How to approach the writing of the degree Dissertation

After completing all the university exams of your degree course, you must prepare the final test of your degree course which consists of a written paper.
The first thing to do to write your Dissertation is first of all to choose between compilation and research Dissertation.
The compilation Dissertation is based on a more critical review of the current evidence of the chosen topic, while the research Dissertation is based on the creation of a type of paper that instead requires descriptive or experimental study, done by collecting data through different channels and sources.
Once you have chosen the type of Dissertation you intend to write, you need to choose the topic and structure it in chapters.
The structure of a Dissertation

Once you have agreed with the supervisor on the topic, which must be chosen on the basis of one’s passions or in relation to one’s professional opportunities , it is necessary to establish a ladder to follow for the drafting of the Dissertation .
To better structure your Dissertation it is necessary before starting to write, to elaborate the structure of the Dissertation.
Here are the basic steps to write a Dissertation:
• the title page, i.e. the opening page of the Dissertation, must contain information on the university and the degree course, the title and subtitle of the Dissertation, the name of the supervisor and the candidate’s details;
• the index and the bibliography of the Dissertation are the starting points of the Dissertation. It is necessary to start from the drafting of the index and the bibliography to get an excellent job. These are two very important elements in a Dissertation that immediately catch the eye. To write the bibliography, you can consult the archives of the various libraries, the specialized journals, the databases and the search engines of the websites. The index, containing the titles and the page number of the various parts that make up the Dissertation, is very important to provide a general and summary idea of the paper;
• the outline of the text of the Dissertation constitutes the central part of the whole paper. After having written the index and the bibliography of the Dissertation it is necessary to pass to the logical and linear drafting of the various chapters, paragraphs and sub-paragraphs;
• the drafting of the chapters, after identifying the digital and paper material from which to draw for the drafting of the bibliography, it is necessary to write the body of the Dissertation itself. The Dissertation must therefore be divided into chapters, paragraphs and sub-paragraphs. The notes can be inserted at the foot of the page or at the end of the Dissertation and are used to deepen the themes or refer to citations and other parts of the Dissertation. Furthermore, the insertion of graphics or tables is important to clarify certain topics of the paper. To conclude, after having drawn up the conclusion, which contains the hypotheses and comments of the chosen Dissertation, one can write the introduction of the Dissertation which summarizes the choice of the topic of the Dissertation.
Finally, regarding the style of the Dissertation it must be said that although everyone has their own personal style in writing, for the writing of the Dissertation it is necessary to have a linear writing, using clear, simple and precise sentences.
Note: Get a professional resume from experts click here.

Online Dissertation consultancy

If you have doubts or difficulties for the creation of your Dissertation, there are several websites that offer Dissertation advice, so that you can receive the right advice for organizing the drafting of the Dissertation.
It should be noted that the simple request for Dissertation consultancy is a completely legal activity, as established by law n.475 / 1925, instead having the Dissertation written is illegal and punishable by law.
The various sites have tutors or professional staff able to support the graduate student in all phases of the Dissertation writing.

#dissertation #dissertation writing guide #dissertation writing

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Ways To Write A Good Dissertation

A dissertation is a research project undertaken as part of an undergraduate, postgraduate, or doctoral degree. The meaning of a professional dissertation is a research project that is original and well-documented undertaken in a study program. Therefore, a professional dissertation is also known as a thesis.

A dissertation is the most challenging part of student life, and it is rightly said that students writing a dissertation often have to live for the most amount of their days in libraries. It is natural for students to feel exhausted and want professional dissertation writing help through different channels.

How to Write a Good Dissertation?

