1589786704
Youtube channel: Programming with Mosh - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=poQXNp9ItL4
#redux #redux tutorial
1589786704
Youtube channel: Programming with Mosh - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=poQXNp9ItL4
#redux #redux tutorial
1595054220
In chapter 1 and chapter 2 , we got an introduction to PyTorch, some interesting functions used in PyTorch, different algorithms used in machine learning and a brief but solid introduction to linear regression. In this chapter we are going to build a Linear Regression model from scratch that is, without the use of any PyTorch built-ins. Without further ado, let’s begin.
Predict the yield of apples and oranges (dependent or target variables) by observing the average temperature, rainfall and humidity (independent or predictor variables ) for a region.
We know that in linear regression target variables are considered as the weighted sum of independent variables, offset by some constant called bias (we add this offset so that when all the independent variables become zero the output should not become zero).
This statement can be represented mathematically as :-
These equations show that dependent variables share a linear relation with dependent variables.
We should find the set of weights and bias that is, w11,w12,…w23 and b1 and b2 by analyzing training data to predict the yield of apples and oranges of a new region based on avg. temp. , rainfall and humidity. This is done by adjusting the weights and biases slightly.
Training data can be considered as two numpy arrays (matrices), input and target one row per observation.
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We now convert the numpy arrays to tensors for this purpose we use torch.from_numpy(), this method takes a numpy array as input and output tensor.
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Weights (w11,w12,…w23) and biases (b1,b2) can be represented as matrices and first row and first bias element is used to predict the yield of apples and the second row and element the yield of oranges.
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In this code snippet we create two tensors w and b using torch.randn() which will act as our weight and bias matrices.The torch.randn() function creates two matrices with element picked randomly from a normal distribution with mean=0 and standard deviation=1.
#deep-learning #linear-regression #scratch #tutorial #machine-learning #deep learning
1596728880
In this tutorial we’ll learn how to begin programming with R using RStudio. We’ll install R, and RStudio RStudio, an extremely popular development environment for R. We’ll learn the key RStudio features in order to start programming in R on our own.
If you already know how to use RStudio and want to learn some tips, tricks, and shortcuts, check out this Dataquest blog post.
[tidyverse](https://www.dataquest.io/blog/tutorial-getting-started-with-r-and-rstudio/#tve-jump-173bb26184b)
Packages[tidyverse](https://www.dataquest.io/blog/tutorial-getting-started-with-r-and-rstudio/#tve-jump-173bb264c2b)
Packages into Memory#data science tutorials #beginner #r tutorial #r tutorials #rstats #tutorial #tutorials
1599097440
A famous general is thought to have said, “A good sketch is better than a long speech.” That advice may have come from the battlefield, but it’s applicable in lots of other areas — including data science. “Sketching” out our data by visualizing it using ggplot2 in R is more impactful than simply describing the trends we find.
This is why we visualize data. We visualize data because it’s easier to learn from something that we can see rather than read. And thankfully for data analysts and data scientists who use R, there’s a tidyverse package called ggplot2 that makes data visualization a snap!
In this blog post, we’ll learn how to take some data and produce a visualization using R. To work through it, it’s best if you already have an understanding of R programming syntax, but you don’t need to be an expert or have any prior experience working with ggplot2
#data science tutorials #beginner #ggplot2 #r #r tutorial #r tutorials #rstats #tutorial #tutorials
1596513720
What exactly is clean data? Clean data is accurate, complete, and in a format that is ready to analyze. Characteristics of clean data include data that are:
Common symptoms of messy data include data that contain:
In this blog post, we will work with five property-sales datasets that are publicly available on the New York City Department of Finance Rolling Sales Data website. We encourage you to download the datasets and follow along! Each file contains one year of real estate sales data for one of New York City’s five boroughs. We will work with the following Microsoft Excel files:
As we work through this blog post, imagine that you are helping a friend launch their home-inspection business in New York City. You offer to help them by analyzing the data to better understand the real-estate market. But you realize that before you can analyze the data in R, you will need to diagnose and clean it first. And before you can diagnose the data, you will need to load it into R!
