_ = (0);
last_console_context_id_ = (0);
inspector_ = (nullptr);
next_v8_call_is_safe_for_termination_ = (false);
only_terminate_in_safe_scope_ = (false);
detailed_source_positions_for_profiling_ = (FLAG_detailed_line_info);
embedder_wrapper_type_index_ = (-1);
embedder_wrapper_object_index_ = (-1);
So all of the entries in this list will become private members of the Isolate class after the preprocessor is finished. There will also be public assessor to get and set these initial values values (which is the last entry in the ISOLATE_INIT_LIST above.
Back in isolate.cc constructor we have:
#define ISOLATE_INIT_ARRAY_EXECUTE(type, name, length) \
memset(name##_, 0, sizeof(type) * length);
ISOLATE_INIT_ARRAY_LIST(ISOLATE_INIT_ARRAY_EXECUTE)
#undef ISOLATE_INIT_ARRAY_EXECUTE
#define ISOLATE_INIT_ARRAY_LIST(V) \
/* SerializerDeserializer state. */ \
V(int32_t, jsregexp_static_offsets_vector, kJSRegexpStaticOffsetsVectorSize) \
...
InitializeDefaultEmbeddedBlob();
MicrotaskQueue::SetUpDefaultMicrotaskQueue(this);
After that we have created a new Isolate, we were in this function call:
Isolate* isolate = new (isolate_ptr) Isolate(std::move(isolate_allocator));
After this we will be back in api.cc:
Initialize(isolate, params);
void Isolate::Initialize(Isolate* isolate,
const v8::Isolate::CreateParams& params) {
We are not using any external snapshot data so the following will be false:
if (params.snapshot_blob != nullptr) {
i_isolate->set_snapshot_blob(params.snapshot_blob);
} else {
i_isolate->set_snapshot_blob(i::Snapshot::DefaultSnapshotBlob());
(gdb) p snapshot_blob_
$7 = (const v8::StartupData *) 0x0
(gdb) n
(gdb) p i_isolate->snapshot_blob_
$8 = (const v8::StartupData *) 0x7ff92d7d6cf0 <v8::internal::blob>
snapshot_blob_ is also one of the members that was set up with ISOLATE_INIT_LIST. So we are setting up the Isolate instance for creation.
Isolate::Scope isolate_scope(isolate);
if (!i::Snapshot::Initialize(i_isolate)) {
In src/snapshot/snapshot-common.cc we find
bool Snapshot::Initialize(Isolate* isolate) {
...
const v8::StartupData* blob = isolate->snapshot_blob();
Vector<const byte> startup_data = ExtractStartupData(blob);
Vector<const byte> read_only_data = ExtractReadOnlyData(blob);
SnapshotData startup_snapshot_data(MaybeDecompress(startup_data));
SnapshotData read_only_snapshot_data(MaybeDecompress(read_only_data));
StartupDeserializer startup_deserializer(&startup_snapshot_data);
ReadOnlyDeserializer read_only_deserializer(&read_only_snapshot_data);
startup_deserializer.SetRehashability(ExtractRehashability(blob));
read_only_deserializer.SetRehashability(ExtractRehashability(blob));
bool success = isolate->InitWithSnapshot(&read_only_deserializer, &startup_deserializer);
So we get the blob and create deserializers for it which are then passed to isolate->InitWithSnapshot which delegated to Isolate::Init. The blob will have be create previously using mksnapshot (more on this can be found later).
This will use a FOR_EACH_ISOLATE_ADDRESS_NAME macro to assign to the isolate_addresses_ field:
isolate_addresses_[IsolateAddressId::kHandlerAddress] = reinterpret_cast<Address>(handler_address());
isolate_addresses_[IsolateAddressId::kCEntryFPAddress] = reinterpret_cast<Address>(c_entry_fp_address());
isolate_addresses_[IsolateAddressId::kCFunctionAddress] = reinterpret_cast<Address>(c_function_address());
isolate_addresses_[IsolateAddressId::kContextAddress] = reinterpret_cast<Address>(context_address());
isolate_addresses_[IsolateAddressId::kPendingExceptionAddress] = reinterpret_cast<Address>(pending_exception_address());
isolate_addresses_[IsolateAddressId::kPendingHandlerContextAddress] = reinterpret_cast<Address>(pending_handler_context_address());
isolate_addresses_[IsolateAddressId::kPendingHandlerEntrypointAddress] = reinterpret_cast<Address>(pending_handler_entrypoint_address());
isolate_addresses_[IsolateAddressId::kPendingHandlerConstantPoolAddress] = reinterpret_cast<Address>(pending_handler_constant_pool_address());
isolate_addresses_[IsolateAddressId::kPendingHandlerFPAddress] = reinterpret_cast<Address>(pending_handler_fp_address());
isolate_addresses_[IsolateAddressId::kPendingHandlerSPAddress] = reinterpret_cast<Address>(pending_handler_sp_address());
isolate_addresses_[IsolateAddressId::kExternalCaughtExceptionAddress] = reinterpret_cast<Address>(external_caught_exception_address());
isolate_addresses_[IsolateAddressId::kJSEntrySPAddress] = reinterpret_cast<Address>(js_entry_sp_address());
After this we have a number of members that are assigned to:
compilation_cache_ = new CompilationCache(this);
descriptor_lookup_cache_ = new DescriptorLookupCache();
inner_pointer_to_code_cache_ = new InnerPointerToCodeCache(this);
global_handles_ = new GlobalHandles(this);
eternal_handles_ = new EternalHandles();
bootstrapper_ = new Bootstrapper(this);
handle_scope_implementer_ = new HandleScopeImplementer(this);
load_stub_cache_ = new StubCache(this);
store_stub_cache_ = new StubCache(this);
materialized_object_store_ = new MaterializedObjectStore(this);
regexp_stack_ = new RegExpStack();
regexp_stack_->isolate_ = this;
date_cache_ = new DateCache();
heap_profiler_ = new HeapProfiler(heap());
interpreter_ = new interpreter::Interpreter(this);
compiler_dispatcher_ =
new CompilerDispatcher(this, V8::GetCurrentPlatform(), FLAG_stack_size);
After this we have:
isolate_data_.external_reference_table()->Init(this);
This will land in src/codegen/external-reference-table.cc where we have:
void ExternalReferenceTable::Init(Isolate* isolate) {
int index = 0;
Add(kNullAddress, &index);
AddReferences(isolate, &index);
AddBuiltins(&index);
AddRuntimeFunctions(&index);
AddIsolateAddresses(isolate, &index);
AddAccessors(&index);
AddStubCache(isolate, &index);
AddNativeCodeStatsCounters(isolate, &index);
is_initialized_ = static_cast<uint32_t>(true);
CHECK_EQ(kSize, index);
}
void ExternalReferenceTable::Add(Address address, int* index) {
ref_addr_[(*index)++] = address;
}
Address ref_addr_[kSize];
Now, lets take a look at AddReferences:
Add(ExternalReference::abort_with_reason().address(), index);
What are ExternalReferences?
They represent c++ addresses used in generated code.
After that we have AddBuiltins:
static const Address c_builtins[] = {
(reinterpret_cast<v8::internal::Address>(&Builtin_HandleApiCall)),
...
Address Builtin_HandleApiCall(int argc, Address* args, Isolate* isolate);
I can see that the function declaration is in external-reference.h but the implementation is not there. Instead this is defined in src/builtins/builtins-api.cc:
BUILTIN(HandleApiCall) {
(will expand to:)
V8_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT static Object Builtin_Impl_HandleApiCall(
BuiltinArguments args, Isolate* isolate);
V8_NOINLINE static Address Builtin_Impl_Stats_HandleApiCall(
int args_length, Address* args_object, Isolate* isolate) {
BuiltinArguments args(args_length, args_object);
RuntimeCallTimerScope timer(isolate,
RuntimeCallCounterId::kBuiltin_HandleApiCall);
TRACE_EVENT0(TRACE_DISABLED_BY_DEFAULT("v8.runtime"), "V8.Builtin_HandleApiCall");
return CONVERT
}
V8_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT Address Builtin_HandleApiCall(
int args_length, Address* args_object, Isolate* isolate) {
DCHECK(isolate->context().is_null() || isolate->context().IsContext());
if (V8_UNLIKELY(TracingFlags::is_runtime_stats_enabled())) {
return Builtin_Impl_Stats_HandleApiCall(args_length, args_object, isolate);
}
BuiltinArguments args(args_length, args_object);
return CONVERT_OBJECT(Builtin_Impl_HandleApiCall(args, isolate));
}
V8_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT static Object Builtin_Impl_HandleApiCall(
BuiltinArguments args, Isolate* isolate) {
HandleScope scope(isolate);
Handle<JSFunction> function = args.target();
Handle<Object> receiver = args.receiver();
Handle<HeapObject> new_target = args.new_target();
Handle<FunctionTemplateInfo> fun_data(function->shared().get_api_func_data(),
isolate);
if (new_target->IsJSReceiver()) {
RETURN_RESULT_OR_FAILURE(
isolate, HandleApiCallHelper<true>(isolate, function, new_target,
fun_data, receiver, args));
} else {
RETURN_RESULT_OR_FAILURE(
isolate, HandleApiCallHelper<false>(isolate, function, new_target,
fun_data, receiver, args));
}
}
The BUILTIN macro can be found in src/builtins/builtins-utils.h:
#define BUILTIN(name) \
V8_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT static Object Builtin_Impl_##name( \
BuiltinArguments args, Isolate* isolate);
if (setup_delegate_ == nullptr) {
setup_delegate_ = new SetupIsolateDelegate(create_heap_objects);
}
if (!setup_delegate_->SetupHeap(&heap_)) {
V8::FatalProcessOutOfMemory(this, "heap object creation");
return false;
}
This does nothing in the current code path and the code comment says that the heap will be deserialized from the snapshot and true will be returned.
