Top 5 JavaScript Libraries to Create an Organizational Chart

In this article, we’ll review five JavaScript libraries that allow you to create online organizational charts. To make this info useful for different categories of readers, we’ve gathered together libraries with different functionality and pricing policy. To help you decide whether one of them is worthy of your attention or not, we’ll take a look at the main features and check if the documentation is user-friendly.

Here are five options with a range of capabilities, customizations, and price points to begin building your organizational chart.

DHTMLX Diagram Library
Rappid Diagramming Framework
yFiles for HTML
Google Charts
GetOrgChart

DHTMLX Diagram Library

The DHTMLX diagram library allows creating easily configurable graphs for visualization of hierarchical data. Starting from version 2.0, besides org charts, you can create almost any type of hierarchical diagrams. You can choose from organizational charts, block and network diagrams, hierarchical diagrams, mind maps and other types of diagrams.

The library has an exporting feature. You can export your diagram to a PDF or PNG file. The edit mode gives an opportunity to make changes on-the-fly without messing with the source code. An interactive interface of the editor supports drag-and-drop and permits you to change each item of your diagram. You can drag diagram items with your mouse and set the size and position property of an item via the editor. Diagram nodes can contain text, custom HTML and SVG elements as well as images. You can use custom CSS styles to create a unique style for your diagram. Zooming and scrolling features will be useful in case if you work with diagrams containing a big number of items. To show the structure of an organization compactly, you can use the vertical mode.

The documentation page will appeal both to beginners and experienced developers. A well-written beginner’s guide contains the source code with explanations. A bunch of guides will help with further configuration, so you’ll be able to create a diagram that better suits your needs. At the moment, there are two types of licenses available. theCommercial license for the team of five or fewer developers will cost you $149, while an enterprise license will cost $399 per company.

Rappid Diagramming Framework

Rappid is a framework that allows developing online apps for creating different types of diagrams. With this tool, you can provide users with an access to interactive flowcharts, diagrams, and graphs. The UI of Rappid-based apps is fully customizable, so you can achieve the desired user experience and create appearance according to the style of your site. Rappid can be integrated with any online application and works well with any back-end technology.

This framework is designed to create Business Process Management tools, org charts, floor planners, and many other visualizations. If there is any data that can be visualized in 2D with the use of HTML5 and SVG, Rappid is the tool to get the job done. It’s compatible with major JavaScript frameworks such as jQuery, Angular, React, and Backbone.js. Also, this framework supports mobile devices, what enables you to create apps for tablets and smartphones.

Rappid provides developers with a wide variety of plugins to make complex visualization apps. Configurable control panels help you keep important tools close at hand. You can export your diagrams to JSON, PNG, JPEG, or SVG formats. There’s an option to change the layout of graph elements into a tree or grid, for example. You can add different types of charts to your diagram. These and many other plugins expand the functionality of Rappid-based applications.

You can check the demo page and a bunch of detailed tutorials, which provide info on the main features of Rappid and contains source code along with explanations. Rappid is a decent choice for those who are going to create an online visualization app that will meet the needs of the most demanding users. The standard support package will cost you 1500 Euros for a single developer, and the premium support package that includes extended support will cost 2500 Euros.

yFiles for HTML

yFiles for HTML enables you to add diagrams to your HTML5 web applications. This library provides different UI components for drawing and viewing editable graphs and diagrams. You can create client-side applications that don’t require any plugins or server components. However, if needed you can use server components based on Java or .NET for automatic layout or if you’re dealing with computationally-intensive tasks. It’s a pure JavaScript tool which works with major frameworks such as Angular and React. It supports the latest ECMAScript 6 features and permits the usage of TypeScript bindings.

The demo page demonstrates possibilities of this library. Almost every type of diagram, from mindmap to Sankey diagram, can be created with yFiles for HTML. The documentation page is pretty exhaustive and contains a step-by-step guide along with an API reference. yFiles for HTML has the most flexible pricing. You can choose a license for a single developer, for a team of 3 developers or for big teams consisting of more than four developers. The pricing starts from $11,900.00 and mounts up depending on the options you choose: license for a single app or for multiple apps, the number of domains that will be used, and other important aspects.