Benefits of using tidyverse tools are often evident in the data-loading process. In many cases, the tidyverse package readxl
will clean some data for you as Microsoft Excel data is loaded into R. If you are working with CSV data, the tidyverse readr
package function read_csv()
is the function to use (we’ll cover that later).
Let’s look at an example. Here’s how the Excel file for the Brooklyn borough looks:
The Brooklyn Excel file
Now let’s load the Brooklyn dataset into R from an Excel file. We’ll use the readxl
package. We specify the function argument skip = 4
because the row that we want to use as the header (i.e. column names) is actually row 5. We can ignore the first four rows entirely and load the data into R beginning at row 5. Here’s the code:
library(readxl) # Load Excel files
brooklyn <- read_excel("rollingsales_brooklyn.xls", skip = 4)
Note we saved this dataset with the variable name brooklyn
for future use.
The tidyverse offers a user-friendly way to view this data with the glimpse()
function that is part of the tibble
package. To use this package, we will need to load it for use in our current session. But rather than loading this package alone, we can load many of the tidyverse packages at one time. If you do not have the tidyverse collection of packages, install it on your machine using the following command in your R or R Studio session:
install.packages("tidyverse")
Once the package is installed, load it to memory:
library(tidyverse)
Now that tidyverse
is loaded into memory, take a “glimpse” of the Brooklyn dataset:
glimpse(brooklyn)
## Observations: 20,185
## Variables: 21
## $ BOROUGH <chr> "3", "3", "3", "3", "3", "3", "…
## $ NEIGHBORHOOD <chr> "BATH BEACH", "BATH BEACH", "BA…
## $ `BUILDING CLASS CATEGORY` <chr> "01 ONE FAMILY DWELLINGS", "01 …
## $ `TAX CLASS AT PRESENT` <chr> "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "…
## $ BLOCK <dbl> 6359, 6360, 6364, 6367, 6371, 6…
## $ LOT <dbl> 70, 48, 74, 24, 19, 32, 65, 20,…
## $ `EASE-MENT` <lgl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
## $ `BUILDING CLASS AT PRESENT` <chr> "S1", "A5", "A5", "A9", "A9", "…
## $ ADDRESS <chr> "8684 15TH AVENUE", "14 BAY 10T…
## $ `APARTMENT NUMBER` <chr> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
## $ `ZIP CODE` <dbl> 11228, 11228, 11214, 11214, 112…
## $ `RESIDENTIAL UNITS` <dbl> 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1…
## $ `COMMERCIAL UNITS` <dbl> 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0…
## $ `TOTAL UNITS` <dbl> 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1…
## $ `LAND SQUARE FEET` <dbl> 1933, 2513, 2492, 1571, 2320, 3…
## $ `GROSS SQUARE FEET` <dbl> 4080, 1428, 972, 1456, 1566, 22…
## $ `YEAR BUILT` <dbl> 1930, 1930, 1950, 1935, 1930, 1…
## $ `TAX CLASS AT TIME OF SALE` <chr> "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "…
## $ `BUILDING CLASS AT TIME OF SALE` <chr> "S1", "A5", "A5", "A9", "A9", "…
## $ `SALE PRICE` <dbl> 1300000, 849000, 0, 830000, 0, …
## $ `SALE DATE` <dttm> 2020-04-28, 2020-03-18, 2019-0…
The glimpse()
function provides a user-friendly way to view the column names and data types for all columns, or variables, in the data frame. With this function, we are also able to view the first few observations in the data frame. This data frame has 20,185 observations, or property sales records. And there are 21 variables, or columns.
#data science tutorials #beginner #r #r tutorial #r tutorials #rstats #tidyverse #tutorial #tutorials