InitializeThreadLocal();
startup_deserializer->DeserializeInto(this);
DisallowHeapAllocation no_gc;
isolate->heap()->IterateSmiRoots(this);
isolate->heap()->IterateStrongRoots(this, VISIT_FOR_SERIALIZATION);
Iterate(isolate, this);
isolate->heap()->IterateWeakRoots(this, VISIT_FOR_SERIALIZATION);
DeserializeDeferredObjects();
RestoreExternalReferenceRedirectors(accessor_infos());
RestoreExternalReferenceRedirectors(call_handler_infos());
In heap.cc we find IterateSmiRootswhich takes a pointer to aRootVistor`. RootVisitor is used for visiting and modifying (optionally) the pointers contains in roots. This is used in garbage collection and also in serializing and deserializing snapshots.
Roots
RootVistor:
class RootVisitor {
public:
virtual void VisitRootPointers(Root root, const char* description,
FullObjectSlot start, FullObjectSlot end) = 0;
virtual void VisitRootPointer(Root root, const char* description,
FullObjectSlot p) {
VisitRootPointers(root, description, p, p + 1);
}
static const char* RootName(Root root);
Root is an enum in src/object/visitors.h. This enum is generated by a macro and expands to:
enum class Root {
kStringTable,
kExternalStringsTable,
kReadOnlyRootList,
kStrongRootList,
kSmiRootList,
kBootstrapper,
kTop,
kRelocatable,
kDebug,
kCompilationCache,
kHandleScope,
kBuiltins,
kGlobalHandles,
kEternalHandles,
kThreadManager,
kStrongRoots,
kExtensions,
kCodeFlusher,
kPartialSnapshotCache,
kReadOnlyObjectCache,
kWeakCollections,
kWrapperTracing,
kUnknown,
kNumberOfRoots
};
These can be displayed using:
$ ./test/roots_test --gtest_filter=RootsTest.visitor_roots
Just to keep things clear for myself here, these visitor roots are only used for GC and serialization/deserialization (at least I think so) and should not be confused with the RootIndex enum in src/roots/roots.h.
Lets set a break point in mksnapshot and see if we can find where one of the above Root enum elements is used to make it a little more clear what these are used for.
$ lldb ../v8_src/v8/out/x64.debug/mksnapshot
(lldb) target create "../v8_src/v8/out/x64.debug/mksnapshot"
Current executable set to '../v8_src/v8/out/x64.debug/mksnapshot' (x86_64).
(lldb) br s -n main
Breakpoint 1: where = mksnapshot`main + 42, address = 0x00000000009303ca
(lldb) r
What this does is that it creates an V8 environment (Platform, Isolate, Context) and then saves it to a file, either a binary file on disk but it can also save it to a .cc file that can be used in programs in which case the binary is a byte array. It does this in much the same way as the hello-world example create a platform and then initializes it, and the creates and initalizes a new Isolate. After the Isolate a new Context will be create using the Isolate. If there was an embedded-src flag passed to mksnaphot it will be run.
StartupSerializer will use the Root enum elements for example and the deserializer will use the same enum elements.
Adding a script to a snapshot:
$ gdb ../v8_src/v8/out/x64.release_gcc/mksnapshot --embedded-src="$PWD/embed.js"
TODO: Look into CreateOffHeapTrampolines.
So the VisitRootPointers function takes one of these Root's and visits all those roots. In our case the first Root to be visited is Heap::IterateSmiRoots:
void Heap::IterateSmiRoots(RootVisitor* v) {
ExecutionAccess access(isolate());
v->VisitRootPointers(Root::kSmiRootList, nullptr,
roots_table().smi_roots_begin(),
roots_table().smi_roots_end());
v->Synchronize(VisitorSynchronization::kSmiRootList);
}
And here we can see that it is using Root::kSmiRootList, and passing nullptr for the description argument (I wonder what this is used for?). Next, comes the start and end arguments.
(lldb) p roots_table().smi_roots_begin()
(v8::internal::FullObjectSlot) $5 = {
v8::internal::SlotBase<v8::internal::FullObjectSlot, unsigned long, 8> = (ptr_ = 50680614097760)
}
We can list all the values of roots_table using:
(lldb) expr -A -- roots_table()
In src/snapshot/deserializer.cc we can find VisitRootPointers:
void Deserializer::VisitRootPointers(Root root, const char* description,
FullObjectSlot start, FullObjectSlot end)
ReadData(FullMaybeObjectSlot(start), FullMaybeObjectSlot(end),
SnapshotSpace::kNew, kNullAddress);
Notice that description is never used. ReadDatais in the same source file:
The class SnapshotByteSource has a data member that is initialized upon construction from a const char* or a Vector. Where is this done?
This was done back in Snapshot::Initialize:
const v8::StartupData* blob = isolate->snapshot_blob();
Vector<const byte> startup_data = ExtractStartupData(blob);
Vector<const byte> read_only_data = ExtractReadOnlyData(blob);
SnapshotData startup_snapshot_data(MaybeDecompress(startup_data));
SnapshotData read_only_snapshot_data(MaybeDecompress(read_only_data));
StartupDeserializer startup_deserializer(&startup_snapshot_data);
(lldb) expr *this
(v8::internal::SnapshotByteSource) $30 = (data_ = "`\x04", length_ = 125752, position_ = 1)
All the roots in a heap are declared in src/roots/roots.h. You can access the roots using RootsTable via the Isolate using isolate_data->roots() or by using isolate->roots_table. The roots_ field is an array of Address elements:
class RootsTable {
public:
static constexpr size_t kEntriesCount = static_cast<size_t>(RootIndex::kRootListLength);
...
private:
Address roots_[kEntriesCount];
static const char* root_names_[kEntriesCount];
RootIndex is generated by a macro
enum class RootIndex : uint16_t {
The complete enum can be displayed using:
$ ./test/roots_test --gtest_filter=RootsTest.list_root_index
Lets take a look at an entry:
(lldb) p roots_[(uint16_t)RootIndex::kError_string]
(v8::internal::Address) $1 = 42318447256121
Now, there are functions in factory which can be used to retrieve these addresses, like factory->Error_string():
(lldb) expr *isolate->factory()->Error_string()
(v8::internal::String) $9 = {
v8::internal::TorqueGeneratedString<v8::internal::String, v8::internal::Name> = {
v8::internal::Name = {
v8::internal::TorqueGeneratedName<v8::internal::Name, v8::internal::PrimitiveHeapObject> = {
v8::internal::PrimitiveHeapObject = {
v8::internal::TorqueGeneratedPrimitiveHeapObject<v8::internal::PrimitiveHeapObject, v8::internal::HeapObject> = {
v8::internal::HeapObject = {
v8::internal::Object = {
v8::internal::TaggedImpl<v8::internal::HeapObjectReferenceType::STRONG, unsigned long> = (ptr_ = 42318447256121)
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
(lldb) expr $9.length()
(int32_t) $10 = 5
(lldb) expr $9.Print()
#Error
These accessor functions declarations are generated by the ROOT_LIST(ROOT_ACCESSOR)) macros:
#define ROOT_ACCESSOR(Type, name, CamelName) inline Handle<Type> name();
ROOT_LIST(ROOT_ACCESSOR)
#undef ROOT_ACCESSOR
And the definitions can be found in src/heap/factory-inl.h and look like this The implementations then look like this:
String ReadOnlyRoots::Error_string() const {
return String::unchecked_cast(Object(at(RootIndex::kError_string)));
}
Handle<String> ReadOnlyRoots::Error_string_handle() const {
return Handle<String>(&at(RootIndex::kError_string));
}
The unit test roots_test shows and example of this.