Google Charts

The organization chart is one of the chart types that you can create with Google Charts. Google charts is a set of simple yet powerful tools. There’s a rich gallery of charts to choose from. All charts are fully configurable what makes it easy to create a unique look and feel for your apps. Google Charts can work in all modern browsers and support all modern platforms with no need to install any plugins. It’s a free tool, so if you want to save your money and use the same chart tools as Google uses, this option will be a good choice for you.

GetOrgChart

GetOrgChart is designed for making neat flowcharts using HTML5, CSS, and JavaScript. Using server-side components, developers can implement a specially crafted editing interface. To create unique appearance for your app, you can make use of a set of default skins and color palettes or make your own set. If your users work with big diagrams, a search field which allows finding a particular item will serve as a handful tool. Also, there’s a table mode in which raw data can be displayed without any visual elements.

The edit mode makes it easy to create and edit diagram items. All you have to do is type a name, title, some additional info, and GetOrgChart will build your diagram automatically. If you work with a big data set, you can collapse your diagram leaving only the part you’re working with. GetOrgChart has a zooming feature and enables navigation between items with navigation buttons. One of the best things about GetOrgChart is that it doesn’t require any special programming skills due to simple configuration syntax.

**GetOrgChart **is quite a minimalist tool judging by its demo page. If all you need from a library is a simple and easy-to-use org chart, it’ll be a decent choice. The documentation page is not very detailed and doesn’t contain any step-by-step guides. All you can get is an API reference. The good news is that **GetOrgChart **is the most affordable option among the libraries we’ve discussed (besides free Google Charts). You can use it for free for non-commercial projects, while the price of commercial license starts from 99$.

Conclusion

The choice of libraries for making org charts turns out to be really wide. Depending on your needs and, of course, your budget you can pick free and simple tools or more complicated and costly ones. You can try Google Charts absolutely for free and check if its functionality covers your needs. You might also like to choose GetOrgChart as a free tool for non-commercial projects. It can’t boast a detailed documentation page, yet it’s quite easy-to-use even if you don’t possess special programming skills. DHTMLX diagram library has moderate prices and provides a wide range of diagrams as well as some nice features for more elaborate charts with custom CSS. Rappid might be useful for creating apps for mobile devices at a reasonable price as well. yFiles allows creating almost any type of diagrams, however, the pricing is quite expensive. So it’s only left to choose the most suitable option for your purpose.

#javascript #programming #webdev

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Top 5 JavaScript Libraries to Create an Organizational Chart

Easter Deckow

1655630160

PyTumblr: A Python Tumblr API v2 Client

PyTumblr

Installation

Install via pip:

$ pip install pytumblr

Install from source:

$ git clone https://github.com/tumblr/pytumblr.git
$ cd pytumblr
$ python setup.py install

Usage

Create a client

A pytumblr.TumblrRestClient is the object you'll make all of your calls to the Tumblr API through. Creating one is this easy:

client = pytumblr.TumblrRestClient(
    '<consumer_key>',
    '<consumer_secret>',
    '<oauth_token>',
    '<oauth_secret>',
)

client.info() # Grabs the current user information

Two easy ways to get your credentials to are:

The built-in interactive_console.py tool (if you already have a consumer key & secret)
The Tumblr API console at https://api.tumblr.com/console
Get sample login code at https://api.tumblr.com/console/calls/user/info

Supported Methods

User Methods

client.info() # get information about the authenticating user
client.dashboard() # get the dashboard for the authenticating user
client.likes() # get the likes for the authenticating user
client.following() # get the blogs followed by the authenticating user

client.follow('codingjester.tumblr.com') # follow a blog
client.unfollow('codingjester.tumblr.com') # unfollow a blog

client.like(id, reblogkey) # like a post
client.unlike(id, reblogkey) # unlike a post

Blog Methods

client.blog_info(blogName) # get information about a blog
client.posts(blogName, **params) # get posts for a blog
client.avatar(blogName) # get the avatar for a blog
client.blog_likes(blogName) # get the likes on a blog
client.followers(blogName) # get the followers of a blog
client.blog_following(blogName) # get the publicly exposed blogs that [blogName] follows
client.queue(blogName) # get the queue for a given blog
client.submission(blogName) # get the submissions for a given blog

Post Methods

Creating posts

PyTumblr lets you create all of the various types that Tumblr supports. When using these types there are a few defaults that are able to be used with any post type.

