1595758440
PageObject Pattern into App Integration Tests
Thanks my colleage, Kane Shih, to cooperate. This article and share the experience about PageObject on Android application.
PageObject Pattern is a well-known design pattern in the Web application UI automation testing proposed by Martin Fowler. It efficiently models the UI elements as objects and allows developers to manipulate them without digging in the implementation details. However, it is not common in mobile app development yet.
Maintaining the Android UI testing codes is a big challenge today. There are two main reasons: 1.) Writing UI tests takes time for the developers who are not familiar with the testing libraries. 2.) The production code frequently changes due to the rapid market change, which quickly makes UI testing codes outdated.
In this paper, we’ll introduce how we solve this problem by applying the PageObject Pattern, which makes our UI testing codes easy to understand and modify.
Introduce
App Integration Test
The UI test cases run on the physical devices or the emulators to simulate the user behaviors and secure a part of the user flow it covers. When an engineer modifies the production code and accidentally changes the UI’s action, the corresponding test cases should fail; this helps developers to discover issues at the early stage. UI tests are also helpful in simulating the edge cases, which make the production code more robust. As the modern Android UI becomes more complicated today, the importance of writing and maintaining UI tests has grown.
Espresso
Most of the Android developers write UI tests with the testing library Espresso, which was released and is supported by Google. Espresso is a game-changer, which makes UI tests easier than before. Below is a typical test code with Espresso:
onView(withId(R.id.my_view))
.perform(click())
.check(matches(isDisplayed()))
Although Espresso is very easy to use, the test code still deeply depends on the production UI implementation details. When a View instance which involves many test cases is changed, the developer will need to update them all at the same time. This could make maintaining UI tests become a nightmare.
PageObject Pattern
In PageObject Pattern, each page object may represent an entire page or a complicated UI component (in the mobile framework, the page means the Fragment of Android or the UIViewController of iOS). We can consider an essential element on the page as one object, rather than a whole page. It encapsulates the detailed mechanics of the actual UI components.
- Martin Fowler, PageObject
- Selenium, PageObjects
Architecture
Basic Page Class
First of all, we defined a basic Page class that all other page objects inherit. It has a minor function fun <reified T : Page> **on**(): T that generates the Page instance of the generic type. In this way, we can concatenate **Page.on**<{PageObject}>() at any time and determine what the current page object is, entirely based on the test operations.
Page.on() receives a generic type T and yields an actual instance of T. We use T::class.constructors._first_().call() to get generic constructors and peek the first one, generally the non-parameterized constructor, to create an instance of T.
The basic Page class also implements the fun back(): Page. By chaining with **Page.on**<{PageObject}>(), it’s easy to understand which page object should be after back.
import android.os.SystemClock
import androidx.test.espresso.Espresso
open class Page {
inline fun <reified T : Page> on(): T {
// reference: https://blog.kotlin-academy.com/creating-a-random-instance-of-any-class-in-kotlin-b6168655b64a
val page = T::class.constructors.first().call()
page.verify()
return page
}
open fun verify(): Page {
assert(false)
return this
}
fun back(): Page {
Espresso.pressBack()
return this
}
fun wait(milliseconds: Long): Page {
SystemClock.sleep(milliseconds)
return this
}
companion object {
inline fun <reified T : Page> on(): T {
return Page().on()
}
}
}
view raw
Page.kt hosted with ❤ by GitHub
Page Object Class
Every page object must inherit the basic Page class and override the function fun verify() to do their default verifications. For example, there is an ItemPage class that inherits the Page class and verifies whether R.id.productitem_name exists or not.
class ItemPage : Page() {
override fun verify(): Page {
Espresso.onView(withId(R.id.productitem_product_name))
.check(matches(withEffectiveVisibility(ViewMatchers.Visibility.VISIBLE)))
return this
}
fun withTitle(keyword: String): ItemPage {
Espresso.onView(withId(R.id.productitem_product_name))
.check(matches(ViewMatchers.withText(keyword)))
return this
}
}
view raw
ItemPage.kt hosted with ❤ by GitHub
A page object doesn’t have to represent an entire page. In the following sample, SearchBoxPage represents a child UI component inside DiscoveryPage that represents DiscoveryFragment.