This shows the usage of root entries but where are the roots added to this array. roots_ is a member of IsolateData in src/execution/isolate-data.h:
RootsTable roots_;
We can inspect the roots_ content by using the interal Isolate:
(lldb) f
frame #0: 0x00007ffff6261cdf libv8.so`v8::Isolate::Initialize(isolate=0x00000eb900000000, params=0x00007fffffffd0d0) at api.cc:8269:31
8266 void Isolate::Initialize(Isolate* isolate,
8267 const v8::Isolate::CreateParams& params) {
(lldb) expr i_isolate->isolate_data_.roots_
(v8::internal::RootsTable) $5 = {
roots_ = {
[0] = 0
[1] = 0
[2] = 0
So we can see that the roots are intially zero:ed out. And the type of roots_ is an array of Address's.
frame #3: 0x00007ffff6c33d58 libv8.so`v8::internal::Deserializer::VisitRootPointers(this=0x00007fffffffcce0, root=kReadOnlyRootList, description=0x0000000000000000, start=FullObjectSlot @ 0x00007fffffffc530, end=FullObjectSlot @ 0x00007fffffffc528) at deserializer.cc:94:11
frame #4: 0x00007ffff6b6212f libv8.so`v8::internal::ReadOnlyRoots::Iterate(this=0x00007fffffffc5c8, visitor=0x00007fffffffcce0) at roots.cc:21:29
frame #5: 0x00007ffff6c46fee libv8.so`v8::internal::ReadOnlyDeserializer::DeserializeInto(this=0x00007fffffffcce0, isolate=0x00000f7500000000) at read-only-deserializer.cc:41:18
frame #6: 0x00007ffff66af631 libv8.so`v8::internal::ReadOnlyHeap::DeseralizeIntoIsolate(this=0x000000000049afb0, isolate=0x00000f7500000000, des=0x00007fffffffcce0) at read-only-heap.cc:85:23
frame #7: 0x00007ffff66af5de libv8.so`v8::internal::ReadOnlyHeap::SetUp(isolate=0x00000f7500000000, des=0x00007fffffffcce0) at read-only-heap.cc:78:53
This will land us in roots.cc ReadOnlyRoots::Iterate(RootVisitor* visitor):
void ReadOnlyRoots::Iterate(RootVisitor* visitor) {
visitor->VisitRootPointers(Root::kReadOnlyRootList, nullptr,
FullObjectSlot(read_only_roots_),
FullObjectSlot(&read_only_roots_[kEntriesCount]));
visitor->Synchronize(VisitorSynchronization::kReadOnlyRootList);
}
Deserializer::VisitRootPointers calls Deserializer::ReadData and the roots_ array is still zero:ed out when we enter this function.
void Deserializer::VisitRootPointers(Root root, const char* description,
FullObjectSlot start, FullObjectSlot end) {
ReadData(FullMaybeObjectSlot(start), FullMaybeObjectSlot(end),
SnapshotSpace::kNew, kNullAddress);
Notice that we called VisitRootPointer and pased in Root:kReadOnlyRootList, nullptr (the description), and start and end addresses as FullObjectSlots. The signature of VisitRootPointers looks like this:
virtual void VisitRootPointers(Root root, const char* description,
FullObjectSlot start, FullObjectSlot end)
In our case we are using the address of read_only_roots_ from src/roots/roots.h and the end is found by using the static member of ReadOnlyRoots::kEntrysCount.
The switch statement in ReadData is generated by macros so lets take a look at an expanded snippet to understand what is going on:
template <typename TSlot>
bool Deserializer::ReadData(TSlot current, TSlot limit,
SnapshotSpace source_space,
Address current_object_address) {
Isolate* const isolate = isolate_;
...
while (current < limit) {
byte data = source_.Get();
So current is the start address of the read_only_list and limit the end. source_ is a member of ReadOnlyDeserializer and is of type SnapshotByteSource.
source_ got populated back in Snapshot::Initialize(internal_isolate):
const v8::StartupData* blob = isolate->snapshot_blob();
Vector<const byte> read_only_data = ExtractReadOnlyData(blob);
ReadOnlyDeserializer read_only_deserializer(&read_only_snapshot_data);
And ReadOnlyDeserializer extends Deserialier (src/snapshot/deserializer.h) which has a constructor that sets the source_ member to data->Payload(). So source_ is will be pointer to an instance of SnapshotByteSource which can be found in src/snapshot-source-sink.h:
class SnapshotByteSource final {
public:
SnapshotByteSource(const char* data, int length)
: data_(reinterpret_cast<const byte*>(data)),
length_(length),
position_(0) {}
byte Get() {
return data_[position_++];
}
...
private:
const byte* data_;
int length_;
int posistion_;
Alright, so we are calling source_.Get() which we can see returns the current entry from the byte array data_ and increment the position. So with that in mind lets take closer look at the switch statment:
while (current < limit) {
byte data = source_.Get();
switch (data) {
case kNewObject + static_cast<int>(SnapshotSpace::kNew):
current = ReadDataCase<TSlot, kNewObject, SnapshotSpace::kNew>(isolate, current, current_object_address, data, write_barrier_needed);
break;
case kNewObject + static_cast<int>(SnapshotSpace::kOld):
[[clang::fallthrough]];
case kNewObject + static_cast<int>(SnapshotSpace::kCode):
[[clang::fallthrough]];
case kNewObject + static_cast<int>(SnapshotSpace::kMap):
static_assert((static_cast<int>(SnapshotSpace::kMap) & ~kSpaceMask) == 0, "(static_cast<int>(SnapshotSpace::kMap) & ~kSpaceMask) == 0");
[[clang::fallthrough]];
...
We can see that switch statement will assign the passed-in current with a new instance of ReadDataCase.
current = ReadDataCase<TSlot, kNewObject, SnapshotSpace::kNew>(isolate,
current, current_object_address, data, write_barrier_needed);
Notice that kNewObject is the type of SerializerDeserliazer::Bytecode that is to be read (I think), this enum can be found in src/snapshot/serializer-common.h. TSlot I think stands for the "Type of Slot", which in our case is a FullMaybyObjectSlot.
HeapObject heap_object;
if (bytecode == kNewObject) {
heap_object = ReadObject(space);
ReadObject is also in deserializer.cc :
Address address = allocator()->Allocate(space, size);
HeapObject obj = HeapObject::FromAddress(address);
isolate_->heap()->OnAllocationEvent(obj, size);
Alright, lets set a watch point on the roots_ array to see when the first entry
is populated and try to figure this out that way:
```console
(lldb) watch set variable isolate->isolate_data_.roots_.roots_[0]
Watchpoint created: Watchpoint 5: addr = 0xf7500000080 size = 8 state = enabled type = w
declare @ '/home/danielbevenius/work/google/v8_src/v8/src/heap/read-only-heap.cc:28'
watchpoint spec = 'isolate->isolate_data_.roots_.roots_[0]'
new value: 0
(lldb) r
Watchpoint 5 hit:
old value: 0
new value: 16995320070433
Process 1687448 stopped
* thread #1, name = 'hello-world', stop reason = watchpoint 5
frame #0: 0x00007ffff664e5b1 libv8.so`v8::internal::FullMaybeObjectSlot::store(this=0x00007fffffffc3b0, value=MaybeObject @ 0x00007fffffffc370) const at slots-inl.h:74:1
71
72 void FullMaybeObjectSlot::store(MaybeObject value) const {
73 *location() = value.ptr();
-> 74 }
75
We can verify that location actually contains the address of roots_[0]:
(lldb) expr -f hex -- this->ptr_
(v8::internal::Address) $164 = 0x00000f7500000080
(lldb) expr -f hex -- &this->isolate_->isolate_data_.roots_.roots_[0]
(v8::internal::Address *) $171 = 0x00000f7500000080
(lldb) expr -f hex -- value.ptr()
(unsigned long) $184 = 0x00000f7508040121
(lldb) expr -f hex -- isolate_->isolate_data_.roots_.roots_[0]
(v8::internal::Address) $183 = 0x00000f7508040121
The first entry is free_space_map.
