1597869240
Solving a Rubik’s Cube with Reinforcement Learning
Last year, I started my journey into machine learning through a Master’s program at Cornell Tech. One topic that particularly caught my eye was reinforcement learning(RL), which we approached from both the traditional direction of Markov Decision Processes (MDP) and from the direction of Deep Learning (DL). While the coursework was very informative, I wanted to take it a step further. Here, I have documented my (ongoing) attempt to do just that, by training an agent to solve a Rubik’s Cube.
A couple introductory notes:
- Solving a Rubik’s Cube with reinforcement learning is not a new problem and I will be basing most of my work off this paper by Stephen McAleer et al., with some modifications.
- For certain concepts, I will try to go into as much detail as possible about my task specific implementations, so some familiarity with probability, machine learning, RL, and DL is recommended. That being said, I am by no means an expert and any and all feedback is much appreciated!
Introducing Markov Decision Process
A Markov Decision Process captures how an agent takes _actions in an environment. _Each action puts the agent in a different environmental _state, usually according to some probability distribution, _where the agent then has the possibility of receiving some _reward. _The agent’s goal is to learn a _policy _(i.e. the appropriate action to take in a given state) in order to maximize the long-run reward that the agent receives.
Source: Sutton, R. S., & Barto, A. G. (2018). Reinforcement learning: An introduction. MIT press.
More concretely, an MDP is defined by a tuple (S, I, Pₐ, Rₐ). Where:
S is the set of all possible states in the environment
A is the set of all possible actions the agent can take
Pₐ defines the probability distribution for transitioning from state s⁰ to state _s¹ _when taking action a
_Rₐ _specifies the reward received for taking action _a _in state s
#markov-decision-process #rubiks-cube #reinforcement-learning #deep-learning #deep-q-learning #deep learning
What is GEEK
Buddha Community
1597869240
Solving a Rubik’s Cube with Reinforcement Learning
Last year, I started my journey into machine learning through a Master’s program at Cornell Tech. One topic that particularly caught my eye was reinforcement learning(RL), which we approached from both the traditional direction of Markov Decision Processes (MDP) and from the direction of Deep Learning (DL). While the coursework was very informative, I wanted to take it a step further. Here, I have documented my (ongoing) attempt to do just that, by training an agent to solve a Rubik’s Cube.
A couple introductory notes:
- Solving a Rubik’s Cube with reinforcement learning is not a new problem and I will be basing most of my work off this paper by Stephen McAleer et al., with some modifications.
- For certain concepts, I will try to go into as much detail as possible about my task specific implementations, so some familiarity with probability, machine learning, RL, and DL is recommended. That being said, I am by no means an expert and any and all feedback is much appreciated!
Introducing Markov Decision Process
A Markov Decision Process captures how an agent takes _actions in an environment. _Each action puts the agent in a different environmental _state, usually according to some probability distribution, _where the agent then has the possibility of receiving some _reward. _The agent’s goal is to learn a _policy _(i.e. the appropriate action to take in a given state) in order to maximize the long-run reward that the agent receives.
Source: Sutton, R. S., & Barto, A. G. (2018). Reinforcement learning: An introduction. MIT press.
More concretely, an MDP is defined by a tuple (S, I, Pₐ, Rₐ). Where:
S is the set of all possible states in the environment
A is the set of all possible actions the agent can take
Pₐ defines the probability distribution for transitioning from state s⁰ to state _s¹ _when taking action a
_Rₐ _specifies the reward received for taking action _a _in state s
#markov-decision-process #rubiks-cube #reinforcement-learning #deep-learning #deep-q-learning #deep learning
1656151740
Test_cov_console: Flutter Console Coverage Test
Flutter Console Coverage Test
This small dart tools is used to generate Flutter Coverage Test report to console
How to install
Add a line like this to your package's pubspec.yaml (and run an implicit flutter pub get):
dev_dependencies:
test_cov_console: ^0.2.2
How to run
run the following command to make sure all flutter library is up-to-date
flutter pub get
Running "flutter pub get" in coverage... 0.5s
run the following command to generate lcov.info on coverage directory
flutter test --coverage
00:02 +1: All tests passed!