@Test
fun testSearchById() {
Page.on<DiscoveryPage>()
.on<SearchBoxPage>()
.click()
.on<SearchViewPage>()
.searchKeyword(“7882691”)
.on<ItemPage>()
.withTitle(“A1NJ5J02”)
}
#functional-testing #function
What is GEEK
Buddha Community
1595494844
How to start an electric scooter facility/fleet in a university campus/IT park
Are you leading an organization that has a large campus, e.g., a large university? You are probably thinking of introducing an electric scooter/bicycle fleet on the campus, and why wouldn’t you?
Introducing micro-mobility in your campus with the help of such a fleet would help the people on the campus significantly. People would save money since they don’t need to use a car for a short distance. Your campus will see a drastic reduction in congestion, moreover, its carbon footprint will reduce.
Micro-mobility is relatively new though and you would need help. You would need to select an appropriate fleet of vehicles. The people on your campus would need to find electric scooters or electric bikes for commuting, and you need to provide a solution for this.
To be more specific, you need a short-term electric bike rental app. With such an app, you will be able to easily offer micro-mobility to the people on the campus. We at Devathon have built Autorent exactly for this.
What does Autorent do and how can it help you? How does it enable you to introduce micro-mobility on your campus? We explain these in this article, however, we will touch upon a few basics first.
Micro-mobility: What it is
You are probably thinking about micro-mobility relatively recently, aren’t you? A few relevant insights about it could help you to better appreciate its importance.
Micro-mobility is a new trend in transportation, and it uses vehicles that are considerably smaller than cars. Electric scooters (e-scooters) and electric bikes (e-bikes) are the most popular forms of micro-mobility, however, there are also e-unicycles and e-skateboards.
You might have already seen e-scooters, which are kick scooters that come with a motor. Thanks to its motor, an e-scooter can achieve a speed of up to 20 km/h. On the other hand, e-bikes are popular in China and Japan, and they come with a motor, and you can reach a speed of 40 km/h.
You obviously can’t use these vehicles for very long commutes, however, what if you need to travel a short distance? Even if you have a reasonable public transport facility in the city, it might not cover the route you need to take. Take the example of a large university campus. Such a campus is often at a considerable distance from the central business district of the city where it’s located. While public transport facilities may serve the central business district, they wouldn’t serve this large campus. Currently, many people drive their cars even for short distances.
As you know, that brings its own set of challenges. Vehicular traffic adds significantly to pollution, moreover, finding a parking spot can be hard in crowded urban districts.
Well, you can reduce your carbon footprint if you use an electric car. However, electric cars are still new, and many countries are still building the necessary infrastructure for them. Your large campus might not have the necessary infrastructure for them either. Presently, electric cars don’t represent a viable option in most geographies.
As a result, you need to buy and maintain a car even if your commute is short. In addition to dealing with parking problems, you need to spend significantly on your car.
All of these factors have combined to make people sit up and think seriously about cars. Many people are now seriously considering whether a car is really the best option even if they have to commute only a short distance.
This is where micro-mobility enters the picture. When you commute a short distance regularly, e-scooters or e-bikes are viable options. You limit your carbon footprints and you cut costs!
Businesses have seen this shift in thinking, and e-scooter companies like Lime and Bird have entered this field in a big way. They let you rent e-scooters by the minute. On the other hand, start-ups like Jump and Lyft have entered the e-bike market.
Think of your campus now! The people there might need to travel short distances within the campus, and e-scooters can really help them.
How micro-mobility can benefit you
What advantages can you get from micro-mobility? Let’s take a deeper look into this question.
Micro-mobility can offer several advantages to the people on your campus, e.g.:
- Affordability: Shared e-scooters are cheaper than other mass transportation options. Remember that the people on your campus will use them on a shared basis, and they will pay for their short commutes only. Well, depending on your operating model, you might even let them use shared e-scooters or e-bikes for free!
- Convenience: Users don’t need to worry about finding parking spots for shared e-scooters since these are small. They can easily travel from point A to point B on your campus with the help of these e-scooters.
- Environmentally sustainable: Shared e-scooters reduce the carbon footprint, moreover, they decongest the roads. Statistics from the pilot programs in cities like Portland and Denver showimpressive gains around this key aspect.