(lldb) expr v8::internal::Map::unchecked_cast(v8::internal::Object(value->ptr()))
(v8::internal::Map) $185 = {
v8::internal::HeapObject = {
v8::internal::Object = {
v8::internal::TaggedImpl<v8::internal::HeapObjectReferenceType::STRONG, unsigned long> = (ptr_ = 16995320070433)
}
}
Next, we will go through the while loop again:
(lldb) expr -f hex -- isolate_->isolate_data_.roots_.roots_[1]
(v8::internal::Address) $191 = 0x0000000000000000
(lldb) expr -f hex -- &isolate_->isolate_data_.roots_.roots_[1]
(v8::internal::Address *) $192 = 0x00000f7500000088
(lldb) expr -f hex -- location()
(v8::internal::SlotBase<v8::internal::FullMaybeObjectSlot, unsigned long, 8>::TData *) $194 = 0x00000f7500000088
Notice that in Deserializer::Write we have:
dest.store(value);
return dest + 1;
And it's current value is:
(v8::internal::Address) $197 = 0x00000f7500000088
Which is the same address as roots_[1] that we just wrote to.
If we know the type that an Address points to we can use the Type::cast(Object obj) to cast it into a pointer of that type. I think this works will all types.
(lldb) expr -A -f hex -- v8::internal::Oddball::cast(v8::internal::Object(isolate_->isolate_data_.roots_.roots_[4]))
(v8::internal::Oddball) $258 = {
v8::internal::TorqueGeneratedOddball<v8::internal::Oddball, v8::internal::PrimitiveHeapObject> = {
v8::internal::PrimitiveHeapObject = {
v8::internal::TorqueGeneratedPrimitiveHeapObject<v8::internal::PrimitiveHeapObject, v8::internal::HeapObject> = {
v8::internal::HeapObject = {
v8::internal::Object = {
v8::internal::TaggedImpl<v8::internal::HeapObjectReferenceType::STRONG, unsigned long> = (ptr_ = 0x00000f750804030d)
}
}
}
}
}
}
You can also just cast it to an object and try printing it:
(lldb) expr -A -f hex -- v8::internal::Object(isolate_->isolate_data_.roots_.roots_[4]).Print()
#undefined
This is actually the Oddball UndefinedValue so it makes sense in this case I think. With this value in the roots_ array we can use the function ReadOnlyRoots::undefined_value():
(lldb) expr v8::internal::ReadOnlyRoots(&isolate_->heap_).undefined_value()
(v8::internal::Oddball) $265 = {
v8::internal::TorqueGeneratedOddball<v8::internal::Oddball, v8::internal::PrimitiveHeapObject> = {
v8::internal::PrimitiveHeapObject = {
v8::internal::TorqueGeneratedPrimitiveHeapObject<v8::internal::PrimitiveHeapObject, v8::internal::HeapObject> = {
v8::internal::HeapObject = {
v8::internal::Object = {
v8::internal::TaggedImpl<v8::internal::HeapObjectReferenceType::STRONG, unsigned long> = (ptr_ = 16995320070925)
}
}
}
}
}
}
So how are these roots used, take the above undefined_value for example?
Well most things (perhaps all) that are needed go via the Factory which the internal Isolate is a type of. In factory we can find:
Handle<Oddball> Factory::undefined_value() {
return Handle<Oddball>(&isolate()->roots_table()[RootIndex::kUndefinedValue]);
}
Notice that this is basically what we did in the debugger before but here it is wrapped in Handle so that it can be tracked by the GC.
The unit test isolate_test explores the internal isolate and has example of usages of the above mentioned methods.
InitwithSnapshot will call Isolate::Init:
bool Isolate::Init(ReadOnlyDeserializer* read_only_deserializer,
StartupDeserializer* startup_deserializer) {
#define ASSIGN_ELEMENT(CamelName, hacker_name) \
isolate_addresses_[IsolateAddressId::k##CamelName##Address] = \
reinterpret_cast<Address>(hacker_name##_address());
FOR_EACH_ISOLATE_ADDRESS_NAME(ASSIGN_ELEMENT)
#undef ASSIGN_ELEMENT
Address isolate_addresses_[kIsolateAddressCount + 1] = {};
(gdb) p isolate_addresses_
$16 = {0 <repeats 13 times>}
Lets take a look at the expanded code in Isolate::Init:
$ clang++ -I./out/x64.release/gen -I. -I./include -E src/execution/isolate.cc > output
isolate_addresses_[IsolateAddressId::kHandlerAddress] = reinterpret_cast<Address>(handler_address());
isolate_addresses_[IsolateAddressId::kCEntryFPAddress] = reinterpret_cast<Address>(c_entry_fp_address());
isolate_addresses_[IsolateAddressId::kCFunctionAddress] = reinterpret_cast<Address>(c_function_address());
isolate_addresses_[IsolateAddressId::kContextAddress] = reinterpret_cast<Address>(context_address());
isolate_addresses_[IsolateAddressId::kPendingExceptionAddress] = reinterpret_cast<Address>(pending_exception_address());
isolate_addresses_[IsolateAddressId::kPendingHandlerContextAddress] = reinterpret_cast<Address>(pending_handler_context_address());
isolate_addresses_[IsolateAddressId::kPendingHandlerEntrypointAddress] = reinterpret_cast<Address>(pending_handler_entrypoint_address());
isolate_addresses_[IsolateAddressId::kPendingHandlerConstantPoolAddress] = reinterpret_cast<Address>(pending_handler_constant_pool_address());
isolate_addresses_[IsolateAddressId::kPendingHandlerFPAddress] = reinterpret_cast<Address>(pending_handler_fp_address());
isolate_addresses_[IsolateAddressId::kPendingHandlerSPAddress] = reinterpret_cast<Address>(pending_handler_sp_address());
isolate_addresses_[IsolateAddressId::kExternalCaughtExceptionAddress] = reinterpret_cast<Address>(external_caught_exception_address());
isolate_addresses_[IsolateAddressId::kJSEntrySPAddress] = reinterpret_cast<Address>(js_entry_sp_address());
Then functions, like handler_address() are implemented as:
inline Address* handler_address() { return &thread_local_top()->handler_; }
(gdb) x/x isolate_addresses_[0]
0x1a3500003240: 0x00000000
At this point in the program we have only set the entries to point contain the addresses specified in ThreadLocalTop, At the time there are initialized the will mostly be initialized to kNullAddress:
static const Address kNullAddress = 0;
And notice that the functions above return pointers so later these pointers can be updated to point to something. What/when does this happen? Lets continue and find out...
Back in Isolate::Init we have:
compilation_cache_ = new CompilationCache(this);
descriptor_lookup_cache_ = new DescriptorLookupCache();
inner_pointer_to_code_cache_ = new InnerPointerToCodeCache(this);
global_handles_ = new GlobalHandles(this);
eternal_handles_ = new EternalHandles();
bootstrapper_ = new Bootstrapper(this);
handle_scope_implementer_ = new HandleScopeImplementer(this);
load_stub_cache_ = new StubCache(this);
store_stub_cache_ = new StubCache(this);
materialized_object_store_ = new MaterializedObjectStore(this);
regexp_stack_ = new RegExpStack();
regexp_stack_->isolate_ = this;
date_cache_ = new DateCache();
heap_profiler_ = new HeapProfiler(heap());
interpreter_ = new interpreter::Interpreter(this);
compiler_dispatcher_ =
new CompilerDispatcher(this, V8::GetCurrentPlatform(), FLAG_stack_size);
// SetUp the object heap.
DCHECK(!heap_.HasBeenSetUp());
heap_.SetUp();
...
InitializeThreadLocal();
Lets take a look at InitializeThreadLocal
void Isolate::InitializeThreadLocal() {
thread_local_top()->Initialize(this);
clear_pending_exception();
clear_pending_message();
clear_scheduled_exception();
}
void Isolate::clear_pending_exception() {
DCHECK(!thread_local_top()->pending_exception_.IsException(this));
thread_local_top()->pending_exception_ = ReadOnlyRoots(this).the_hole_value();
}
ReadOnlyRoots
#define ROOT_ACCESSOR(Type, name, CamelName) \
V8_INLINE class Type name() const; \
V8_INLINE Handle<Type> name##_handle() const;
READ_ONLY_ROOT_LIST(ROOT_ACCESSOR)
#undef ROOT_ACCESSOR
This will expand to a number of function declarations that looks like this:
$ clang++ -I./out/x64.release/gen -I. -I./include -E src/roots/roots.h > output
inline __attribute__((always_inline)) class Map free_space_map() const;
inline __attribute__((always_inline)) Handle<Map> free_space_map_handle() const;
The Map class is what all HeapObject use to describe their structure. Notice that there is also a Handle declared. These are generated by a macro in roots-inl.h:
Map ReadOnlyRoots::free_space_map() const {
((void) 0);
return Map::unchecked_cast(Object(at(RootIndex::kFreeSpaceMap)));
}
Handle<Map> ReadOnlyRoots::free_space_map_handle() const {
((void) 0);
return Handle<Map>(&at(RootIndex::kFreeSpaceMap));
}
Notice that this is using the RootIndex enum that was mentioned earlier:
return Map::unchecked_cast(Object(at(RootIndex::kFreeSpaceMap)));
In object/map.h there is the following line:
DECL_CAST(Map)
Which can be found in objects/object-macros.h:
#define DECL_CAST(Type) \
V8_INLINE static Type cast(Object object); \
V8_INLINE static Type unchecked_cast(Object object) { \
return bit_cast<Type>(object); \
}
This will expand to something like
static Map cast(Object object);
static Map unchecked_cast(Object object) {
return bit_cast<Map>(object);
}
And the Object part is the Object contructor that takes an Address:
explicit constexpr Object(Address ptr) : TaggedImpl(ptr) {}
That leaves the at function which is a private function in ReadOnlyRoots:
V8_INLINE Address& at(RootIndex root_index) const;
So we are now back in Isolate::Init after the call to InitializeThreadLocal we have:
setup_delegate_->SetupBuiltins(this);
In the following line in api.cc, where does i::OBJECT_TEMPLATE_INFO_TYPE come from:
i::Handle<i::Struct> struct_obj = isolate->factory()->NewStruct(
i::OBJECT_TEMPLATE_INFO_TYPE, i::AllocationType::kOld);
InstanceType
The enum InstanceType is defined in src/objects/instance-type.h:
#include "torque-generated/instance-types-tq.h"
enum InstanceType : uint16_t {
...
