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TS-mockito: Mocking Library for TypeScript

TS-mockito

Mocking library for TypeScript inspired by http://mockito.org/

1.x to 2.x migration guide

1.x to 2.x migration guide

Main features

• Strongly typed
• IDE autocomplete
• Mock creation (mock) (also abstract classes) #example
• Spying on real objects (spy) #example
• Changing mock behavior (when) via:
  • thenReturn - return value #example
  • thenThrow - throw an error #example
  • thenCall - call custom method #example
  • thenResolve - resolve promise #example
  • thenReject - rejects promise #example
• Checking if methods were called with given arguments (verify)
  • anything, notNull, anyString, anyOfClass etc. - for more flexible comparision
  • once, twice, times, atLeast etc. - allows call count verification #example
  • calledBefore, calledAfter - allows call order verification #example
• Resetting mock (reset, resetCalls) #example, #example
• Capturing arguments passed to method (capture) #example
• Recording multiple behaviors #example
• Readable error messages (ex. 'Expected "convertNumberToString(strictEqual(3))" to be called 2 time(s). But has been called 1 time(s).')

Installation

npm install ts-mockito --save-dev

Usage

Basics

// Creating mock
let mockedFoo:Foo = mock(Foo);

// Getting instance from mock
let foo:Foo = instance(mockedFoo);

// Using instance in source code
foo.getBar(3);
foo.getBar(5);

// Explicit, readable verification
verify(mockedFoo.getBar(3)).called();
verify(mockedFoo.getBar(anything())).called();

Stubbing method calls

// Creating mock
let mockedFoo:Foo = mock(Foo);

// stub method before execution
when(mockedFoo.getBar(3)).thenReturn('three');

// Getting instance
let foo:Foo = instance(mockedFoo);

// prints three
console.log(foo.getBar(3));

// prints null, because "getBar(999)" was not stubbed
console.log(foo.getBar(999));

Stubbing getter value

// Creating mock
let mockedFoo:Foo = mock(Foo);

// stub getter before execution
when(mockedFoo.sampleGetter).thenReturn('three');

// Getting instance
let foo:Foo = instance(mockedFoo);

// prints three
console.log(foo.sampleGetter);

Stubbing property values that have no getters

Syntax is the same as with getter values.

Please note, that stubbing properties that don't have getters only works if Proxy object is available (ES6).

Call count verification

// Creating mock
let mockedFoo:Foo = mock(Foo);

// Getting instance
let foo:Foo = instance(mockedFoo);

// Some calls
foo.getBar(1);
foo.getBar(2);
foo.getBar(2);
foo.getBar(3);

// Call count verification
verify(mockedFoo.getBar(1)).once();               // was called with arg === 1 only once
verify(mockedFoo.getBar(2)).twice();              // was called with arg === 2 exactly two times
verify(mockedFoo.getBar(between(2, 3))).thrice(); // was called with arg between 2-3 exactly three times
verify(mockedFoo.getBar(anyNumber()).times(4);    // was called with any number arg exactly four times
verify(mockedFoo.getBar(2)).atLeast(2);           // was called with arg === 2 min two times
verify(mockedFoo.getBar(anything())).atMost(4);   // was called with any argument max four times
verify(mockedFoo.getBar(4)).never();              // was never called with arg === 4

Call order verification

// Creating mock
let mockedFoo:Foo = mock(Foo);
let mockedBar:Bar = mock(Bar);

// Getting instance
let foo:Foo = instance(mockedFoo);
let bar:Bar = instance(mockedBar);

// Some calls
foo.getBar(1);
bar.getFoo(2);

// Call order verification
verify(mockedFoo.getBar(1)).calledBefore(mockedBar.getFoo(2));    // foo.getBar(1) has been called before bar.getFoo(2)
verify(mockedBar.getFoo(2)).calledAfter(mockedFoo.getBar(1));    // bar.getFoo(2) has been called before foo.getBar(1)
verify(mockedFoo.getBar(1)).calledBefore(mockedBar.getFoo(999999));    // throws error (mockedBar.getFoo(999999) has never been called)

Throwing errors

let mockedFoo:Foo = mock(Foo);

when(mockedFoo.getBar(10)).thenThrow(new Error('fatal error'));

let foo:Foo = instance(mockedFoo);
try {
    foo.getBar(10);
} catch (error:Error) {
    console.log(error.message); // 'fatal error'
}