- Safety: This one’s obvious, isn’t it? When people on your campus use small e-scooters or e-bikes instead of cars, the problem of overspeeding will disappear. you will see fewer accidents.
#android app #autorent #ios app #mobile app development #app like bird #app like bounce #app like lime #autorent #bird scooter business model #bird scooter rental #bird scooter rental cost #bird scooter rental price #clone app like bird #clone app like bounce #clone app like lime #electric rental scooters #electric scooter company #electric scooter rental business #how do you start a moped #how to start a moped #how to start a scooter rental business #how to start an electric company #how to start electric scooterrental business #lime scooter business model #scooter franchise #scooter rental business #scooter rental business for sale #scooter rental business insurance #scooters franchise cost #white label app like bird #white label app like bounce #white label app like lime
1595491178
Best Electric Bikes and Scooters for Rental Business or Campus Facility
The electric scooter revolution has caught on super-fast taking many cities across the globe by storm. eScooters, a renovated version of old-school scooters now turned into electric vehicles are an environmentally friendly solution to current on-demand commute problems. They work on engines, like cars, enabling short traveling distances without hassle. The result is that these groundbreaking electric machines can now provide faster transport for less — cheaper than Uber and faster than Metro.
Since they are durable, fast, easy to operate and maintain, and are more convenient to park compared to four-wheelers, the eScooters trend has and continues to spike interest as a promising growth area. Several companies and universities are increasingly setting up shop to provide eScooter services realizing a would-be profitable business model and a ready customer base that is university students or residents in need of faster and cheap travel going about their business in school, town, and other surrounding areas.
Electric Scooters Trends and Statistics
In many countries including the U.S., Canada, Mexico, U.K., Germany, France, China, Japan, India, Brazil and Mexico and more, a growing number of eScooter users both locals and tourists can now be seen effortlessly passing lines of drivers stuck in the endless and unmoving traffic.
A recent report by McKinsey revealed that the E-Scooter industry will be worth― $200 billion to $300 billion in the United States, $100 billion to $150 billion in Europe, and $30 billion to $50 billion in China in 2030. The e-Scooter revenue model will also spike and is projected to rise by more than 20% amounting to approximately $5 billion.
And, with a necessity to move people away from high carbon prints, traffic and congestion issues brought about by car-centric transport systems in cities, more and more city planners are developing more bike/scooter lanes and adopting zero-emission plans. This is the force behind the booming electric scooter market and the numbers will only go higher and higher.
Companies that have taken advantage of the growing eScooter trend develop an appthat allows them to provide efficient eScooter services. Such an app enables them to be able to locate bike pick-up and drop points through fully integrated google maps.
List of Best Electric Bikes for Rental Business or Campus Facility 2020:
It’s clear that e scooters will increasingly become more common and the e-scooter business model will continue to grab the attention of manufacturers, investors, entrepreneurs. All this should go ahead with a quest to know what are some of the best electric bikes in the market especially for anyone who would want to get started in the electric bikes/scooters rental business.
We have done a comprehensive list of the best electric bikes! Each bike has been reviewed in depth and includes a full list of specs and a photo.
Billy eBike
https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/enkicycles/billy-were-redefining-joyrides
To start us off is the Billy eBike, a powerful go-anywhere urban electric bike that’s specially designed to offer an exciting ride like no other whether you want to ride to the grocery store, cafe, work or school. The Billy eBike comes in 4 color options – Billy Blue, Polished aluminium, Artic white, and Stealth black.
Price: $2490
Available countries
Available in the USA, Europe, Asia, South Africa and Australia.This item ships from the USA. Buyers are therefore responsible for any taxes and/or customs duties incurred once it arrives in your country.
Features
- Control – Ride with confidence with our ultra-wide BMX bars and a hyper-responsive twist throttle.
- Stealth- Ride like a ninja with our Gates carbon drive that’s as smooth as butter and maintenance-free.
- Drive – Ride further with our high torque fat bike motor, giving a better climbing performance.
- Accelerate – Ride quicker with our 20-inch lightweight cutout rims for improved acceleration.
- Customize – Ride your own way with 5 levels of power control. Each level determines power and speed.