#define MAKE_TORQUE_INSTANCE_TYPE(TYPE, value) TYPE = value,
TORQUE_ASSIGNED_INSTANCE_TYPES(MAKE_TORQUE_INSTANCE_TYPE)
#undef MAKE_TORQUE_INSTANCE_TYPE
...
};
And in gen/torque-generated/instance-types-tq.h we can find:
#define TORQUE_ASSIGNED_INSTANCE_TYPES(V) \
...
V(OBJECT_TEMPLATE_INFO_TYPE, 79) \
...
There is list in src/objects/objects-definitions.h:
#define STRUCT_LIST_GENERATOR_BASE(V, _) \
...
V(_, OBJECT_TEMPLATE_INFO_TYPE, ObjectTemplateInfo, object_template_info) \
...
template <typename Impl>
Handle<Struct> FactoryBase<Impl>::NewStruct(InstanceType type,
AllocationType allocation) {
Map map = Map::GetInstanceTypeMap(read_only_roots(), type);
If we look in Map::GetInstanceTypeMap in map.cc we find:
Map map;
switch (type) {
#define MAKE_CASE(TYPE, Name, name) \
case TYPE: \
map = roots.name##_map(); \
break;
STRUCT_LIST(MAKE_CASE)
#undef MAKE_CASE
Now, we know that our type is:
(gdb) p type
$1 = v8::internal::OBJECT_TEMPLATE_INFO_TYPE
map = roots.object_template_info_map(); \
And we can inspect the output of the preprocessor of roots.cc and find:
Map ReadOnlyRoots::object_template_info_map() const {
((void) 0);
return Map::unchecked_cast(Object(at(RootIndex::kObjectTemplateInfoMap)));
}
And this is something we have seen before.
One things I ran into was wanting to print the InstanceType using the overloaded << operator which is defined for the InstanceType in objects.cc.
std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, InstanceType instance_type) {
switch (instance_type) {
#define WRITE_TYPE(TYPE) \
case TYPE: \
return os << #TYPE;
INSTANCE_TYPE_LIST(WRITE_TYPE)
#undef WRITE_TYPE
}
UNREACHABLE();
}
The code I'm using is the followig:
i::InstanceType type = map.instance_type();
std::cout << "object_template_info_map type: " << type << '\n';
This will cause the UNREACHABLE() function to be called and a Fatal error thrown. But note that the following line works:
std::cout << "object_template_info_map type: " << v8::internal::OBJECT_TEMPLATE_INFO_TYPE << '\n';
And prints
object_template_info_map type: OBJECT_TEMPLATE_INFO_TYPE
In the switch/case block above the case for this value is:
case OBJECT_TEMPLATE_INFO_TYPE:
return os << "OBJECT_TEMPLATE_INFO_TYPE"
When map.instance_type() is called, it returns a value of 1023 but the value of OBJECT_TEMPLATE_INFO_TYPE is:
OBJECT_TEMPLATE_INFO_TYPE = 79
And we can confirm this using:
std::cout << "object_template_info_map type: " << static_cast<uint16_t>(v8::internal::OBJECT_TEMPLATE_INFO_TYPE) << '\n';
Which will print:
object_template_info_map type: 79
IsolateData
Context creation
When we create a new context using:
Local<ObjectTemplate> global = ObjectTemplate::New(isolate_);
Local<Context> context = Context::New(isolate_, nullptr, global);
The Context class in include/v8.h declares New as follows:
static Local<Context> New(Isolate* isolate,
ExtensionConfiguration* extensions = nullptr,
MaybeLocal<ObjectTemplate> global_template = MaybeLocal<ObjectTemplate>(),
MaybeLocal<Value> global_object = MaybeLocal<Value>(),
DeserializeInternalFieldsCallback internal_fields_deserializer = DeserializeInternalFieldsCallback(),
MicrotaskQueue* microtask_queue = nullptr);
When a step into Context::New(isolate_, nullptr, global) this will first break in the constructor of DeserializeInternalFieldsCallback in v8.h which has default values for the callback function and data_args (both are nullptr). After that gdb will break in MaybeLocal and setting val_ to nullptr. Next it will break in Local::operator* for the value of global which is then passed to the MaybeLocalv8::ObjectTemplate constructor. After those break points the break point will be in api.cc and v8::Context::New. New will call NewContext in api.cc.
There will be some checks and logging/tracing and then a call to CreateEnvironment:
i::Handle<i::Context> env = CreateEnvironment<i::Context>(
isolate,
extensions,
global_template,
global_object,
context_snapshot_index,
embedder_fields_deserializer,
microtask_queue);
The first line in CreateEnironment is:
ENTER_V8_FOR_NEW_CONTEXT(isolate);
Which is a macro defined in api.cc
i::VMState<v8::OTHER> __state__((isolate)); \
i::DisallowExceptions __no_exceptions__((isolate))
So the first break point we break on will be the execution/vm-state-inl.h and VMState's constructor:
template <StateTag Tag>
VMState<Tag>::VMState(Isolate* isolate)
: isolate_(isolate), previous_tag_(isolate->current_vm_state()) {
isolate_->set_current_vm_state(Tag);
}
In gdb you'll see this:
(gdb) s
v8::internal::VMState<(v8::StateTag)5>::VMState (isolate=0x372500000000, this=<synthetic pointer>) at ../../src/api/api.cc:6005
6005 context_snapshot_index, embedder_fields_deserializer, microtask_queue);
(gdb) s
v8::internal::Isolate::current_vm_state (this=0x372500000000) at ../../src/execution/isolate.h:1072
1072 THREAD_LOCAL_TOP_ACCESSOR(StateTag, current_vm_state)
Notice that VMState's constructor sets its previous_tag_ to isolate->current_vm_state() which is generated by the macro THREAD_LOCAL_TOP_ACCESSOR. The next break point will be:
#0 v8::internal::PerIsolateAssertScopeDebugOnly<(v8::internal::PerIsolateAssertType)5, false>::PerIsolateAssertScopeDebugOnly (
isolate=0x372500000000, this=0x7ffc7b51b500) at ../../src/common/assert-scope.h:107
107 explicit PerIsolateAssertScopeDebugOnly(Isolate* isolate)
We can find that DisallowExceptions is defined in src/common/assert-scope.h as:
using DisallowExceptions =
PerIsolateAssertScopeDebugOnly<NO_EXCEPTION_ASSERT, false>;
After all that we can start to look at the code in CreateEnvironment.
// Create the environment.