Custom function

You can also stub method with your own implementation

let mockedFoo:Foo = mock(Foo);
let foo:Foo = instance(mockedFoo);

when(mockedFoo.sumTwoNumbers(anyNumber(), anyNumber())).thenCall((arg1:number, arg2:number) => {
    return arg1 * arg2; 
});

// prints '50' because we've changed sum method implementation to multiply!
console.log(foo.sumTwoNumbers(5, 10));

Resolving / rejecting promises

You can also stub method to resolve / reject promise

let mockedFoo:Foo = mock(Foo);

when(mockedFoo.fetchData("a")).thenResolve({id: "a", value: "Hello world"});
when(mockedFoo.fetchData("b")).thenReject(new Error("b does not exist"));

Resetting mock calls

You can reset just mock call counter

// Creating mock
let mockedFoo:Foo = mock(Foo);

// Getting instance
let foo:Foo = instance(mockedFoo);

// Some calls
foo.getBar(1);
foo.getBar(1);
verify(mockedFoo.getBar(1)).twice();      // getBar with arg "1" has been called twice

// Reset mock
resetCalls(mockedFoo);

// Call count verification
verify(mockedFoo.getBar(1)).never();      // has never been called after reset

You can also reset calls of multiple mocks at once resetCalls(firstMock, secondMock, thirdMock)

Resetting mock

Or reset mock call counter with all stubs

// Creating mock
let mockedFoo:Foo = mock(Foo);
when(mockedFoo.getBar(1)).thenReturn("one").

// Getting instance
let foo:Foo = instance(mockedFoo);

// Some calls
console.log(foo.getBar(1));               // "one" - as defined in stub
console.log(foo.getBar(1));               // "one" - as defined in stub
verify(mockedFoo.getBar(1)).twice();      // getBar with arg "1" has been called twice

// Reset mock
reset(mockedFoo);

// Call count verification
verify(mockedFoo.getBar(1)).never();      // has never been called after reset
console.log(foo.getBar(1));               // null - previously added stub has been removed

You can also reset multiple mocks at once reset(firstMock, secondMock, thirdMock)

Capturing method arguments

let mockedFoo:Foo = mock(Foo);
let foo:Foo = instance(mockedFoo);

// Call method
foo.sumTwoNumbers(1, 2);

// Check first arg captor values
const [firstArg, secondArg] = capture(mockedFoo.sumTwoNumbers).last();
console.log(firstArg);    // prints 1
console.log(secondArg);    // prints 2

You can also get other calls using first(), second(), byCallIndex(3) and more...

Recording multiple behaviors

You can set multiple returning values for same matching values

const mockedFoo:Foo = mock(Foo);

when(mockedFoo.getBar(anyNumber())).thenReturn('one').thenReturn('two').thenReturn('three');

const foo:Foo = instance(mockedFoo);

console.log(foo.getBar(1));    // one
console.log(foo.getBar(1));    // two
console.log(foo.getBar(1));    // three
console.log(foo.getBar(1));    // three - last defined behavior will be repeated infinitely

Another example with specific values

let mockedFoo:Foo = mock(Foo);

when(mockedFoo.getBar(1)).thenReturn('one').thenReturn('another one');
when(mockedFoo.getBar(2)).thenReturn('two');

let foo:Foo = instance(mockedFoo);

console.log(foo.getBar(1));    // one
console.log(foo.getBar(2));    // two
console.log(foo.getBar(1));    // another one
console.log(foo.getBar(1));    // another one - this is last defined behavior for arg '1' so it will be repeated
console.log(foo.getBar(2));    // two
console.log(foo.getBar(2));    // two - this is last defined behavior for arg '2' so it will be repeated

Short notation:

const mockedFoo:Foo = mock(Foo);

// You can specify return values as multiple thenReturn args
when(mockedFoo.getBar(anyNumber())).thenReturn('one', 'two', 'three');

const foo:Foo = instance(mockedFoo);

console.log(foo.getBar(1));    // one
console.log(foo.getBar(1));    // two
console.log(foo.getBar(1));    // three
console.log(foo.getBar(1));    // three - last defined behavior will be repeated infinity

Possible errors:

const mockedFoo:Foo = mock(Foo);