run the tool to generate report from lcov.info
flutter pub run test_cov_console
---------------------------------------------|---------|---------|---------|-------------------|
File |% Branch | % Funcs | % Lines | Uncovered Line #s |
---------------------------------------------|---------|---------|---------|-------------------|
lib/src/ | | | | |
print_cov.dart | 100.00 | 100.00 | 88.37 |...,149,205,206,207|
print_cov_constants.dart | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | no unit testing|
lib/ | | | | |
test_cov_console.dart | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | no unit testing|
---------------------------------------------|---------|---------|---------|-------------------|
All files with unit testing | 100.00 | 100.00 | 88.37 | |
---------------------------------------------|---------|---------|---------|-------------------|
Optional parameter
If not given a FILE, "coverage/lcov.info" will be used.
-f, --file=<FILE> The target lcov.info file to be reported
-e, --exclude=<STRING1,STRING2,...> A list of contains string for files without unit testing
to be excluded from report
-l, --line It will print Lines & Uncovered Lines only
Branch & Functions coverage percentage will not be printed
-i, --ignore It will not print any file without unit testing
-m, --multi Report from multiple lcov.info files
-c, --csv Output to CSV file
-o, --output=<CSV-FILE> Full path of output CSV file
If not given, "coverage/test_cov_console.csv" will be used
-t, --total Print only the total coverage
Note: it will ignore all other option (if any), except -m
-p, --pass=<MINIMUM> Print only the whether total coverage is passed MINIMUM value or not
If the value >= MINIMUM, it will print PASSED, otherwise FAILED
Note: it will ignore all other option (if any), except -m
-h, --help Show this help
example run the tool with parameters
flutter pub run test_cov_console --file=coverage/lcov.info --exclude=_constants,_mock
---------------------------------------------|---------|---------|---------|-------------------|
File |% Branch | % Funcs | % Lines | Uncovered Line #s |
---------------------------------------------|---------|---------|---------|-------------------|
lib/src/ | | | | |
print_cov.dart | 100.00 | 100.00 | 88.37 |...,149,205,206,207|
lib/ | | | | |
test_cov_console.dart | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | no unit testing|
---------------------------------------------|---------|---------|---------|-------------------|
All files with unit testing | 100.00 | 100.00 | 88.37 | |
---------------------------------------------|---------|---------|---------|-------------------|
report for multiple lcov.info files (-m, --multi)
It support to run for multiple lcov.info files with the followings directory structures:
1. No root module
<root>/<module_a>
<root>/<module_a>/coverage/lcov.info
<root>/<module_a>/lib/src
<root>/<module_b>
<root>/<module_b>/coverage/lcov.info
<root>/<module_b>/lib/src
...
2. With root module
<root>/coverage/lcov.info
<root>/lib/src
<root>/<module_a>
<root>/<module_a>/coverage/lcov.info
<root>/<module_a>/lib/src
<root>/<module_b>
<root>/<module_b>/coverage/lcov.info
<root>/<module_b>/lib/src
...
You must run test_cov_console on <root> dir, and the report would be grouped by module, here is
the sample output for directory structure 'with root module':
flutter pub run test_cov_console --file=coverage/lcov.info --exclude=_constants,_mock --multi
---------------------------------------------|---------|---------|---------|-------------------|
File |% Branch | % Funcs | % Lines | Uncovered Line #s |
---------------------------------------------|---------|---------|---------|-------------------|
lib/src/ | | | | |
print_cov.dart | 100.00 | 100.00 | 88.37 |...,149,205,206,207|
lib/ | | | | |
test_cov_console.dart | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | no unit testing|
---------------------------------------------|---------|---------|---------|-------------------|
All files with unit testing | 100.00 | 100.00 | 88.37 | |
---------------------------------------------|---------|---------|---------|-------------------|
---------------------------------------------|---------|---------|---------|-------------------|
File - module_a - |% Branch | % Funcs | % Lines | Uncovered Line #s |
---------------------------------------------|---------|---------|---------|-------------------|
lib/src/ | | | | |
print_cov.dart | 100.00 | 100.00 | 88.37 |...,149,205,206,207|
lib/ | | | | |
test_cov_console.dart | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | no unit testing|
