String methods in Python

String methods in Python - Python Strings

String methods:

• str.capitalize(): Returns copy of the string with its first character capitalized and rest of the letters in lowercase.

#capitalize-Only first character of string is capitalized
    s1="example of string methods"
    print (s1.capitalize()) #Output:Example of string methods
    s2="EXAMPLE OF STRING METHODS"
    print (s2.capitalize())#Output:Example of string methods

• str.title()- Returns copy of string where first character in every word is upper case.

s1="example of strings"
    print (s1.title()) #Output:Example Of Strings

• str.casefold(): Returns casefolded copy of the string. Converts string to lower case. Casefolding is similar to lowercasing but more aggressive because it is intended to remove all case distinctions in a string.

#casefold- converts all character to lower case
    s1="Example Of String Methods"
    print (s1.casefold()) #Output:example of string methods

    s2="ß-Beta"
    #ß-lowercase is equivalent to ss. casefold converts it to ss. But lower doesn't do that.
    print (s2.casefold()) #Output: ss-beta
    print (s2.lower())#Output: ß-beta

• str.swapcase():Returns copy of string with uppercase characters converted to lowercase and vice versa.

s1="example of strings"
    print (s1.swapcase()) #Output:EXAMPLE OF STRINGS

    s2="EXAMPLE OF STRINGS"
    print (s2.swapcase()) #Output:example of strings

    s3="Example Of Strings"
    print (s3.swapcase()) #Output:eXAMPLE oF sTRINGS

• str.lower()-Returns copy of string in lowercase.Symbols and numbers are ignored.

s1="Example Of Strings"
    print (s1.lower()) #Output:example of strings

    s2="EXAMPLE OF STRINGS??"
    print (s2.lower())#Output:example of strings??

    s3="1.example of strings?"
    print (s3.lower()) #Output:1.example of strings?

• str.upper()-Returns copy of string in uppercase.Symbols and numbers are ignored.

s1="Example Of Strings"
    print (s1.upper())#Output:EXAMPLE OF STRINGS

    s2="EXAMPLE OF STRINGS??"
    print (s2.upper())#Output:EXAMPLE OF STRINGS??

    s3="1.example of strings?"
    print (s3.upper()) #Output:1.EXAMPLE OF STRINGS?

• str.encode():Returns an encoded version of the string in byte format.

str.encode(encoding=”encoding”,errors=”errors”)

encoding(Optional):Default encoding is “utf-8”

errors(Optional):Default errors is “strict”.Raise unicode error.

s1= "example öf strings"
    print (s1) #Output:example öf strings

    #Use backslash for the character that can't be encoded
    print(s1.encode(encoding="ascii",errors="backslashreplace")) #Output:b'example \\xf6f strings'

    #ignores the character that can't be encoded
    print(s1.encode(encoding="ascii",errors="ignore"))#Output:b'example f strings'

    #replace the character that can't be encoded with the text explanining the character. 
    print(s1.encode(encoding="ascii",errors="namereplace"))#Output:b'example \\N{LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH DIAERESIS}f strings'

    #Replace the character that can't be encoded with the question mark
    print(s1.encode(encoding="ascii",errors="replace"))#Output:b'example ?f strings'

    #Replace the character that can't be encoded with xml character.
    print(s1.encode(encoding="ascii",errors="xmlcharrefreplace"))#Output:b'example öf strings'

    #strict-Raise Unicode Error
    print(s1.encode(encoding="ascii",errors="strict"))
    #Output:UnicodeEncodeError: 'ascii' codec can't encode character '\xf6' in position 8: ordinal not in range(128)

    #errors are not mentioned.Default is strict-Raise Unicode Error.
    print(s1.encode(encoding="ascii"))
    #Output:UnicodeEncodeError: 'ascii' codec can't encode character '\xf6' in position 8: ordinal not in range(128)

• str.startswith()- Returns True, if the string starts with specified value, otherwise returns False.

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Magic Methods are the special methods which gives us the ability to access built in syntactical features such as ‘<’, ‘>’, ‘==’, ‘+’ etc.. You must have worked with such methods without knowing them to be as magic methods. Magic methods can be identified with their names which start with __ and ends with __ like __init__, __call__, __str__ etc. These methods are also called Dunder Methods, because of their name starting and ending with Double Underscore (Dunder).

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