Lindsey  Koepp

Lindsey Koepp

1593110160

PHP 7.x — P3: Variables Intro

The best way to introduce variables is to start thinking about math. You might remember that there are these things called x and y variables that used to store numbers.

If x = 2 and y = 5 then what is x + y? Just substitute 2 for x and 5 for y and you get 7.

Variables are just storage containers. You can store any data type that you would like inside of them; we’ll look at strings and integers below.

In PHP, variables start with a dollar sign, followed by either the underscore or a letter, followed by a series of letters, numbers, and/or underscores. Let’s look at some examples of valid PHP variable names.

<?php
// Valid PHP variable names
$x = 1;
$X = 2; # different from $x
$_x = 2;
$__y = 3;
$_z_ = "Hello";
$__name__ = "Dino";
$dino1 = "First Dino";
$dino_1 = "Dino 1";
$_dino_1 = "He was number 1";
$d1_2_3_hello_ = "Still valid";
// Invalid PHP variable names
$1 = "Number 1";
$%abc = "Invalid"; // Really, any special character
?>

As a regular expression, the valid syntax for PHP variables is stated as:

^[a-zA-Z_\x80-\xff][a-zA-Z0-9_\x80-\xff]*$

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PHP 7.x — P3: Variables Intro

CellularAutomata.jl: Cellular Automata Simulation toolkit for Julia

Cellular Automata

A cellular automaton is a collection of "colored" cells on a grid of specified shape that evolves through a number of discrete time steps according to a set of rules based on the states of neighboring cells. The rules are then applied iteratively for as many time steps as desired.

mathworld.wolfram.com/CellularAutomaton

Elementary CA

To generate an elementary cellular automaton, use

ca = CellularAutomaton(rule, init, gen)

where rule is the Wolfram code (integer), init is a vector containing the initial starting condition and gen is the number of generations to be computed. For a single starting cell in the middle just omit the init vector.

To generate 15 generations of elementary cellular automaton of rule 90 use

using CellularAutomata

ca90 = CellularAutomaton(90, 16)
                            #                                    
                           # #                                   
                          #   #                                  
                         # # # #                                 
                        #       #                                
                       # #     # #                               
                      #   #   #   #                              
                     # # # # # # # #                             
                    #               #                            
                   # #             # #                           
                  #   #           #   #                          
                 # # # #         # # # #                         
                #       #       #       #                        
               # #     # #     # #     # #                       
              #   #   #   #   #   #   #   #                      
             # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #                     

Totalistic CA

For a more complex cellular automaton you can change the number of states k the cell can be and the radius r of neighbors that can influence the states. If k is changed to be larger than 2, a totalistic CA is computed where only the average value of all neighbors count. This can be done like this

ca = CellularAutomaton(993, 15, k=3)
                        X                         
                       XXX                        
                      X# #X                       
                     X     X                      
                    XXX   XXX                     
                   X# #X X# #X                    
                  X     #     X                   
                 XXX   ###   XXX                  
                X# #X # X # X# #X                 
               X      # X #      X                
              XXX    ## X ##    XXX               
             X# #X  #   X   #  X# #X              
            X     X### XXX ###X     X             
           XXX   X XX  # #  XX X   XXX            
          X# #X XX###X## ##X###XX X# #X           

2 dimensional CAs

Two dimensional cellular automaton (like Conway's Game of Life) can be created by

ca = CA2d(B, S, init, gen)

where B and S are vectors that have the numbers of neighboring cells that define when cell is born or survives, init (matrix) is the initial starting condition and gen is the number of generations the CA is to be computed.

Game of life is then run for 9 generations for e.g. a turbine pattern by typing

ca = CA2d([3], [2, 3], init, 9)

1st step

   ###### ##        
   ###### ##        
          ##        
   ##     ##        
   ##     ##        
   ##     ##        
   ##               
   ## ######        
   ## ######        
                    

2nd

    ####            
   #    # ##        
   #    #   #       
      ##    #       
   ##    #  #       
  #  #   #  #       
  #  #    ##        
  #    ##           
  #   #    #        
   ## #    #        
       ####         
               
 

3rd

     ##             
    ####            
   # ## ## #        
        ##  #       
   ##  ##  ###      
   #### #  ###      
  #  #   #  #       
 ###  # ####        
 ###  ##  ##        
  #  ##             
   # ## ## #        
       ####         
        ##          
             
   

4th

    #  #            
        #           
         ##         
   # ##      #      
   #  #   #         
  #   # ###         
 #           #      
    ### #   #       
    #   #  #        
 #      ## #        
    ##              
      #             
       #  #         

                    

5th

        ##          
         #          
    ###  ##         
  ### #   #         
  #    # ##         
      # #           
    ## #    #       
    #   # ###       
    ##  ###         
     #              
     ##             

6th

        ##          
     #              
    # #  ##         
  # # ###  #        
  #  ######         
     ## ##          
    ######  #       
   #  ### # #       
    ##  # #         
         #          
     ##             

                    

7th

     #  # #         
   ## # ###         
    #      #        
   ##     #         
                    
    #     ##        
   #      #         
    ### # ##        
    # #  #          
     
           

8th

    ## ## #         
   ##  ## ##        
           #        
   ##               
   ##     ##        
          ##        
   #                
   ## ##  ##        
    # ## ##         

                    

9th

   ###### ##        
   ###### ##        
          ##        
   ##     ##        
   ##     ##        
   ##     ##        
   ##               
   ## ######        
   ## ######        
                                    
                    
                    

Running Tests

To run tests, execute the following command from the root folder of the repository:

julia tests/run_tests.jl

Download Details:

Author: Natj
Source Code: https://github.com/natj/CellularAutomata.jl 
License: MIT license

#julia #math #toolkit 

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Variables in PHP - PHP for Beginners - PHP Programming

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After learning all the basics topics, I want to focus on databases using MySQL because we will be creating a login system after.

In this episode, I want to focus on variables. Variables are used to store data such as a name, age and so on. In PHP, variables do not need to be declared before adding a value to it. PHP will automatically convert the variable to the correct data type

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