InvokeBootstrapper<ObjectType> invoke;
result = invoke.Invoke(isolate, maybe_proxy, proxy_template, extensions,
context_snapshot_index, embedder_fields_deserializer,
microtask_queue);
template <typename ObjectType>
struct InvokeBootstrapper;
template <>
struct InvokeBootstrapper<i::Context> {
i::Handle<i::Context> Invoke(
i::Isolate* isolate, i::MaybeHandle<i::JSGlobalProxy> maybe_global_proxy,
v8::Local<v8::ObjectTemplate> global_proxy_template,
v8::ExtensionConfiguration* extensions, size_t context_snapshot_index,
v8::DeserializeInternalFieldsCallback embedder_fields_deserializer,
v8::MicrotaskQueue* microtask_queue) {
return isolate->bootstrapper()->CreateEnvironment(
maybe_global_proxy, global_proxy_template, extensions,
context_snapshot_index, embedder_fields_deserializer, microtask_queue);
}
};
Bootstrapper can be found in src/init/bootstrapper.cc:
HandleScope scope(isolate_);
Handle<Context> env;
{
Genesis genesis(isolate_, maybe_global_proxy, global_proxy_template,
context_snapshot_index, embedder_fields_deserializer,
microtask_queue);
env = genesis.result();
if (env.is_null() || !InstallExtensions(env, extensions)) {
return Handle<Context>();
}
}
Notice that the break point will be in the HandleScope constructor. Then a new instance of Genesis is created which performs some actions in its constructor.
global_proxy = isolate->factory()->NewUninitializedJSGlobalProxy(instance_size);
This will land in factory.cc:
Handle<Map> map = NewMap(JS_GLOBAL_PROXY_TYPE, size);
size will be 16 in this case. NewMap is declared in factory.h which has default values for its parameters:
Handle<Map> NewMap(InstanceType type, int instance_size,
ElementsKind elements_kind = TERMINAL_FAST_ELEMENTS_KIND,
int inobject_properties = 0);
In Factory::InitializeMap we have the following check:
DCHECK_EQ(map.GetInObjectProperties(), inobject_properties);
Remember that I called Context::New with the following arguments:
Local<ObjectTemplate> global = ObjectTemplate::New(isolate_);
Local<Context> context = Context::New(isolate_, nullptr, global);
VMState
TaggedImpl
Has a single private member which is declared as:
StorageType ptr_;
An instance can be created using:
i::TaggedImpl<i::HeapObjectReferenceType::STRONG, i::Address> tagged{};
Storage type can also be Tagged_t which is defined in globals.h:
using Tagged_t = uint32_t;
It looks like it can be a different value when using pointer compression.
Object (internal)
This class extends TaggedImpl:
class Object : public TaggedImpl<HeapObjectReferenceType::STRONG, Address> {
An Object can be created using the default constructor, or by passing in an Address which will delegate to TaggedImpl constructors. Object itself does not have any members (apart from ptr_ which is inherited from TaggedImpl that is). So if we create an Object on the stack this is like a pointer/reference to an object:
+------+
|Object|
|------|
|ptr_ |---->
+------+
Now, ptr_ is a TaggedImpl so it would be a Smi in which case it would just contains the value directly, for example a small integer:
+------+
|Object|
|------|
| 18 |
+------+
Handle
A Handle is similar to a Object and ObjectSlot in that it also contains an Address member (called location_ and declared in HandleBase), but with the difference is that Handles can be relocated by the garbage collector.
HeapObject
NewContext
When we create a new context using:
const v8::Local<v8::ObjectTemplate> obt = v8::Local<v8::ObjectTemplate>();
v8::Handle<v8::Context> context = v8::Context::New(isolate_, nullptr, obt);
The above is using the static function New declared in include/v8.h
static Local<Context> New(
Isolate* isolate,
ExtensionConfiguration* extensions = nullptr,
MaybeLocal<ObjectTemplate> global_template = MaybeLocal<ObjectTemplate>(),
MaybeLocal<Value> global_object = MaybeLocal<Value>(),
DeserializeInternalFieldsCallback internal_fields_deserializer = DeserializeInternalFieldsCallback(),
MicrotaskQueue* microtask_queue = nullptr);
The implementation for this function can be found in src/api/api.cc How does a Local become a MaybeLocal in this above case?
This is because MaybeLocal has a constructor that takes a Local<S> and this will be casted into the val_ member of the MaybeLocal instance.
Genesis
TODO
What is the difference between a Local and a Handle?
Currently, the torque generator will generate Print functions that look like the following:
template <>
void TorqueGeneratedEnumCache<EnumCache, Struct>::EnumCachePrint(std::ostream& os) {
this->PrintHeader(os, "TorqueGeneratedEnumCache");
os << "\n - keys: " << Brief(this->keys());
os << "\n - indices: " << Brief(this->indices());
os << "\n";
}
Notice the last line where the newline character is printed as a string. This would just be a char instead '\n'.
There are a number of things that need to happen only once upon startup for each process. These things are placed in V8::InitializeOncePerProcessImpl which can be found in src/init/v8.cc. This is called by v8::V8::Initialize().
CpuFeatures::Probe(false);
ElementsAccessor::InitializeOncePerProcess();
Bootstrapper::InitializeOncePerProcess();
CallDescriptors::InitializeOncePerProcess();
wasm::WasmEngine::InitializeOncePerProcess();
ElementsAccessor populates the accessor_array with Elements listed in ELEMENTS_LIST. TODO: take a closer look at Elements.
v8::Isolate::Initialize will set up the heap.
i_isolate->heap()->ConfigureHeap(params.constraints);
It is when we create an new Context that Genesis is created. This will call Snapshot::NewContextFromSnapshot. So the context is read from the StartupData* blob with ExtractContextData(blob).
What is the global proxy?
Builtins runtime error
Builtins is a member of Isolate and an instance is created by the Isolate constructor. We can inspect the value of initialized_ and that it is false:
(gdb) p *this->builtins()
$3 = {static kNoBuiltinId = -1, static kFirstWideBytecodeHandler = 1248, static kFirstExtraWideBytecodeHandler = 1398,
static kLastBytecodeHandlerPlusOne = 1548, static kAllBuiltinsAreIsolateIndependent = true, isolate_ = 0x0, initialized_ = false,
js_entry_handler_offset_ = 0}
The above is printed form Isolate's constructor and it is not changes in the contructor.
This is very strange, while I though that the initialized_ was being updated it now looks like there might be two instances, one with has this value as false and the other as true. And also one has a nullptr as the isolate and the other as an actual value. For example, when I run the hello-world example:
$4 = (v8::internal::Builtins *) 0x33b20000a248
(gdb) p &builtins_
$5 = (v8::internal::Builtins *) 0x33b20000a248
Notice that these are poiting to the same location in memory.
(gdb) p &builtins_
$1 = (v8::internal::Builtins *) 0x25210000a248
(gdb) p builtins()
$2 = (v8::internal::Builtins *) 0x25210000a228
Alright, so after looking into this closer I noticed that I was including internal headers in the test itself. When I include src/builtins/builtins.h I will get an implementation of isolate->builtins() in the object file which is in the shared library libv8.so, but the field is part of object file that is part of the cctest. This will be a different method and not the method that is in libv8_v8.so shared library.
As I'm only interested in exploring v8 internals and my goal is only for each unit test to verify my understanding I've statically linked those object files needed, like builtins.o and code.o to the test.