The default supported types are described below.

state - a string, the state of the post. Supported types are published, draft, queue, private
tags - a list, a list of strings that you want tagged on the post. eg: ["testing", "magic", "1"]
tweet - a string, the string of the customized tweet you want. eg: "Man I love my mega awesome post!"
date - a string, the customized GMT that you want
format - a string, the format that your post is in. Support types are html or markdown
slug - a string, the slug for the url of the post you want

We'll show examples throughout of these default examples while showcasing all the specific post types.

Creating a photo post

Creating a photo post supports a bunch of different options plus the described default options * caption - a string, the user supplied caption * link - a string, the "click-through" url for the photo * source - a string, the url for the photo you want to use (use this or the data parameter) * data - a list or string, a list of filepaths or a single file path for multipart file upload

#Creates a photo post using a source URL
client.create_photo(blogName, state="published", tags=["testing", "ok"],
                    source="https://68.media.tumblr.com/b965fbb2e501610a29d80ffb6fb3e1ad/tumblr_n55vdeTse11rn1906o1_500.jpg")

#Creates a photo post using a local filepath
client.create_photo(blogName, state="queue", tags=["testing", "ok"],
                    tweet="Woah this is an incredible sweet post [URL]",
                    data="/Users/johnb/path/to/my/image.jpg")

#Creates a photoset post using several local filepaths
client.create_photo(blogName, state="draft", tags=["jb is cool"], format="markdown",
                    data=["/Users/johnb/path/to/my/image.jpg", "/Users/johnb/Pictures/kittens.jpg"],
                    caption="## Mega sweet kittens")

Creating a text post

Creating a text post supports the same options as default and just a two other parameters * title - a string, the optional title for the post. Supports markdown or html * body - a string, the body of the of the post. Supports markdown or html

#Creating a text post
client.create_text(blogName, state="published", slug="testing-text-posts", title="Testing", body="testing1 2 3 4")

Creating a quote post

Creating a quote post supports the same options as default and two other parameter * quote - a string, the full text of the qote. Supports markdown or html * source - a string, the cited source. HTML supported

#Creating a quote post
client.create_quote(blogName, state="queue", quote="I am the Walrus", source="Ringo")

Creating a link post

title - a string, the title of post that you want. Supports HTML entities.
url - a string, the url that you want to create a link post for.
description - a string, the desciption of the link that you have

#Create a link post
client.create_link(blogName, title="I like to search things, you should too.", url="https://duckduckgo.com",
                   description="Search is pretty cool when a duck does it.")

Creating a chat post

Creating a chat post supports the same options as default and two other parameters * title - a string, the title of the chat post * conversation - a string, the text of the conversation/chat, with diablog labels (no html)

#Create a chat post
chat = """John: Testing can be fun!
Renee: Testing is tedious and so are you.
John: Aw.
"""
client.create_chat(blogName, title="Renee just doesn't understand.", conversation=chat, tags=["renee", "testing"])

Creating an audio post

Creating an audio post allows for all default options and a has 3 other parameters. The only thing to keep in mind while dealing with audio posts is to make sure that you use the external_url parameter or data. You cannot use both at the same time. * caption - a string, the caption for your post * external_url - a string, the url of the site that hosts the audio file * data - a string, the filepath of the audio file you want to upload to Tumblr

#Creating an audio file
client.create_audio(blogName, caption="Rock out.", data="/Users/johnb/Music/my/new/sweet/album.mp3")

#lets use soundcloud!
client.create_audio(blogName, caption="Mega rock out.", external_url="https://soundcloud.com/skrillex/sets/recess")

Creating a video post

Creating a video post allows for all default options and has three other options. Like the other post types, it has some restrictions. You cannot use the embed and data parameters at the same time. * caption - a string, the caption for your post * embed - a string, the HTML embed code for the video * data - a string, the path of the file you want to upload

#Creating an upload from YouTube
client.create_video(blogName, caption="Jon Snow. Mega ridiculous sword.",
                    embed="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=40pUYLacrj4")

#Creating a video post from local file
client.create_video(blogName, caption="testing", data="/Users/johnb/testing/ok/blah.mov")

Editing a post

Updating a post requires you knowing what type a post you're updating. You'll be able to supply to the post any of the options given above for updates.

client.edit_post(blogName, id=post_id, type="text", title="Updated")
client.edit_post(blogName, id=post_id, type="photo", data="/Users/johnb/mega/awesome.jpg")

Reblogging a Post

Reblogging a post just requires knowing the post id and the reblog key, which is supplied in the JSON of any post object.

client.reblog(blogName, id=125356, reblog_key="reblog_key")

Deleting a post

Deleting just requires that you own the post and have the post id

client.delete_post(blogName, 123456) # Deletes your post :(

A note on tags: When passing tags, as params, please pass them as a list (not a comma-separated string):

client.create_text(blogName, tags=['hello', 'world'], ...)