- Flickable – Ride harder with our BMX /MotoX inspired geometry and lightweight aluminum package
Specifications
- Maximum speed: 20 mph (32 km/h)
- Range per charge: 41 miles (66 km)
- Maximum Power: 500W
- Motor type: Fat Bike Motor: Bafang RM G060.500.DC
- Load capacity: 300lbs (136kg)
- Battery type: 13.6Ah Samsung lithium-ion,
- Battery capacity: On/off-bike charging available
- Weight: w/o batt. 48.5lbs (22kg), w/ batt. 54lbs (24.5kg)
- Front Suspension: Fully adjustable air shock, preload/compression damping /lockout
- Rear Suspension: spring, preload adjustment
- Built-in GPS
Why Should You Buy This?
- Riding fun and excitement
- Better climbing ability and faster acceleration.
- Ride with confidence
- Billy folds for convenient storage and transportation.
- Shorty levers connect to disc brakes ensuring you stop on a dime
- belt drives are maintenance-free and clean (no oil or lubrication needed)
**Who Should Ride Billy? **
Both new and experienced riders
**Where to Buy? **Local distributors or ships from the USA.
Genze 200 series e-Bike
Featuring a sleek and lightweight aluminum frame design, the 200-Series ebike takes your riding experience to greater heights. Available in both black and white this ebike comes with a connected app, which allows you to plan activities, map distances and routes while also allowing connections with fellow riders.
Price: $2099.00
Available countries
The Genze 200 series e-Bike is available at GenZe retail locations across the U.S or online via GenZe.com website. Customers from outside the US can ship the product while incurring the relevant charges.
Features
- 2 Frame Options
- 2 Sizes
- Integrated/Removable Battery
- Throttle and Pedal Assist Ride Modes
- Integrated LCD Display
- Connected App
- 24 month warranty
- GPS navigation
- Bluetooth connectivity
Specifications
- Maximum speed: 20 mph with throttle
- Range per charge: 15-18 miles w/ throttle and 30-50 miles w/ pedal assist
- Charging time: 3.5 hours
- Motor type: Brushless Rear Hub Motor
- Gears: Microshift Thumb Shifter
- Battery type: Removable Samsung 36V, 9.6AH Li-Ion battery pack
- Battery capacity: 36V and 350 Wh
- Weight: 46 pounds
- Derailleur: 8-speed Shimano
- Brakes: Dual classic
- Wheels: 26 x 20 inches
- Frame: 16, and 18 inches
- Operating Mode: Analog mode 5 levels of Pedal Assist Throttle Mode
Norco from eBikestore
https://ebikestore.com/shop/norco-vlt-s2/
The Norco VLT S2 is a front suspension e-Bike with solid components alongside the reliable Bosch Performance Line Power systems that offer precise pedal assistance during any riding situation.
Price: $2,699.00
Available countries
This item is available via the various Norco bikes international distributors.
Features
- VLT aluminum frame- for stiffness and wheel security.
- Bosch e-bike system – for their reliability and performance.
- E-bike components – for added durability.
- Hydraulic disc brakes – offer riders more stopping power for safety and control at higher speeds.
- Practical design features – to add convenience and versatility.
Specifications
- Maximum speed: KMC X9 9spd
- Motor type: Bosch Active Line
- Gears: Shimano Altus RD-M2000, SGS, 9 Speed
- Battery type: Power Pack 400
- Battery capacity: 396Wh
- Suspension: SR Suntour suspension fork
- Frame: Norco VLT, Aluminum, 12x142mm TA Dropouts
Bodo EV
http://www.bodoevs.com/bodoev/products_show.asp?product_id=13
Manufactured by Bodo Vehicle Group Limited, the Bodo EV is specially designed for strong power and extraordinary long service to facilitate super amazing rides. The Bodo Vehicle Company is a striking top in electric vehicles brand field in China and across the globe. Their Bodo EV will no doubt provide your riders with high-level riding satisfaction owing to its high-quality design, strength, breaking stability and speed.
Price: $799
Available countries
This item ships from China with buyers bearing the shipping costs and other variables prior to delivery.
