Pythonで分散共分散行列を取得する｜numpy.cov

Pythonで分散共分散行列を取得する方法です。
使用するのは、NumPyライブラリのcov関数です。
分散とはデータの値のばらつきを表、共分散とはデータどうしの相関関係を表すものです。
cov関数の引数に、対象となる配列を指定して使用します。
配列は二次元配列に限らず、三次元配列以上でも可能です。

▼書き起こしブログ
https://kino-code.com/python-numpy-cov/

#Python #NumPy

Pythonで分散共分散行列を取得する｜numpy.cov

Pythonで分散共分散行列を取得する方法です。
使用するのは、NumPyライブラリのcov関数です。
分散とはデータの値のばらつきを表、共分散とはデータどうしの相関関係を表すものです。
cov関数の引数に、対象となる配列を指定して使用します。
配列は二次元配列に限らず、三次元配列以上でも可能です。

▼書き起こしブログ
https://kino-code.com/python-numpy-cov/

#Python #NumPy

Royce Reinger

1646539560

Pytest-cov: Coverage Plugin for Pytest

This plugin produces coverage reports. Compared to just using coverage run this plugin does some extras:

Subprocess support: you can fork or run stuff in a subprocess and will get covered without any fuss.
Xdist support: you can use all of pytest-xdist's features and still get coverage.
Consistent pytest behavior. If you run coverage run -m pytest you will have slightly different sys.path (CWD will be in it, unlike when running pytest).

All features offered by the coverage package should work, either through pytest-cov's command line options or through coverage's config file.

Free software: MIT license

Installation

Install with pip:

pip install pytest-cov

For distributed testing support install pytest-xdist:

pip install pytest-xdist

Upgrading from ancient pytest-cov

pytest-cov 2.0 is using a new .pth file (pytest-cov.pth). You may want to manually remove the older init_cov_core.pth from site-packages as it's not automatically removed.

Uninstalling

Uninstall with pip:

pip uninstall pytest-cov

Under certain scenarios a stray .pth file may be left around in site-packages.

pytest-cov 2.0 may leave a pytest-cov.pth if you installed without wheels (easy_install, setup.py install etc).
pytest-cov 1.8 or older will leave a init_cov_core.pth.

Usage

pytest --cov=myproj tests/

Would produce a report like:

-------------------- coverage: ... ---------------------
Name                 Stmts   Miss  Cover
----------------------------------------
myproj/__init__          2      0   100%
myproj/myproj          257     13    94%
myproj/feature4286      94      7    92%
----------------------------------------
TOTAL                  353     20    94%

Documentation

http://pytest-cov.rtfd.org/

Coverage Data File

The data file is erased at the beginning of testing to ensure clean data for each test run. If you need to combine the coverage of several test runs you can use the --cov-append option to append this coverage data to coverage data from previous test runs.

The data file is left at the end of testing so that it is possible to use normal coverage tools to examine it.

Limitations

For distributed testing the workers must have the pytest-cov package installed. This is needed since the plugin must be registered through setuptools for pytest to start the plugin on the worker.

For subprocess measurement environment variables must make it from the main process to the subprocess. The python used by the subprocess must have pytest-cov installed. The subprocess must do normal site initialisation so that the environment variables can be detected and coverage started.

Acknowledgements

Whilst this plugin has been built fresh from the ground up it has been influenced by the work done on pytest-coverage (Ross Lawley, James Mills, Holger Krekel) and nose-cover (Jason Pellerin) which are other coverage plugins.

Ned Batchelder for coverage and its ability to combine the coverage results of parallel runs.

Holger Krekel for pytest with its distributed testing support.

Jason Pellerin for nose.

Michael Foord for unittest2.

No doubt others have contributed to these tools as well.

Overview