Getting notes for a post

In order to get the notes for a post, you need to have the post id and the blog that it is on.

data = client.notes(blogName, id='123456')

The results include a timestamp you can use to make future calls.

data = client.notes(blogName, id='123456', before_timestamp=data["_links"]["next"]["query_params"]["before_timestamp"])

Tagged Methods

# get posts with a given tag
client.tagged(tag, **params)

Using the interactive console

This client comes with a nice interactive console to run you through the OAuth process, grab your tokens (and store them for future use).

You'll need pyyaml installed to run it, but then it's just:

$ python interactive-console.py

and away you go! Tokens are stored in ~/.tumblr and are also shared by other Tumblr API clients like the Ruby client.

Running tests

The tests (and coverage reports) are run with nose, like this:

python setup.py test

Author: tumblr
Source Code: https://github.com/tumblr/pytumblr
License: Apache-2.0 license

#python #api

Mya Lynch

1598065860

Top 5 JavaScript Libraries to Create an Organizational Chart

DHTMLX Diagram Library

The DHTMLX diagram library allows creating easily configurable graphs for visualization of hierarchical data. Besides org charts, you can create almost any type of hierarchical diagrams. You can choose from organizational charts, flowcharts, block and network diagrams, decision trees, mind maps, UML Class diagrams, mixed diagrams, and any other types of diagrams. This variety of diagrams can be generated using a built-in set of shapes or with the help of custom shapes.

You can set up any diagram shape you need with text, icons, images, and any other custom content via templates in a few lines of code. All these parameters can be later changed from the UI via the sidebar options in the editor.

Top 9 JavaScript Charting Libraries

The edit mode gives an opportunity to make changes on-the-fly without messing with the source code. An interactive interface of the editor supports drag-and-drop and permits you to change each item of your diagram. You can drag diagram items with your mouse and set the size and position property of an item via the editor. The multiselection feature can help to speed up your work in the editor, as it enables you to manipulate several shapes.

The library has an exporting feature. You can export your diagram to a PDF, PNG, or JSON format. Zooming and scrolling options will be useful in case you work with diagrams containing a big number of items. There is also a search feature that helps you to quickly find the necessary shape and make your work with complex diagrams even more convenient by expanding and collapsing shapes when necessary. To show the structure of an organization compactly, you can use the vertical mode.

The documentation page will appeal both to beginners and experienced developers. A well-written beginner’s guide contains the source code with explanations. A bunch of guides will help with further configuration, so you’ll be able to create a diagram that better suits your needs. At the moment, there are three types of licenses available. The commercial license for the team of five or fewer developers costs $599, the enterprise license goes for $1299 per company, and the ultimate license has a price tag of $2899.

#javascript #web dev #data visualization #libraries #web app development #front end development #javascript libraries #org chart creator

Tamale Moses

1669003576

Exploring Mutable and Immutable in Python

In this Python article, let's learn about Mutable and Immutable in Python.

Mutable and Immutable in Python

Mutable is a fancy way of saying that the internal state of the object is changed/mutated. So, the simplest definition is: An object whose internal state can be changed is mutable. On the other hand, immutable doesn’t allow any change in the object once it has been created.

Both of these states are integral to Python data structure. If you want to become more knowledgeable in the entire Python Data Structure, take this free course which covers multiple data structures in Python including tuple data structure which is immutable. You will also receive a certificate on completion which is sure to add value to your portfolio.

Mutable Definition

Mutable is when something is changeable or has the ability to change. In Python, ‘mutable’ is the ability of objects to change their values. These are often the objects that store a collection of data.

Immutable Definition

Immutable is the when no change is possible over time. In Python, if the value of an object cannot be changed over time, then it is known as immutable. Once created, the value of these objects is permanent.