Features
- Reliable
- Environment friendly
- Comfortable riding
- Fashionable
- Economical
- Durable – long service life
- Braking stability
- LED lighting technology
Specifications
- Maximum speed: 45km/h
- Range per charge: 50km per person
- Charging time: 8 hours
- Maximum Power: 3000W
- Motor type: Brushless DC Motor
- Load capacity: 100kg
- Battery type: Lead-acid battery
- Battery capacity: 60V 20AH
- Weight: w/o battery 47kg
#android app #autorent #entrepreneurship #ios app #minimum viable product (mvp) #mobile app development #news #app like bird #app like bounce #app like lime #autorent #best electric bikes 2020 #best electric bikes for rental business #best electric kick scooters 2020 #best electric kickscooters for rental business #best electric scooters 2020 #best electric scooters for rental business #bird scooter business model #bird scooter rental #bird scooter rental cost #bird scooter rental price #clone app like bird #clone app like bounce #clone app like lime #electric rental scooters #electric scooter company #electric scooter rental business #how do you start a moped #how to start a moped #how to start a scooter rental business #how to start an electric company #how to start electric scooterrental business #lime scooter business model #scooter franchise #scooter rental business #scooter rental business for sale #scooter rental business insurance #scooters franchise cost #white label app like bird #white label app like bounce #white label app like lime
1595059664
How long does it take to develop/build an app?
With more of us using smartphones, the popularity of mobile applications has exploded. In the digital era, the number of people looking for products and services online is growing rapidly. Smartphone owners look for mobile applications that give them quick access to companies’ products and services. As a result, mobile apps provide customers with a lot of benefits in just one device.
Likewise, companies use mobile apps to increase customer loyalty and improve their services. Mobile Developers are in high demand as companies use apps not only to create brand awareness but also to gather information. For that reason, mobile apps are used as tools to collect valuable data from customers to help companies improve their offer.
There are many types of mobile applications, each with its own advantages. For example, native apps perform better, while web apps don’t need to be customized for the platform or operating system (OS). Likewise, hybrid apps provide users with comfortable user experience. However, you may be wondering how long it takes to develop an app.
To give you an idea of how long the app development process takes, here’s a short guide.
App Idea & Research
_Average time spent: two to five weeks _
This is the initial stage and a crucial step in setting the project in the right direction. In this stage, you brainstorm ideas and select the best one. Apart from that, you’ll need to do some research to see if your idea is viable. Remember that coming up with an idea is easy; the hard part is to make it a reality.
All your ideas may seem viable, but you still have to run some tests to keep it as real as possible. For that reason, when Web Developers are building a web app, they analyze the available ideas to see which one is the best match for the targeted audience.
Targeting the right audience is crucial when you are developing an app. It saves time when shaping the app in the right direction as you have a clear set of objectives. Likewise, analyzing how the app affects the market is essential. During the research process, App Developers must gather information about potential competitors and threats. This helps the app owners develop strategies to tackle difficulties that come up after the launch.
The research process can take several weeks, but it determines how successful your app can be. For that reason, you must take your time to know all the weaknesses and strengths of the competitors, possible app strategies, and targeted audience.
The outcomes of this stage are app prototypes and the minimum feasible product.
#android app #frontend #ios app #minimum viable product (mvp) #mobile app development #web development #android app development #app development #app development for ios and android #app development process #ios and android app development #ios app development #stages in app development
1620983255
Software Testing 101: Regression Tests, Unit Tests, Integration Tests
Automation and segregation can help you build better software
If you write automated tests and deliver them to the customer, he can make sure the software is working properly. And, at the end of the day, he paid for it.
Ok. We can segregate or separate the tests according to some criteria. For example, “white box” tests are used to measure the internal quality of the software, in addition to the expected results. They are very useful to know the percentage of lines of code executed, the cyclomatic complexity and several other software metrics. Unit tests are white box tests.
#testing #software testing #regression tests #unit tests #integration tests
1651634880
YuccaPrerenderBundle: Symfony2 Bundle to Use Prerender.io
Yucca/PrerenderBundle
Backbone, EmberJS, Angular and so more are your daily basis ? In case of an admin area, that's fine, but on your front office, you might encounter some SEO problems
Thanks to Prerender.io, you now can dynamically render your JavaScript pages in your server using PhantomJS.