// When multiple matchers, matches same result:
when(mockedFoo.getBar(anyNumber())).thenReturn('one');
when(mockedFoo.getBar(3)).thenReturn('one');

const foo:Foo = instance(mockedFoo);
foo.getBar(3); // MultipleMatchersMatchSameStubError will be thrown, two matchers match same method call

Mocking interfaces

You can mock interfaces too, just instead of passing type to mock function, set mock function generic type Mocking interfaces requires Proxy implementation

let mockedFoo:Foo = mock<FooInterface>(); // instead of mock(FooInterface)
const foo: SampleGeneric<FooInterface> = instance(mockedFoo);

Mocking types

You can mock abstract classes

const mockedFoo: SampleAbstractClass = mock(SampleAbstractClass);
const foo: SampleAbstractClass = instance(mockedFoo);

You can also mock generic classes, but note that generic type is just needed by mock type definition

const mockedFoo: SampleGeneric<SampleInterface> = mock(SampleGeneric);
const foo: SampleGeneric<SampleInterface> = instance(mockedFoo);

Spying on real objects

You can partially mock an existing instance:

const foo: Foo = new Foo();
const spiedFoo = spy(foo);

when(spiedFoo.getBar(3)).thenReturn('one');

console.log(foo.getBar(3)); // 'one'
console.log(foo.getBaz()); // call to a real method

You can spy on plain objects too:

const foo = { bar: () => 42 };
const spiedFoo = spy(foo);

foo.bar();

console.log(capture(spiedFoo.bar).last()); // [42] 

Thanks

• Szczepan Faber (https://www.linkedin.com/in/szczepiq)
• Sebastian Konkol (https://www.linkedin.com/in/sebastiankonkol)
• Clickmeeting (http://clickmeeting.com)
• Michał Stocki (https://github.com/michalstocki)
• Łukasz Bendykowski (https://github.com/viman)
• Andrey Ermakov (https://github.com/dreef3)
• Markus Ende (https://github.com/Markus-Ende)
• Thomas Hilzendegen (https://github.com/thomashilzendegen)
• Johan Blumenberg (https://github.com/johanblumenberg)

---

Download Details:

Author: NagRock
Source Code: https://github.com/NagRock/ts-mockito 
License: MIT license

#typescript #testing #mock 

Best Electric Bikes and Scooters for Rental Business or Campus Facility

The electric scooter revolution has caught on super-fast taking many cities across the globe by storm. eScooters, a renovated version of old-school scooters now turned into electric vehicles are an environmentally friendly solution to current on-demand commute problems. They work on engines, like cars, enabling short traveling distances without hassle. The result is that these groundbreaking electric machines can now provide faster transport for less — cheaper than Uber and faster than Metro.

Since they are durable, fast, easy to operate and maintain, and are more convenient to park compared to four-wheelers, the eScooters trend has and continues to spike interest as a promising growth area. Several companies and universities are increasingly setting up shop to provide eScooter services realizing a would-be profitable business model and a ready customer base that is university students or residents in need of faster and cheap travel going about their business in school, town, and other surrounding areas.

Electric Scooters Trends and Statistics

In many countries including the U.S., Canada, Mexico, U.K., Germany, France, China, Japan, India, Brazil and Mexico and more, a growing number of eScooter users both locals and tourists can now be seen effortlessly passing lines of drivers stuck in the endless and unmoving traffic.

A recent report by McKinsey revealed that the E-Scooter industry will be worth― $200 billion to $300 billion in the United States, $100 billion to $150 billion in Europe, and $30 billion to $50 billion in China in 2030. The e-Scooter revenue model will also spike and is projected to rise by more than 20% amounting to approximately $5 billion.

And, with a necessity to move people away from high carbon prints, traffic and congestion issues brought about by car-centric transport systems in cities, more and more city planners are developing more bike/scooter lanes and adopting zero-emission plans. This is the force behind the booming electric scooter market and the numbers will only go higher and higher.

Companies that have taken advantage of the growing eScooter trend develop an appthat allows them to provide efficient eScooter services. Such an app enables them to be able to locate bike pick-up and drop points through fully integrated google maps.

List of Best Electric Bikes for Rental Business or Campus Facility 2020:

It’s clear that e scooters will increasingly become more common and the e-scooter business model will continue to grab the attention of manufacturers, investors, entrepreneurs. All this should go ahead with a quest to know what are some of the best electric bikes in the market especially for anyone who would want to get started in the electric bikes/scooters rental business.