List of Mutable and Immutable objects

Objects of built-in type that are mutable are:

Lists
Sets
Dictionaries
User-Defined Classes (It purely depends upon the user to define the characteristics)

Objects of built-in type that are immutable are:

Numbers (Integer, Rational, Float, Decimal, Complex & Booleans)
Strings
Tuples
Frozen Sets
User-Defined Classes (It purely depends upon the user to define the characteristics)

Object mutability is one of the characteristics that makes Python a dynamically typed language. Though Mutable and Immutable in Python is a very basic concept, it can at times be a little confusing due to the intransitive nature of immutability.

Objects in Python

In Python, everything is treated as an object. Every object has these three attributes:

Identity – This refers to the address that the object refers to in the computer’s memory.
Type – This refers to the kind of object that is created. For example- integer, list, string etc.
Value – This refers to the value stored by the object. For example – List=[1,2,3] would hold the numbers 1,2 and 3

While ID and Type cannot be changed once it’s created, values can be changed for Mutable objects.

Check out this free python certificate course to get started with Python.

Mutable Objects in Python

I believe, rather than diving deep into the theory aspects of mutable and immutable in Python, a simple code would be the best way to depict what it means in Python. Hence, let us discuss the below code step-by-step:

#Creating a list which contains name of Indian cities

cities = [‘Delhi’, ‘Mumbai’, ‘Kolkata’]

# Printing the elements from the list cities, separated by a comma & space

for city in cities:
		print(city, end=’, ’)

Output [1]: Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata

#Printing the location of the object created in the memory address in hexadecimal format

print(hex(id(cities)))

Output [2]: 0x1691d7de8c8

#Adding a new city to the list cities

cities.append(‘Chennai’)

#Printing the elements from the list cities, separated by a comma & space

for city in cities:
	print(city, end=’, ’)

Output [3]: Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai

#Printing the location of the object created in the memory address in hexadecimal format

print(hex(id(cities)))

Output [4]: 0x1691d7de8c8

The above example shows us that we were able to change the internal state of the object ‘cities’ by adding one more city ‘Chennai’ to it, yet, the memory address of the object did not change. This confirms that we did not create a new object, rather, the same object was changed or mutated. Hence, we can say that the object which is a type of list with reference variable name ‘cities’ is a MUTABLE OBJECT.

Let us now discuss the term IMMUTABLE. Considering that we understood what mutable stands for, it is obvious that the definition of immutable will have ‘NOT’ included in it. Here is the simplest definition of immutable– An object whose internal state can NOT be changed is IMMUTABLE.

Again, if you try and concentrate on different error messages, you have encountered, thrown by the respective IDE; you use you would be able to identify the immutable objects in Python. For instance, consider the below code & associated error message with it, while trying to change the value of a Tuple at index 0.

#Creating a Tuple with variable name ‘foo’

foo = (1, 2)

#Changing the index[0] value from 1 to 3

foo[0] = 3
	
TypeError: 'tuple' object does not support item assignment

Immutable Objects in Python

Once again, a simple code would be the best way to depict what immutable stands for. Hence, let us discuss the below code step-by-step:

#Creating a Tuple which contains English name of weekdays

weekdays = ‘Sunday’, ‘Monday’, ‘Tuesday’, ‘Wednesday’, ‘Thursday’, ‘Friday’, ‘Saturday’

# Printing the elements of tuple weekdays

print(weekdays)

Output [1]:  (‘Sunday’, ‘Monday’, ‘Tuesday’, ‘Wednesday’, ‘Thursday’, ‘Friday’, ‘Saturday’)

#Printing the location of the object created in the memory address in hexadecimal format

print(hex(id(weekdays)))

Output [2]: 0x1691cc35090

#tuples are immutable, so you cannot add new elements, hence, using merge of tuples with the # + operator to add a new imaginary day in the tuple ‘weekdays’

weekdays  +=  ‘Pythonday’,

#Printing the elements of tuple weekdays

print(weekdays)

Output [3]: (‘Sunday’, ‘Monday’, ‘Tuesday’, ‘Wednesday’, ‘Thursday’, ‘Friday’, ‘Saturday’, ‘Pythonday’)

#Printing the location of the object created in the memory address in hexadecimal format

print(hex(id(weekdays)))

Output [4]: 0x1691cc8ad68

This above example shows that we were able to use the same variable name that is referencing an object which is a type of tuple with seven elements in it. However, the ID or the memory location of the old & new tuple is not the same. We were not able to change the internal state of the object ‘weekdays’. The Python program manager created a new object in the memory address and the variable name ‘weekdays’ started referencing the new object with eight elements in it. Hence, we can say that the object which is a type of tuple with reference variable name ‘weekdays’ is an IMMUTABLE OBJECT.