This bundle is largely inspired by bakura10 work on zfr-prerender
Installation
Install the module by typing (or add it to your composer.json file):
$ php composer.phar require "yucca/prerender-bundle" "0.1.*@dev"
Register the bundle in app/AppKernel.php:
// app/AppKernel.php
public function registerBundles()
{
return array(
// ...
new Yucca\PrerenderBundle\YuccaPrerenderBundle(),
);
}
Enable the bundle's configuration in app/config/config.yml:
# app/config/config.yml
yucca_prerender: ~
Documentation
How it works
- Check to make sure we should show a prerendered page
- Check if the request is from a crawler (agent string)
- Check to make sure we aren't requesting a resource (js, css, etc...)
- (optional) Check to make sure the url is in the whitelist
- (optional) Check to make sure the url isn't in the blacklist
- Make a
GETrequest to the prerender service (PhantomJS server) for the page's prerendered HTML - Return that HTML to the crawler
Customization
This bundle comes with a sane default, extracted from prerender-node middleware, but you can easily customize it:
#app/config/config.yml
yucca_prerender:
....
Prerender URL
By default, YuccaPrerenderBundle uses the Prerender.io service deployed at http://prerender.herokuapp.com. However, you may want to deploy it on your own server. To that extent, you can customize YuccaPrerenderBundle to use your server using the following configuration:
#app/config/config.yml
yucca_prerender:
backend_url: http://localhost:3000
With this config, here is how YuccaPrerender will proxy the "https://google.com" request:
GET http://localhost:3000/https://google.com
Crawler user-agents
YuccaPrerender decides to pre-render based on the User-Agent string to check if a request comes from a bot or not. By default, those user agents are registered: 'baiduspider', 'facebookexternalhit', 'twitterbot'. Googlebot, Yahoo, and Bingbot should not be in this list because we support escaped_fragment instead of checking user agent for those crawlers. Your site must have to understand the '#!' ajax url notation.
You can add other User-Agent string to evaluate using this sample configuration:
#app/config/config.yml
yucca_prerender:
crawler_user_agents: ['yandex', 'msnbot']
Ignored extensions
YuccaPrerender is configured by default to ignore all the requests for resources with those extensions: .js, .css, .less, .png, .jpg, .jpeg, .gif, .pdf, .doc, .txt, .zip, .mp3, .rar, .exe, .wmv, .doc, .avi, .ppt, .mpg, .mpeg, .tif, .wav, .mov, .psd, .ai, .xls, .mp4, .m4a, .swf, .dat, .dmg, .iso, .flv, .m4v, .torrent . Those are never pre-rendered.
You can add your own extensions using this sample configuration:
#app/config/config.yml
yucca_prerender:
ignored_extensions: ['.less', '.pdf']
Whitelist
Whitelist a single url path or multiple url paths. Compares using regex, so be specific when possible. If a whitelist is supplied, only url's containing a whitelist path will be prerendered.
Here is a sample configuration that only pre-render URLs that contains "/users/":
#app/config/config.yml
yucca_prerender:
whitelist_urls: ['/users/*']
Note: remember to specify URL here and not Symfony2 route names.
Blacklist
Blacklist a single url path or multiple url paths. Compares using regex, so be specific when possible. If a blacklist is supplied, all url's will be pre-rendered except ones containing a blacklist part. Please note that if the referer is part of the blacklist, it won't be pre-rendered too.
Here is a sample configuration that prerender all URLs excepting the ones that contains "/users/":
#app/config/config.yml
yucca_prerender:
blacklist_urls: ['/users/*']
Note: remember to specify URL here and not Symfony22 route names.
Testing
If you want to make sure your pages are rendering correctly:
- Open the Developer Tools in Chrome (Cmd + Atl + J)
- Click the Settings gear in the bottom right corner.
- Click "Overrides" on the left side of the settings panel.
- Check the "User Agent" checkbox.
- Choose "Other..." from the User Agent dropdown.
- Type googlebot into the input box.
- Refresh the page (make sure to keep the developer tools open).
Thanks
- Thanks to bakura10 for the Zend Framework version.
- Thanks to Romain Boyer to make me discover prerender.io
- Thanks to the prerender team and all JS MVC developpers
Author: rjanot
Source Code: https://github.com/rjanot/YuccaPrerenderBundle
License: MIT License