We have done a comprehensive list of the best electric bikes! Each bike has been reviewed in depth and includes a full list of specs and a photo.

Billy eBike

 https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/enkicycles/billy-were-redefining-joyrides

To start us off is the Billy eBike, a powerful go-anywhere urban electric bike that’s specially designed to offer an exciting ride like no other whether you want to ride to the grocery store, cafe, work or school. The Billy eBike comes in 4 color options – Billy Blue, Polished aluminium, Artic white, and Stealth black.

Price: $2490

Available countries

Available in the USA, Europe, Asia, South Africa and Australia.This item ships from the USA. Buyers are therefore responsible for any taxes and/or customs duties incurred once it arrives in your country.

Features

• Control – Ride with confidence with our ultra-wide BMX bars and a hyper-responsive twist throttle.
• Stealth- Ride like a ninja with our Gates carbon drive that’s as smooth as butter and maintenance-free.
• Drive – Ride further with our high torque fat bike motor, giving a better climbing performance.
• Accelerate – Ride quicker with our 20-inch lightweight cutout rims for improved acceleration.
• Customize – Ride your own way with 5 levels of power control. Each level determines power and speed.
• Flickable – Ride harder with our BMX /MotoX inspired geometry and lightweight aluminum package

Specifications

• Maximum speed: 20 mph (32 km/h)
• Range per charge: 41 miles (66 km)
• Maximum Power: 500W
• Motor type: Fat Bike Motor: Bafang RM G060.500.DC
• Load capacity: 300lbs (136kg)
• Battery type: 13.6Ah Samsung lithium-ion,
• Battery capacity: On/off-bike charging available
• Weight: w/o batt. 48.5lbs (22kg), w/ batt. 54lbs (24.5kg)
• Front Suspension: Fully adjustable air shock, preload/compression damping /lockout
• Rear Suspension: spring, preload adjustment
• Built-in GPS

Why Should You Buy This?

• Riding fun and excitement
• Better climbing ability and faster acceleration.
• Ride with confidence
• Billy folds for convenient storage and transportation.
• Shorty levers connect to disc brakes ensuring you stop on a dime
• belt drives are maintenance-free and clean (no oil or lubrication needed)

**Who Should Ride Billy? **

Both new and experienced riders

**Where to Buy? **Local distributors or ships from the USA.

Genze 200 series e-Bike

 https://www.genze.com/fleet/

Featuring a sleek and lightweight aluminum frame design, the 200-Series ebike takes your riding experience to greater heights. Available in both black and white this ebike comes with a connected app, which allows you to plan activities, map distances and routes while also allowing connections with fellow riders.

Price: $2099.00

Available countries

The Genze 200 series e-Bike is available at GenZe retail locations across the U.S or online via GenZe.com website. Customers from outside the US can ship the product while incurring the relevant charges.

Features

• 2 Frame Options
• 2 Sizes
• Integrated/Removable Battery
• Throttle and Pedal Assist Ride Modes
• Integrated LCD Display
• Connected App
• 24 month warranty
• GPS navigation
• Bluetooth connectivity

Specifications

• Maximum speed: 20 mph with throttle
• Range per charge: 15-18 miles w/ throttle and 30-50 miles w/ pedal assist
• Charging time: 3.5 hours
• Motor type: Brushless Rear Hub Motor
• Gears: Microshift Thumb Shifter
• Battery type: Removable Samsung 36V, 9.6AH Li-Ion battery pack
• Battery capacity: 36V and 350 Wh
• Weight: 46 pounds
• Derailleur: 8-speed Shimano
• Brakes: Dual classic
• Wheels: 26 x 20 inches
• Frame: 16, and 18 inches
• Operating Mode: Analog mode 5 levels of Pedal Assist Thrott­le Mode

Norco from eBikestore

 https://ebikestore.com/shop/norco-vlt-s2/

The Norco VLT S2 is a front suspension e-Bike with solid components alongside the reliable Bosch Performance Line Power systems that offer precise pedal assistance during any riding situation.

Price: $2,699.00

Available countries

This item is available via the various Norco bikes international distributors.

Features

• VLT aluminum frame- for stiffness and wheel security.
• Bosch e-bike system – for their reliability and performance.
• E-bike components – for added durability.
• Hydraulic disc brakes – offer riders more stopping power for safety and control at higher speeds.
• Practical design features – to add convenience and versatility.