---------------------------------------------|---------|---------|---------|-------------------|
All files with unit testing | 100.00 | 100.00 | 88.37 | |
---------------------------------------------|---------|---------|---------|-------------------|
---------------------------------------------|---------|---------|---------|-------------------|
File - module_b - |% Branch | % Funcs | % Lines | Uncovered Line #s |
---------------------------------------------|---------|---------|---------|-------------------|
lib/src/ | | | | |
print_cov.dart | 100.00 | 100.00 | 88.37 |...,149,205,206,207|
lib/ | | | | |
test_cov_console.dart | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | no unit testing|
---------------------------------------------|---------|---------|---------|-------------------|
All files with unit testing | 100.00 | 100.00 | 88.37 | |
---------------------------------------------|---------|---------|---------|-------------------|
Output to CSV file (-c, --csv, -o, --output)
flutter pub run test_cov_console -c --output=coverage/test_coverage.csv
#### sample CSV output file:
File,% Branch,% Funcs,% Lines,Uncovered Line #s
lib/,,,,
test_cov_console.dart,0.00,0.00,0.00,no unit testing
lib/src/,,,,
parser.dart,100.00,100.00,97.22,"97"
parser_constants.dart,100.00,100.00,100.00,""
print_cov.dart,100.00,100.00,82.91,"29,49,51,52,171,174,177,180,183,184,185,186,187,188,279,324,325,387,388,389,390,391,392,393,394,395,398"
print_cov_constants.dart,0.00,0.00,0.00,no unit testing
All files with unit testing,100.00,100.00,86.07,""Installing
Use this package as an executable
Install it
You can install the package from the command line:
dart pub global activate test_cov_consoleUse it
The package has the following executables:
$ test_cov_console
Use this package as a library
Depend on it
Run this command:
With Dart:
$ dart pub add test_cov_consoleWith Flutter:
$ flutter pub add test_cov_consoleThis will add a line like this to your package's pubspec.yaml (and run an implicit dart pub get):
dependencies:
test_cov_console: ^0.2.2Alternatively, your editor might support dart pub get or flutter pub get. Check the docs for your editor to learn more.
Import it
Now in your Dart code, you can use:
import 'package:test_cov_console/test_cov_console.dart';example/lib/main.dart
import 'package:flutter/material.dart';
void main() {
runApp(MyApp());
}
class MyApp extends StatelessWidget {
// This widget is the root of your application.
@override
Widget build(BuildContext context) {
return MaterialApp(
title: 'Flutter Demo',
theme: ThemeData(
// This is the theme of your application.
//
// Try running your application with "flutter run". You'll see the
// application has a blue toolbar. Then, without quitting the app, try
// changing the primarySwatch below to Colors.green and then invoke
// "hot reload" (press "r" in the console where you ran "flutter run",
// or simply save your changes to "hot reload" in a Flutter IDE).
// Notice that the counter didn't reset back to zero; the application
// is not restarted.
primarySwatch: Colors.blue,
// This makes the visual density adapt to the platform that you run
// the app on. For desktop platforms, the controls will be smaller and
// closer together (more dense) than on mobile platforms.
visualDensity: VisualDensity.adaptivePlatformDensity,
),
home: MyHomePage(title: 'Flutter Demo Home Page'),
);
}
}
class MyHomePage extends StatefulWidget {
MyHomePage({Key? key, required this.title}) : super(key: key);
// This widget is the home page of your application. It is stateful, meaning
// that it has a State object (defined below) that contains fields that affect
// how it looks.
// This class is the configuration for the state. It holds the values (in this
// case the title) provided by the parent (in this case the App widget) and
// used by the build method of the State. Fields in a Widget subclass are
// always marked "final".
final String title;
@override
_MyHomePageState createState() => _MyHomePageState();
}
class _MyHomePageState extends State<MyHomePage> {
int _counter = 0;
void _incrementCounter() {
setState(() {
// This call to setState tells the Flutter framework that something has
// changed in this State, which causes it to rerun the build method below
// so that the display can reflect the updated values. If we changed
// _counter without calling setState(), then the build method would not be
// called again, and so nothing would appear to happen.
_counter++;
});
}
@override
Widget build(BuildContext context) {
// This method is rerun every time setState is called, for instance as done
// by the _incrementCounter method above.
