Learn to use if-else statements, for loops, and while loops to build complex conditional programs in R, a valuable skill for aspiring data scientists.
When we’re programming in R (or any other language, for that matter), we often want to control when and how particular parts of our code are executed. We can do that using control structures like if-else statements, for loops, and while loops.
Control structures are blocks of code that determine how other sections of code are executed based on specified parameters. You can think of these as a bit like the instructions a parent might give a child before leaving the house:
“If I’m not home by 8pm, make yourself dinner.”
Control structures set a condition and tell R what to do when that condition is met or not met. And unlike some kids, R will always do what we tell it to! You can learn more about control structures in the R documentation if you would like.
In this tutorial, we assume you’re familiar with basic data structures, and arithmetic operations in R.
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In order to use control structures, we need to create statements that will turn out to be either TRUE
or FALSE
. In the kids example above, the statement “It’s 8pm. Are my parents home yet?” yields TRUE
(“Yes”) or FALSE
(“No”). In R, the most fundamental way to evaluate something as TRUE
or FALSE
is through comparison operators.
Below are six essential comparison operators for working with control structures in R:
==
means equality. The statement x == a
framed as a question means “Does the value of x
equal the value of a
?”!=
means “not equal”. The statement x == b
means “Does the value of x
not equal the value of b
?”<
means “less than”. The statement x < c
means “Is the value of x
less than the value of c
?”<=
means “less than or equal”. The statement x <= d
means “Is the value of x
less or equal to the value of d
?”>
means “greater than”. The statement x >
e means “Is the value of x
greater than the value of e
?”>=
means “greater than or equal”. The statement x >= f
means “Is the value of x
greater than or equal to the value of f
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