A dissertation is essential as it allows the students to become the producers of knowledge rather than simply consuming it. The following are the ways on how to write a good dissertation:

1. Choose a topic: The topic is the first and most crucial component of writing a dissertation. You should carefully study various topics, analyze the literature on them, discuss them with your peers, potential supervisors and ponder over them at length before finalising any topic. A topic that is both interesting and feasible should be finally selected for the dissertation.
2. Define the title: A title that is specific and realistic should be chosen. The title should provide an overview of the whole dissertation by reading the title whether they want to read the entire paper.
3. Write a Dissertation Proposal: After finalizing the dissertation topic and title, the next step involves writing the dissertation proposal which is thoughtful and robust and makes a strong case for the dissertation topic and yourself.
4. Meeting with supervisor: Discuss your dissertation topic, methodology, and literature with your supervisor at length and note down the insights provided by them. An opportunity to connect with the supervisor personally is a huge benefit of doing a dissertation.
5. Plan and initiate data collection: You can either conduct primary research or secondary research, but whatever you choose, you should plan your data collection properly and collect it very systematically and carefully to avoid any pitfalls here.
6. Create a routine: Creating a routine and sticking to it regularly, completing minor goals within specific time frames, can allow you to regularly work on your dissertation without becoming a significant source of stress and enabling you to complete your dissertation on time.
7. Get feedback: Receiving regular feedback from your supervisor, other professors, and peers on your progress is a vital step to make sure that your dissertation is of high quality.
8. Analyse data: Analyse the data carefully and take help from your supervisor in doing so. Analysis of the data is a very complicated yet the most important process in a dissertation.
9. Draft and proofread: Complete writing your dissertation and keep proofreading it. Receive feedback from others and keep redrafting your dissertation until you reach the final level where there is minimal scope for improvement and you as well as your supervisor are satisfied with your dissertation.

Thus are a few tips on how to write a good dissertation. Many students doing their dissertation are often exhausted and face troubles relating to their dissertation and deadlines. Various services offer dissertation writing help in Australia. Proper analysis of such services should be done and only the best assignment help should be selected.
Dissertation

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How to approach the writing of the degree Dissertation

After completing all the university exams of your degree course, you must prepare the final test of your degree course which consists of a written paper.
The first thing to do to write your Dissertation is first of all to choose between compilation and research Dissertation.
The compilation Dissertation is based on a more critical review of the current evidence of the chosen topic, while the research Dissertation is based on the creation of a type of paper that instead requires descriptive or experimental study, done by collecting data through different channels and sources.
Once you have chosen the type of Dissertation you intend to write, you need to choose the topic and structure it in chapters.
The structure of a Dissertation

Once you have agreed with the supervisor on the topic, which must be chosen on the basis of one’s passions or in relation to one’s professional opportunities , it is necessary to establish a ladder to follow for the drafting of the Dissertation .
To better structure your Dissertation it is necessary before starting to write, to elaborate the structure of the Dissertation.
Here are the basic steps to write a Dissertation:
• the title page, i.e. the opening page of the Dissertation, must contain information on the university and the degree course, the title and subtitle of the Dissertation, the name of the supervisor and the candidate’s details;
• the index and the bibliography of the Dissertation are the starting points of the Dissertation. It is necessary to start from the drafting of the index and the bibliography to get an excellent job. These are two very important elements in a Dissertation that immediately catch the eye. To write the bibliography, you can consult the archives of the various libraries, the specialized journals, the databases and the search engines of the websites. The index, containing the titles and the page number of the various parts that make up the Dissertation, is very important to provide a general and summary idea of the paper;
• the outline of the text of the Dissertation constitutes the central part of the whole paper. After having written the index and the bibliography of the Dissertation it is necessary to pass to the logical and linear drafting of the various chapters, paragraphs and sub-paragraphs;
• the drafting of the chapters, after identifying the digital and paper material from which to draw for the drafting of the bibliography, it is necessary to write the body of the Dissertation itself. The Dissertation must therefore be divided into chapters, paragraphs and sub-paragraphs. The notes can be inserted at the foot of the page or at the end of the Dissertation and are used to deepen the themes or refer to citations and other parts of the Dissertation. Furthermore, the insertion of graphics or tables is important to clarify certain topics of the paper. To conclude, after having drawn up the conclusion, which contains the hypotheses and comments of the chosen Dissertation, one can write the introduction of the Dissertation which summarizes the choice of the topic of the Dissertation.
Finally, regarding the style of the Dissertation it must be said that although everyone has their own personal style in writing, for the writing of the Dissertation it is necessary to have a linear writing, using clear, simple and precise sentences.
Note: Get a professional resume from experts click here.