Also Read: Understanding the Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) in Python

Where can you use mutable and immutable objects:

Mutable objects can be used where you want to allow for any updates. For example, you have a list of employee names in your organizations, and that needs to be updated every time a new member is hired. You can create a mutable list, and it can be updated easily.

Immutability offers a lot of useful applications to different sensitive tasks we do in a network centred environment where we allow for parallel processing. By creating immutable objects, you seal the values and ensure that no threads can invoke overwrite/update to your data. This is also useful in situations where you would like to write a piece of code that cannot be modified. For example, a debug code that attempts to find the value of an immutable object.

Watch outs: Non transitive nature of Immutability:

OK! Now we do understand what mutable & immutable objects in Python are. Let’s go ahead and discuss the combination of these two and explore the possibilities. Let’s discuss, as to how will it behave if you have an immutable object which contains the mutable object(s)? Or vice versa? Let us again use a code to understand this behaviour–

#creating a tuple (immutable object) which contains 2 lists(mutable) as it’s elements

#The elements (lists) contains the name, age & gender

person = (['Ayaan', 5, 'Male'], ['Aaradhya', 8, 'Female'])

#printing the tuple

print(person)

Output [1]: (['Ayaan', 5, 'Male'], ['Aaradhya', 8, 'Female'])

#printing the location of the object created in the memory address in hexadecimal format

print(hex(id(person)))

Output [2]: 0x1691ef47f88

#Changing the age for the 1st element. Selecting 1st element of tuple by using indexing [0] then 2nd element of the list by using indexing [1] and assigning a new value for age as 4

person[0][1] = 4

#printing the updated tuple

print(person)

Output [3]: (['Ayaan', 4, 'Male'], ['Aaradhya', 8, 'Female'])

#printing the location of the object created in the memory address in hexadecimal format

print(hex(id(person)))

Output [4]: 0x1691ef47f88

In the above code, you can see that the object ‘person’ is immutable since it is a type of tuple. However, it has two lists as it’s elements, and we can change the state of lists (lists being mutable). So, here we did not change the object reference inside the Tuple, but the referenced object was mutated.

Also Read: Real-Time Object Detection Using TensorFlow

Same way, let’s explore how it will behave if you have a mutable object which contains an immutable object? Let us again use a code to understand the behaviour–

#creating a list (mutable object) which contains tuples(immutable) as it’s elements

list1 = [(1, 2, 3), (4, 5, 6)]

#printing the list

print(list1)

Output [1]: [(1, 2, 3), (4, 5, 6)]

#printing the location of the object created in the memory address in hexadecimal format

print(hex(id(list1)))

Output [2]: 0x1691d5b13c8

#changing object reference at index 0

list1[0] = (7, 8, 9)

#printing the list

Output [3]: [(7, 8, 9), (4, 5, 6)]

#printing the location of the object created in the memory address in hexadecimal format

print(hex(id(list1)))

Output [4]: 0x1691d5b13c8

As an individual, it completely depends upon you and your requirements as to what kind of data structure you would like to create with a combination of mutable & immutable objects. I hope that this information will help you while deciding the type of object you would like to select going forward.

Before I end our discussion on IMMUTABILITY, allow me to use the word ‘CAVITE’ when we discuss the String and Integers. There is an exception, and you may see some surprising results while checking the truthiness for immutability. For instance:
#creating an object of integer type with value 10 and reference variable name ‘x’

x = 10

#printing the value of ‘x’

print(x)

Output [1]: 10

#Printing the location of the object created in the memory address in hexadecimal format

print(hex(id(x)))

Output [2]: 0x538fb560

#creating an object of integer type with value 10 and reference variable name ‘y’

y = 10

#printing the value of ‘y’

print(y)

Output [3]: 10

#Printing the location of the object created in the memory address in hexadecimal format

print(hex(id(y)))

Output [4]: 0x538fb560

As per our discussion and understanding, so far, the memory address for x & y should have been different, since, 10 is an instance of Integer class which is immutable. However, as shown in the above code, it has the same memory address. This is not something that we expected. It seems that what we have understood and discussed, has an exception as well.