Fatal error in ../../src/snapshot/read-only-deserializer.cc, line 35
# Debug check failed: !isolate->builtins()->is_initialized().
#
#
#
#FailureMessage Object: 0x7ffed92ceb20
==== C stack trace ===============================
/home/danielbevenius/work/google/v8_src/v8/out/x64.release_gcc/libv8_libbase.so(v8::base::debug::StackTrace::StackTrace()+0x1d) [0x7fabe6c348c1]
/home/danielbevenius/work/google/v8_src/v8/out/x64.release_gcc/libv8_libplatform.so(+0x652d9) [0x7fabe6cac2d9]
/home/danielbevenius/work/google/v8_src/v8/out/x64.release_gcc/libv8_libbase.so(V8_Fatal(char const*, int, char const*, ...)+0x172) [0x7fabe6c2416d]
/home/danielbevenius/work/google/v8_src/v8/out/x64.release_gcc/libv8_libbase.so(v8::base::SetPrintStackTrace(void (*)())+0) [0x7fabe6c23de0]
/home/danielbevenius/work/google/v8_src/v8/out/x64.release_gcc/libv8_libbase.so(V8_Dcheck(char const*, int, char const*)+0x2d) [0x7fabe6c241b1]
/home/danielbevenius/work/google/v8_src/v8/out/x64.release_gcc/libv8.so(v8::internal::ReadOnlyDeserializer::DeserializeInto(v8::internal::Isolate*)+0x192) [0x7fabe977c468]
/home/danielbevenius/work/google/v8_src/v8/out/x64.release_gcc/libv8.so(v8::internal::ReadOnlyHeap::DeseralizeIntoIsolate(v8::internal::Isolate*, v8::internal::ReadOnlyDeserializer*)+0x4f) [0x7fabe91e5a7d]
/home/danielbevenius/work/google/v8_src/v8/out/x64.release_gcc/libv8.so(v8::internal::ReadOnlyHeap::SetUp(v8::internal::Isolate*, v8::internal::ReadOnlyDeserializer*)+0x66) [0x7fabe91e5a2a]
/home/danielbevenius/work/google/v8_src/v8/out/x64.release_gcc/libv8.so(v8::internal::Isolate::Init(v8::internal::ReadOnlyDeserializer*, v8::internal::StartupDeserializer*)+0x70b) [0x7fabe90633bb]
/home/danielbevenius/work/google/v8_src/v8/out/x64.release_gcc/libv8.so(v8::internal::Isolate::InitWithSnapshot(v8::internal::ReadOnlyDeserializer*, v8::internal::StartupDeserializer*)+0x7b) [0x7fabe906299f]
/home/danielbevenius/work/google/v8_src/v8/out/x64.release_gcc/libv8.so(v8::internal::Snapshot::Initialize(v8::internal::Isolate*)+0x1e9) [0x7fabe978d941]
/home/danielbevenius/work/google/v8_src/v8/out/x64.release_gcc/libv8.so(v8::Isolate::Initialize(v8::Isolate*, v8::Isolate::CreateParams const&)+0x33d) [0x7fabe8d999e3]
/home/danielbevenius/work/google/v8_src/v8/out/x64.release_gcc/libv8.so(v8::Isolate::New(v8::Isolate::CreateParams const&)+0x28) [0x7fabe8d99b66]
./test/builtins_test() [0x4135a2]
./test/builtins_test() [0x43a1b7]
./test/builtins_test() [0x434c99]
./test/builtins_test() [0x41a3a7]
./test/builtins_test() [0x41aafb]
./test/builtins_test() [0x41b085]
./test/builtins_test() [0x4238e0]
./test/builtins_test() [0x43b1aa]
./test/builtins_test() [0x435773]
./test/builtins_test() [0x422836]
./test/builtins_test() [0x412ea4]
./test/builtins_test() [0x412e3d]
/lib64/libc.so.6(__libc_start_main+0xf3) [0x7fabe66b31a3]
./test/builtins_test() [0x412d5e]
Illegal instruction (core dumped)
The issue here is that I'm including the header in the test, which means that code will be in the object code of the test, while the implementation part will be in the linked dynamic library which is why these are pointing to different areas in memory. The one retreived by the function call will use the
Goma
I've goma referenced in a number of places so just makeing a note of what it is here: Goma is googles internal distributed compile service.
WebAssembly
This section is going to take a closer look at how wasm works in V8.
We can use a wasm module like this:
const buffer = fixtures.readSync('add.wasm');
const module = new WebAssembly.Module(buffer);
const instance = new WebAssembly.Instance(module);
instance.exports.add(3, 4);
Where is the WebAssembly object setup? We have sen previously that objects and function are added in src/init/bootstrapper.cc and for Wasm there is a function named Genisis::InstallSpecialObjects which calls:
WasmJs::Install(isolate, true);
This call will land in src/wasm/wasm-js.cc where we can find:
void WasmJs::Install(Isolate* isolate, bool exposed_on_global_object) {
...
Handle<String> name = v8_str(isolate, "WebAssembly")
...
NewFunctionArgs args = NewFunctionArgs::ForFunctionWithoutCode(
name, isolate->strict_function_map(), LanguageMode::kStrict);
Handle<JSFunction> cons = factory->NewFunction(args);
JSFunction::SetPrototype(cons, isolate->initial_object_prototype());
Handle<JSObject> webassembly =
factory->NewJSObject(cons, AllocationType::kOld);
JSObject::AddProperty(isolate, webassembly, factory->to_string_tag_symbol(),
name, ro_attributes);
InstallFunc(isolate, webassembly, "compile", WebAssemblyCompile, 1);
InstallFunc(isolate, webassembly, "validate", WebAssemblyValidate, 1);
InstallFunc(isolate, webassembly, "instantiate", WebAssemblyInstantiate, 1);
...
Handle<JSFunction> module_constructor =
InstallConstructorFunc(isolate, webassembly, "Module", WebAssemblyModule);
...
}
And all the rest of the functions that are available on the WebAssembly object are setup in the same function.
(lldb) br s -name Genesis::InstallSpecialObjects
Now, lets also set a break point in WebAssemblyModule:
(lldb) br s -n WebAssemblyModule
(lldb) r
v8::Isolate* isolate = args.GetIsolate();
i::Isolate* i_isolate = reinterpret_cast<i::Isolate*>(isolate);
if (i_isolate->wasm_module_callback()(args)) return;
Notice the wasm_module_callback() function which is a function that is setup on the internal Isolate in src/execution/isolate.h:
#define ISOLATE_INIT_LIST(V) \
...
V(ExtensionCallback, wasm_module_callback, &NoExtension) \
V(ExtensionCallback, wasm_instance_callback, &NoExtension) \
V(WasmStreamingCallback, wasm_streaming_callback, nullptr) \
V(WasmThreadsEnabledCallback, wasm_threads_enabled_callback, nullptr) \
V(WasmLoadSourceMapCallback, wasm_load_source_map_callback, nullptr)
#define GLOBAL_ACCESSOR(type, name, initialvalue) \
inline type name() const { \
DCHECK(OFFSET_OF(Isolate, name##_) == name##_debug_offset_); \
return name##_; \
} \
inline void set_##name(type value) { \
DCHECK(OFFSET_OF(Isolate, name##_) == name##_debug_offset_); \
name##_ = value; \
}
ISOLATE_INIT_LIST(GLOBAL_ACCESSOR)
#undef GLOBAL_ACCESSOR
So this would be expanded by the preprocessor into:
inline ExtensionCallback wasm_module_callback() const {
((void) 0);
return wasm_module_callback_;
}
inline void set_wasm_module_callback(ExtensionCallback value) {
((void) 0);
wasm_module_callback_ = value;
}
Also notice that if wasm_module_callback() return true the WebAssemblyModule fuction will return and no further processing of the instructions in that function will be done. NoExtension is a function that looks like this:
bool NoExtension(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>&) { return false; }
And is set as the default function for module/instance callbacks.
Looking a little further we can see checks for WASM Threads support (TODO: take a look at this). And then we have:
module_obj = i_isolate->wasm_engine()->SyncCompile(
i_isolate, enabled_features, &thrower, bytes);
SyncCompile can be found in src/wasm/wasm-engine.cc and will call DecodeWasmModule which can be found in src/wasm/module-decoder.cc.
ModuleResult result = DecodeWasmModule(enabled, bytes.start(), bytes.end(),
false, kWasmOrigin,
isolate->counters(), allocator());
ModuleResult DecodeWasmModule(const WasmFeatures& enabled,
const byte* module_start, const byte* module_end,
bool verify_functions, ModuleOrigin origin,
Counters* counters,
AccountingAllocator* allocator) {
...
ModuleDecoderImpl decoder(enabled, module_start, module_end, origin);
return decoder.DecodeModule(counters, allocator, verify_functions);
DecodeModuleHeader:
uint32_t magic_word = consume_u32("wasm magic");
This will land in src/wasm/decoder.h consume_little_endian(name):
A wasm module has the following preamble:
magic nr: 0x6d736100
version: 0x1
These can be found as a constant in src/wasm/wasm-constants.h:
constexpr uint32_t kWasmMagic = 0x6d736100;
constexpr uint32_t kWasmVersion = 0x01;
After the DecodeModuleHeader the code will iterate of the sections (type, import, function, table, memory, global, export, start, element, code, data, custom). For each section DecodeSection will be called:
DecodeSection(section_iter.section_code(), section_iter.payload(),
offset, verify_functions);
There is an enum named SectionCode in src/wasm/wasm-constants.h which contains the various sections which is used in switch statement in DecodeSection . Depending on the section_code there are DecodeSection methods that will be called. In our case section_code is:
(lldb) expr section_code
(v8::internal::wasm::SectionCode) $5 = kTypeSectionCode
And this will match the kTypeSectionCode and DecodeTypeSection will be called.
ValueType can be found in src/wasm/value-type.h and there are types for each of the currently supported types:
constexpr ValueType kWasmI32 = ValueType(ValueType::kI32);
constexpr ValueType kWasmI64 = ValueType(ValueType::kI64);
constexpr ValueType kWasmF32 = ValueType(ValueType::kF32);
constexpr ValueType kWasmF64 = ValueType(ValueType::kF64);
constexpr ValueType kWasmAnyRef = ValueType(ValueType::kAnyRef);
constexpr ValueType kWasmExnRef = ValueType(ValueType::kExnRef);
constexpr ValueType kWasmFuncRef = ValueType(ValueType::kFuncRef);
constexpr ValueType kWasmNullRef = ValueType(ValueType::kNullRef);
constexpr ValueType kWasmS128 = ValueType(ValueType::kS128);
constexpr ValueType kWasmStmt = ValueType(ValueType::kStmt);
constexpr ValueType kWasmBottom = ValueType(ValueType::kBottom);
FunctionSig is declared with a using statement in value-type.h:
using FunctionSig = Signature<ValueType>;
We can find Signature in src/codegen/signature.h:
template <typename T>
class Signature : public ZoneObject {
public:
constexpr Signature(size_t return_count, size_t parameter_count,
const T* reps)
: return_count_(return_count),
parameter_count_(parameter_count),
reps_(reps) {}
The return count can be zero, one (or greater if multi-value return types are enabled). The parameter count also makes sense, but reps is not clear to me what that represents.