//
// The Flutter framework has been optimized to make rerunning build methods
// fast, so that you can just rebuild anything that needs updating rather
// than having to individually change instances of widgets.
return Scaffold(
appBar: AppBar(
// Here we take the value from the MyHomePage object that was created by
// the App.build method, and use it to set our appbar title.
title: Text(widget.title),
),
body: Center(
// Center is a layout widget. It takes a single child and positions it
// in the middle of the parent.
child: Column(
// Column is also a layout widget. It takes a list of children and
// arranges them vertically. By default, it sizes itself to fit its
// children horizontally, and tries to be as tall as its parent.
//
// Invoke "debug painting" (press "p" in the console, choose the
// "Toggle Debug Paint" action from the Flutter Inspector in Android
// Studio, or the "Toggle Debug Paint" command in Visual Studio Code)
// to see the wireframe for each widget.
//
// Column has various properties to control how it sizes itself and
// how it positions its children. Here we use mainAxisAlignment to
// center the children vertically; the main axis here is the vertical
// axis because Columns are vertical (the cross axis would be
// horizontal).
mainAxisAlignment: MainAxisAlignment.center,
children: <Widget>[
Text(
'You have pushed the button this many times:',
),
Text(
'$_counter',
style: Theme.of(context).textTheme.headline4,
),
],
),
),
floatingActionButton: FloatingActionButton(
onPressed: _incrementCounter,
tooltip: 'Increment',
child: Icon(Icons.add),
), // This trailing comma makes auto-formatting nicer for build methods.
);
}
}Author: DigitalKatalis
Source Code: https://github.com/DigitalKatalis/test_cov_console
License: BSD-3-Clause license
1600871700
Solving a Rubik’s Cube with Reinforcement Learning
Welcome to the second installment of my attempt to solve a Rubik’s Cube via reinforcement learning (RL). Last time, I provided an intro to Markov Decision Processes (MDPs) and formulated the task of solving a Rubik’s Cube as an MDP. If you missed this post or would like a quick refresher, you can check it out here.
At the end of my last post, I left off with a discussion of the Q-function and how we will need to approximate it for our task since the space of state-action pairs is too large. In this post, I will implement a neural network to do exactly that. Along the way, we will explore how the network is trained via the Experience Replay algorithm and provide some initial experimental results. In case you are curious, my actual Python implementation is here. As always, any comments, questions, or feedback is much appreciated!
#deep-q-learning #rubiks-cube #personal-project #machine-learning
1617355640
Attend The Full Day Hands-On Workshop On Reinforcement Learning
The Association of Data Scientists (AdaSci), a global professional body of data science and ML practitioners, is holding a full-day workshop on building games using reinforcement learning on Saturday, February 20.
Artificial intelligence systems are outperforming humans at many tasks, starting from driving cars, recognising images and objects, generating voices to imitating art, predicting weather, playing chess etc. AlphaGo, DOTA2, StarCraft II etc are a study in reinforcement learning.
Reinforcement learning enables the agent to learn and perform a task under uncertainty in a complex environment. The machine learning paradigm is currently applied to various fields like robotics, pattern recognition, personalised medical treatment, drug discovery, speech recognition, and more.
With an increase in the exciting applications of reinforcement learning across the industries, the demand for RL experts has soared. Taking the cue, the Association of Data Scientists, in collaboration with Analytics India Magazine, is bringing an extensive workshop on reinforcement learning aimed at developers and machine learning practitioners.
#ai workshops #deep reinforcement learning workshop #future of deep reinforcement learning #reinforcement learning #workshop on a saturday #workshop on deep reinforcement learning
1617731160
Microsoft Is Going Big On Reinforcement Learning. Here’s How
When it comes to research in new-age technologies, Microsoft has been striving hard to stay ahead of its competitors. From recommendations to gaming, the tech giant has been using popular techniques like reinforcement learning to create efficient products for customers that match their interests.
The foundational work in reinforcement learning (RL) started back in 1992, in which the researchers worked on Simple Statistical Gradient. This year, the tech giant has made significant contributions in the ongoing AI conference known as NeurIPS 2020. The three key research areas that are being focussed this year include batch reinforcement learning; a strategic exploration that has given rich observations; and representation learning.
#microsoft #microsoft research #microsoft research lab #reinforcement learning #reinforcement learning environment #reinforcement learning systems