Quick check – Python Data Structures

Immutability of Tuple

Tuples are immutable and hence cannot have any changes in them once they are created in Python. This is because they support the same sequence operations as strings. We all know that strings are immutable. The index operator will select an element from a tuple just like in a string. Hence, they are immutable.

Exceptions in immutability

Like all, there are exceptions in the immutability in python too. Not all immutable objects are really mutable. This will lead to a lot of doubts in your mind. Let us just take an example to understand this.

Consider a tuple ‘tup’.

Now, if we consider tuple tup = (‘GreatLearning’,[4,3,1,2]) ;

We see that the tuple has elements of different data types. The first element here is a string which as we all know is immutable in nature. The second element is a list which we all know is mutable. Now, we all know that the tuple itself is an immutable data type. It cannot change its contents. But, the list inside it can change its contents. So, the value of the Immutable objects cannot be changed but its constituent objects can. change its value.

FAQs

1. Difference between mutable vs immutable in Python?

Mutable Object	Immutable Object
State of the object can be modified after it is created.	State of the object can’t be modified once it is created.
They are not thread safe.	They are thread safe
Mutable classes are not final.	It is important to make the class final before creating an immutable object.

2. What are the mutable and immutable data types in Python?

Some mutable data types in Python are:

list, dictionary, set, user-defined classes.

Some immutable data types are:

int, float, decimal, bool, string, tuple, range.

3. Are lists mutable in Python?

Lists in Python are mutable data types as the elements of the list can be modified, individual elements can be replaced, and the order of elements can be changed even after the list has been created.
(Examples related to lists have been discussed earlier in this blog.)

4. Why are tuples called immutable types?

Tuple and list data structures are very similar, but one big difference between the data types is that lists are mutable, whereas tuples are immutable. The reason for the tuple’s immutability is that once the elements are added to the tuple and the tuple has been created; it remains unchanged.

A programmer would always prefer building a code that can be reused instead of making the whole data object again. Still, even though tuples are immutable, like lists, they can contain any Python object, including mutable objects.

5. Are sets mutable in Python?

A set is an iterable unordered collection of data type which can be used to perform mathematical operations (like union, intersection, difference etc.). Every element in a set is unique and immutable, i.e. no duplicate values should be there, and the values can’t be changed. However, we can add or remove items from the set as the set itself is mutable.

6. Are strings mutable in Python?

Strings are not mutable in Python. Strings are a immutable data types which means that its value cannot be updated.

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Original article source at: https://www.mygreatlearning.com

#python

AppClues Infotech

1597311542

Top 5 Mobile App Development Companies in New York

New York is the best potential business hub for the technology and IT industry. Thousands of companies are established in New York for the mobile app development or technology industry. So, here quite a confusion is that how to choose the right company for your business amongst all the companies. No need to worry about it, We have found the most reliable and trustworthy mobile app development companies that are the top-tiers in New York. Before we share the companies list you need to know the benefits of mobile app development for your business.

Key Benefits of Mobile App Development:

· Improves Efficiency

· Offers High Scalability

· Secures Your App Data

· Integrates With Existing Software

· Easy to Maintain

· Improves Customer Relationship

· Facilitates New Client Data Retrieval

· Provides Real-time Project Access

Are you looking for top mobile app development companies in New York that help to create a custom mobile app as per your business requirements? Please go through these Top 5 mobile app development companies that provide exceptional development and design services for your business.

Top Mobile App Development Companies in New York:

1. AppCluesInfotech

AppClues Infotech is one of the leading mobile app development company based in New York that builds high-quality mobile apps. Being a versatile mobile app development company, they provide services on various platforms like Android, iOS, Cross-platform, Windows, etc. They are aware of the latest technologies and features of industry. They utilize them to create a user-engaging mobile app. They have the best team of designers and developers who are delivered a mobile app with high-quality and performance.

Founded In: 2014

Employees: 50 to 200 Members

Location: USA

Website: https://www.appcluesinfotech.com/

2. Data EximIT

Data EximIT is one of the leading mobile app development company in New York that provides top-notch and elegant mobile app development services with the latest market trends and functionalities at a competitive price. They have highly experienced mobile app designers and developers team who have the best strength of developing all types of a mobile app. They deliver a feature-rich mobile app for their clients that give the best business ROI.