(lldb) fr v
(v8::internal::Signature<v8::internal::wasm::ValueType> *) this = 0x0000555555583950
(size_t) return_count = 1
(size_t) parameter_count = 2
(const v8::internal::wasm::ValueType *) reps = 0x0000555555583948
Before the call to Signatures construtor we have:
// FunctionSig stores the return types first.
ValueType* buffer = zone->NewArray<ValueType>(param_count + return_count);
uint32_t b = 0;
for (uint32_t i = 0; i < return_count; ++i) buffer[b++] = returns[i];
for (uint32_t i = 0; i < param_count; ++i) buffer[b++] = params[i];
return new (zone) FunctionSig(return_count, param_count, buffer);
So reps_ contains the return (re?) and the params (ps?).
After the DecodeWasmModule has returned in SyncCompile we will have a ModuleResult. This will be compiled to NativeModule:
ModuleResult result =
DecodeWasmModule(enabled, bytes.start(), bytes.end(), false, kWasmOrigin,
isolate->counters(), allocator());
Handle<FixedArray> export_wrappers;
std::shared_ptr<NativeModule> native_module =
CompileToNativeModule(isolate, enabled, thrower,
std::move(result).value(), bytes, &export_wrappers);
CompileToNativeModule can be found in module-compiler.cc
TODO: CompileNativeModule...
There is an example in wasm_test.cc.
ExtensionCallback
Is a typedef defined in include/v8.h:
typedef bool (*ExtensionCallback)(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>&);
JSEntry
TODO: This section should describe the functions calls below.
* frame #0: 0x00007ffff79a52e4 libv8.so`v8::(anonymous namespace)::WebAssemblyModule(v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value> const&) [inlined] v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>::GetIsolate(this=0x00007fffffffc9a0) const at v8.h:11204:40
frame #1: 0x00007ffff79a52e4 libv8.so`v8::(anonymous namespace)::WebAssemblyModule(args=0x00007fffffffc9a0) at wasm-js.cc:638
frame #2: 0x00007ffff6fe9e92 libv8.so`v8::internal::FunctionCallbackArguments::Call(this=0x00007fffffffca40, handler=CallHandlerInfo @ 0x00007fffffffc998) at api-arguments-inl.h:158:3
frame #3: 0x00007ffff6fe7c42 libv8.so`v8::internal::MaybeHandle<v8::internal::Object> v8::internal::(anonymous namespace)::HandleApiCallHelper<true>(isolate=<unavailable>, function=Handle<v8::internal::HeapObject> @ 0x00007fffffffca20, new_target=<unavailable>, fun_data=<unavailable>, receiver=<unavailable>, args=BuiltinArguments @ 0x00007fffffffcae0) at builtins-api.cc:111:36
frame #4: 0x00007ffff6fe67d4 libv8.so`v8::internal::Builtin_Impl_HandleApiCall(args=BuiltinArguments @ 0x00007fffffffcb20, isolate=0x00000f8700000000) at builtins-api.cc:137:5
frame #5: 0x00007ffff6fe6319 libv8.so`v8::internal::Builtin_HandleApiCall(args_length=6, args_object=0x00007fffffffcc10, isolate=0x00000f8700000000) at builtins-api.cc:129:1
frame #6: 0x00007ffff6b2c23f libv8.so`Builtins_CEntry_Return1_DontSaveFPRegs_ArgvOnStack_BuiltinExit + 63
frame #7: 0x00007ffff68fde25 libv8.so`Builtins_JSBuiltinsConstructStub + 101
frame #8: 0x00007ffff6daf46d libv8.so`Builtins_ConstructHandler + 1485
frame #9: 0x00007ffff690e1d5 libv8.so`Builtins_InterpreterEntryTrampoline + 213
frame #10: 0x00007ffff6904b5a libv8.so`Builtins_JSEntryTrampoline + 90
frame #11: 0x00007ffff6904938 libv8.so`Builtins_JSEntry + 120
frame #12: 0x00007ffff716ba0c libv8.so`v8::internal::(anonymous namespace)::Invoke(v8::internal::Isolate*, v8::internal::(anonymous namespace)::InvokeParams const&) [inlined] v8::internal::GeneratedCode<unsigned long, unsigned long, unsigned long, unsigned long, unsigned long, long, unsigned long**>::Call(this=<unavailable>, args=17072495001600, args=<unavailable>, args=17072631376141, args=17072630006049, args=<unavailable>, args=<unavailable>) at simulator.h:142:12
frame #13: 0x00007ffff716ba01 libv8.so`v8::internal::(anonymous namespace)::Invoke(isolate=<unavailable>, params=0x00007fffffffcf50)::InvokeParams const&) at execution.cc:367
frame #14: 0x00007ffff716aa10 libv8.so`v8::internal::Execution::Call(isolate=0x00000f8700000000, callable=<unavailable>, receiver=<unavailable>, argc=<unavailable>, argv=<unavailable>) at execution.cc:461:10
CustomArguments
Subclasses of CustomArguments, like PropertyCallbackArguments and FunctionCallabackArguments are used for setting up and accessing values on the stack, and also the subclasses provide methods to call various things like CallNamedSetter for PropertyCallbackArguments and Call for FunctionCallbackArguments.
FunctionCallbackArguments
class FunctionCallbackArguments
: public CustomArguments<FunctionCallbackInfo<Value> > {
FunctionCallbackArguments(internal::Isolate* isolate, internal::Object data,
internal::HeapObject callee,
internal::Object holder,
internal::HeapObject new_target,
internal::Address* argv, int argc);
This class is in the namespace v8::internal so I'm curious why the explicit namespace is used here?
BuiltinArguments
This class extends JavaScriptArguments
class BuiltinArguments : public JavaScriptArguments {
public:
BuiltinArguments(int length, Address* arguments)
: Arguments(length, arguments) {
static constexpr int kNewTargetOffset = 0;
static constexpr int kTargetOffset = 1;
static constexpr int kArgcOffset = 2;
static constexpr int kPaddingOffset = 3;
static constexpr int kNumExtraArgs = 4;
static constexpr int kNumExtraArgsWithReceiver = 5;
JavaScriptArguments is declared in src/common/global.h`:
using JavaScriptArguments = Arguments<ArgumentsType::kJS>;
Arguments can be found in src/execution/arguments.hand is templated with the a type of ArgumentsType (in src/common/globals.h):
enum class ArgumentsType {
kRuntime,
kJS,
};
An instance of Arguments only has a length which is the number of arguments, and an Address pointer which points to the first argument. The functions it provides allows for getting/setting specific arguments and handling various types (like Handle<S>, smi, etc). It also overloads the operator[] allowing to specify an index and getting back an Object to that argument. In BuiltinArguments the constants specify the index's and provides functions to get them:
inline Handle<Object> receiver() const;
inline Handle<JSFunction> target() const;
inline Handle<HeapObject> new_target() const;
NativeContext
Can be found in src/objects/contexts.h and has the following definition:
class NativeContext : public Context {
public:
DECL_PRIMITIVE_ACCESSORS(microtask_queue, MicrotaskQueue*)
V8_EXPORT_PRIVATE void AddOptimizedCode(Code code);
void SetOptimizedCodeListHead(Object head);
Object OptimizedCodeListHead();
void SetDeoptimizedCodeListHead(Object head);
Object DeoptimizedCodeListHead();
inline OSROptimizedCodeCache GetOSROptimizedCodeCache();
void ResetErrorsThrown();
void IncrementErrorsThrown();
int GetErrorsThrown();
src/parsing/parser.h we can find:
class V8_EXPORT_PRIVATE Parser : public NON_EXPORTED_BASE(ParserBase<Parser>) {
...
enum CompletionKind {
kNormalCompletion,
kThrowCompletion,
kAbruptCompletion
};
But I can't find any usages of this enum?
Internal fields/methods
When you see something like [[Notation]] you can think of this as a field in an object that is not exposed to JavaScript user code but internal to the JavaScript engine. These can also be used for internal methods.
Author: Danbev
Source Code: https://github.com/danbev/learning-v8
License:
1621250665
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