Specifications

• Maximum speed: KMC X9 9spd
• Motor type: Bosch Active Line
• Gears: Shimano Altus RD-M2000, SGS, 9 Speed
• Battery type: Power Pack 400
• Battery capacity: 396Wh
• Suspension: SR Suntour suspension fork
• Frame: Norco VLT, Aluminum, 12x142mm TA Dropouts

Bodo EV

http://www.bodoevs.com/bodoev/products_show.asp?product_id=13

Manufactured by Bodo Vehicle Group Limited, the Bodo EV is specially designed for strong power and extraordinary long service to facilitate super amazing rides. The Bodo Vehicle Company is a striking top in electric vehicles brand field in China and across the globe. Their Bodo EV will no doubt provide your riders with high-level riding satisfaction owing to its high-quality design, strength, breaking stability and speed.

Price: $799

Available countries

This item ships from China with buyers bearing the shipping costs and other variables prior to delivery.

Features

• Reliable
• Environment friendly
• Comfortable riding
• Fashionable
• Economical
• Durable – long service life
• Braking stability
• LED lighting technology

Specifications

• Maximum speed: 45km/h
• Range per charge: 50km per person
• Charging time: 8 hours
• Maximum Power: 3000W
• Motor type: Brushless DC Motor
• Load capacity: 100kg
• Battery type: Lead-acid battery
• Battery capacity: 60V 20AH
• Weight: w/o battery 47kg

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How does tinder make money?

Essential information regarding how do dating apps make money and how does tinder make money. Moreover, we present unique ways to make money through dating apps.

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How to start an electric scooter facility/fleet in a university campus/IT park

Are you leading an organization that has a large campus, e.g., a large university? You are probably thinking of introducing an electric scooter/bicycle fleet on the campus, and why wouldn’t you?

Introducing micro-mobility in your campus with the help of such a fleet would help the people on the campus significantly. People would save money since they don’t need to use a car for a short distance. Your campus will see a drastic reduction in congestion, moreover, its carbon footprint will reduce.

Micro-mobility is relatively new though and you would need help. You would need to select an appropriate fleet of vehicles. The people on your campus would need to find electric scooters or electric bikes for commuting, and you need to provide a solution for this.

To be more specific, you need a short-term electric bike rental app. With such an app, you will be able to easily offer micro-mobility to the people on the campus. We at Devathon have built Autorent exactly for this.

What does Autorent do and how can it help you? How does it enable you to introduce micro-mobility on your campus? We explain these in this article, however, we will touch upon a few basics first.

Micro-mobility: What it is

You are probably thinking about micro-mobility relatively recently, aren’t you? A few relevant insights about it could help you to better appreciate its importance.

Micro-mobility is a new trend in transportation, and it uses vehicles that are considerably smaller than cars. Electric scooters (e-scooters) and electric bikes (e-bikes) are the most popular forms of micro-mobility, however, there are also e-unicycles and e-skateboards.

You might have already seen e-scooters, which are kick scooters that come with a motor. Thanks to its motor, an e-scooter can achieve a speed of up to 20 km/h. On the other hand, e-bikes are popular in China and Japan, and they come with a motor, and you can reach a speed of 40 km/h.

You obviously can’t use these vehicles for very long commutes, however, what if you need to travel a short distance? Even if you have a reasonable public transport facility in the city, it might not cover the route you need to take. Take the example of a large university campus. Such a campus is often at a considerable distance from the central business district of the city where it’s located. While public transport facilities may serve the central business district, they wouldn’t serve this large campus. Currently, many people drive their cars even for short distances.

As you know, that brings its own set of challenges. Vehicular traffic adds significantly to pollution, moreover, finding a parking spot can be hard in crowded urban districts.

Well, you can reduce your carbon footprint if you use an electric car. However, electric cars are still new, and many countries are still building the necessary infrastructure for them. Your large campus might not have the necessary infrastructure for them either. Presently, electric cars don’t represent a viable option in most geographies.

As a result, you need to buy and maintain a car even if your commute is short. In addition to dealing with parking problems, you need to spend significantly on your car.

All of these factors have combined to make people sit up and think seriously about cars. Many people are now seriously considering whether a car is really the best option even if they have to commute only a short distance.