Founded In: 2004

Employees: 50 to 150 Members

Location: USA & India

Website: https://www.dataeximit.com/

3. WebClues Infotech

WebClues Infotech is the most reliable & superior company that builds custom mobile apps to do things differently. They are the best mobile app development company in New York, USA and as well as globally with high proficiency. They have a highly experienced app developers team that has the best strength of work on multiple platforms like android, Cross-platform, and iOS.

They have successfully delivered 950+ mobile app projects effectively and on-time. Build your Robust, Secure, Scalable & High-performance mobile app with WebClues Infotech with creative & dynamic designs at an affordable price.

Founded In: 2014

Employees: 50 to 250 Members

Location: USA, INDIA, UAE, UK & CANADA

Website: https://www.webcluesinfotech.com/

4. AppClues Studio

AppClues Studio is a leading mobile app development company in New York, USA. The company is versatile in developing custom mobile app development solutions to its customers across the globe. With an experience of 8+ years in mobile app development, Utility is hyper-focused on Return on Investment (ROI) and building good relationships with partner companies. The company is worked with a start-up to large enterprises.

Founded In: 2014

Employees: 50 to 150 Members

Location: USA & UK

Website: https://appcluesstudio.com/

5. WebClues Global

WebClues Global is a prominent mobile application development company in New York, USA. They are one of the top-tier mobile app developers who deliver high-end Android mobile app solutions to their clients. The company operated with 100+ qualified developers who working in different domains to give the best solution for their development. WebClues Global offers various services including web and mobile design & development, E-Commerce Development, Ui/Ux Development.

Founded In: 2014

Employees: 50 to 150 Members

Location: USA, INDIA, UAE, UK & CANADA

Website: https://www.webcluesglobal.com/

#top 5 mobile app development companies in new york #top 5 mobile app development companies in usa #top mobile app development companies in new york #top mobile app development companies in usa #top 5 mobile app development companies

Lambert Goldner

1621061520

Top JavaScript Chart Libraries to Consider in 2021

You must know these top 10 JavaScript libraries before kickstarting your next project.

Table of Content

Introduction
What is a JavaScript Chart Library?
Top 10 JavaScript Chart Libraries of 2021
Conclusion

With the constant increase in data collection and its usage, the need to visualize this data as a chart or table has become more important for every organization. Developers have to combine various database records to create a dashboard and charts that everyone can easily interpret. But with chart libraries coming into the picture, data visualization has become better. Now there are libraries and plugins that provide interactive charts. To learn more about this, go through this blog and see which are the libraries you can consider having the best charting experiences.

What is a JavaScript Chart Library?

The JavaScript chart library is nothing but a database visualization library that enables the developers to provide a graphical representation of the company’s data and important information. By using the visual elements of the library like graphs, maps, and charts, one can get access to see and understand the patterns, outliers, and trends of the data.

Top 10 JavaScript Chart Libraries of 2021

Here is the list of top JavaScript chart libraries that help organizations multiple data visualization options

Top 5 JavaScript Libraries to Create an Organizational Chart

DHTMLX Diagram Library

Rappid Diagramming Framework

yFiles for HTML

Google Charts

GetOrgChart

Conclusion

What is GEEK

Buddha Community

PyTumblr: A Python Tumblr API v2 Client

PyTumblr

Installation

Usage

Create a client

Supported Methods

User Methods

Blog Methods

Post Methods

Tagged Methods

Using the interactive console

Running tests

Top 5 JavaScript Libraries to Create an Organizational Chart

DHTMLX Diagram Library

Exploring Mutable and Immutable in Python

Mutable and Immutable in Python

Mutable Definition

Immutable Definition

List of Mutable and Immutable objects

Objects in Python

Mutable Objects in Python

Immutable Objects in Python

Immutability of Tuple

Exceptions in immutability

FAQs

1. Difference between mutable vs immutable in Python?

2. What are the mutable and immutable data types in Python?

3. Are lists mutable in Python?

4. Why are tuples called immutable types?

5. Are sets mutable in Python?

6. Are strings mutable in Python?

Top 5 Mobile App Development Companies in New York

Top JavaScript Chart Libraries to Consider in 2021

What is a JavaScript Chart Library?

Top 10 JavaScript Chart Libraries of 2021

1. Dygraphs

2. NVD3.js

3. ChartJS

4. Google Charts

5. Vis.js

6. Billboard.js

7. ApexCharts.js

8. ToastUI

9. Frappe Charts

10. AmCharts