This is where micro-mobility enters the picture. When you commute a short distance regularly, e-scooters or e-bikes are viable options. You limit your carbon footprints and you cut costs!

Businesses have seen this shift in thinking, and e-scooter companies like Lime and Bird have entered this field in a big way. They let you rent e-scooters by the minute. On the other hand, start-ups like Jump and Lyft have entered the e-bike market.

Think of your campus now! The people there might need to travel short distances within the campus, and e-scooters can really help them.

How micro-mobility can benefit you

What advantages can you get from micro-mobility? Let’s take a deeper look into this question.

Micro-mobility can offer several advantages to the people on your campus, e.g.:

• Affordability: Shared e-scooters are cheaper than other mass transportation options. Remember that the people on your campus will use them on a shared basis, and they will pay for their short commutes only. Well, depending on your operating model, you might even let them use shared e-scooters or e-bikes for free!
• Convenience: Users don’t need to worry about finding parking spots for shared e-scooters since these are small. They can easily travel from point A to point B on your campus with the help of these e-scooters.
• Environmentally sustainable: Shared e-scooters reduce the carbon footprint, moreover, they decongest the roads. Statistics from the pilot programs in cities like Portland and Denver showimpressive gains around this key aspect.
• Safety: This one’s obvious, isn’t it? When people on your campus use small e-scooters or e-bikes instead of cars, the problem of overspeeding will disappear. you will see fewer accidents.

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How Much Does it Cost to Make a Mobile App in 2020?

How much does it cost to create an app in 2020? This question is among the initial ones that are being asked when any mobile app development project starts.

It’s predicted that by 2021, around 7 billion mobile users will be there worldwide and by 2022, the yearly downloads of mobile apps are expected to touch 258 billion.

The majority of quality mobile app development costs among $5,000 to $1,00,000. If you want a mobile app created with excellent design, better mobile app development, and skillful marketing then it will cost within that range.

App cost affecting factors are below:

• The cost of internal vs. external app development resources
• Choosing App Platforms (Android & iOS)
• Native vs. cross-platform app development costs
• The app backend & API development costs
• The cost of third-party app integrations
• Using Animations features
• Localization
• Who will build up your mobile app (Agency or Freelancer)?
• App complexity

As we have seen the app cost affecting factors all those factors increase your mobile app development cost.

Comparison of App Development Cost: Global Consultancies vs. Agencies vs. Small Shops

Amongst the largest app-focused businesses, owned by main companies, won’t even give you time to meet them if your budget is less than $90,000. Any big size mobile app development company USA minimum charge $4,00,000 or more.

Takeaway Points

• Mobile Apps that are built for a tablet or smartphone, having a complex user interface, need a larger backend and it can cost anywhere about $20,000 to $1,00,000.
• Mobile Apps built by global mobile app development companies cost $1,50,000 and more.
• Mobile Apps created by creative agencies cost around $15,000 to $2,00,000.
• Mobile Apps built by a smaller agency, possibly having only 2 to 3 people, cost around $25,000 to $100,000.

Mobile App Development Hourly Cost by location

Choosing a location to create an application is a big factor because the cost of creating an app is different from a location. Every country has own app development and creating app cost. Let’s clear this confusion by the below figures from the different country’s costs.

• North America: $150 - $168
• UK: $60 - &70
• Australia: $100 - $110
• Eastern Europe: $30 - $40
• India: $20 - $30

The above figure shows us that all county has it’s app creating and development cost. So choosing the location is the main factor.

How to find out the total building app cost: (Formula)

If you thinking about the total cost of application and want to estimate creating app cost then using the below formula you can find it easily.

AppCost = DevelopmentTime∗HourlyRate

What Type of Mobile App you want:

As per the survey, the cost of a mobile app depends on what type of mobile app you are creating like Chatting app, Travel app, Business app, E-commerce app, etc. because every category app has different features.

In general, clients are charged for app development services based on the following options:

• Fixed App Cost - A payment that implies the cost charged for a specific timeline. This may work well for smaller projects, especially those with a clear and well-defined scope of work. The advantage of this option is that the app development cost is affirmed with the client before development starts.
• Time & material - a pricing structure that is determined by the time and materials needed for a project and thus is typically calculated based on an hourly rate. This approach provides flexibility during the app development process and fits more complex and ongoing projects.

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