Online Dissertation consultancy

If you have doubts or difficulties for the creation of your Dissertation, there are several websites that offer Dissertation advice, so that you can receive the right advice for organizing the drafting of the Dissertation.
It should be noted that the simple request for Dissertation consultancy is a completely legal activity, as established by law n.475 / 1925, instead having the Dissertation written is illegal and punishable by law.
The various sites have tutors or professional staff able to support the graduate student in all phases of the Dissertation writing.

#dissertation #dissertation writing guide #dissertation writing

How to write a Dissertation?

How to write a dissertation -> Layout rules, citations, bibliographic references and a little grammar. The following are the basic editorial, grammatical and typographical rules to be followed for the drafting of the final bachelor’s degree test and the master’s Dissertation, integrated with a series of advice from the undersigned.
As for the editorial and typographic styles, I remember that there are different forms of use in the field of scientific and academic writing. Therefore, the indications contained in this post do not claim to represent the only acceptable standard. The important thing is that a univocal choice is made and that some general principles are taken into account.
Choose Dissertation Topics from below list:
Education Topics, Operations and Management Topics, Engineering Management Topics, Business Topics, E-Commerce Topics, Politics Topics, Fashion and Culture Topics, Psychology Topics, Finance and Accounting Topics, Religion, Theology and Philosophy Topics, History Topics, Science Topics, HRM Topics, Sociology Topics, Law Topics, Management Topics, Literature Topics, Mental Health Topics, Human Rights Law Topics, Sustainability and Green Technology Topics, International Relations and Geopolitics Dissertation Topics, Instagram Topics, Facebook Marketing Topics, Snapchat Topics, Brexit Topics, Islamic Finance Topics, Cyber Crime Topics, Architecture Topics, Twitter Marketing Topics, Facial Recognition Topics, Environmental Engineering Topics, International Relations Topics, Sexual Harassment of Women Topics, Effects of Social Media on the Youth Topics, Artificial Intelligence Topics, Philosophy Dissertation Topics, Arts Dissertation Topics, Film and Theatre Studies Research Topics, Linguistic Dissertation Research Topics, Ecology Dissertation Research Topics, Sports Dissertation Research Topics, Technology Dissertation Topics, Geography Dissertation Topics, English 101 Dissertation Topics, Coronavirus Covid 19- and Global Economy.

1. Two useful manuals: Eco and Lesina
   For a framework of the theme, I suggest reading How to do a degree Dissertation, a classic by Umberto Eco. Despite the time that has elapsed since its first appearance, the work - released in 1977 by Bompiani, updated in 1985 and reprinted several times in the following years, up to the digital edition of 2017 (La Nave di Teseo) - remains unsurpassed in acumen. And completeness.
   Also useful, by Roberto Lesina, The new style manual. Guide to the drafting of documents, reports, articles, manuals, degree theses (Bologna, Zanichelli, 2009).
   Finally, I refer to the Frequently Asked Questions page on the Research Prospect courses website.
   Length In the case of the three-year degree final exam (CIM), the minimum length must be 60,000 characters, spaces excluded. The master’s degree Dissertation (Cod), on the other hand, must have a minimum length of 250,000 characters, always excluding spaces.
2. Para textual elements
   The paper must include, in the order, the following elements:
   · Title page (an example of a title page can be found on the website of the courses in Communication of the University of Pavia, in the Forms section )
   · Index
   · Introduction
   · Text
   · Conclusions
   · Notes at the end of the text (alternatively, the notes can be placed at the foot of the page; in this case, see what is specified in paragraph 4 below)
   · Bibliography and sonography
   · Abstract in Italian
   · Abstract in English
3. Font, body and layout of the text and notes
   For the preparation of the degree Dissertation, I suggest the use of a “classic” graceful character, such as Garamond or Palatine. You can also opt for a transitional font, such as Bodoni or Times New Roman. Indeed, the latter is recommended by most universities.
   The text must be justified and must have a body of 13, line spacing 1.5 and margins of 3 cm (top, bottom, right and left), with an indent of 1.25 cm in each paragraph.
   Each paragraph must be preceded by the number and Title, according to the order of the summary. Titles go in bold.
   Notes can be placed at the end of the text or at the foot of the page. However, I suggest adopting the second, more practical solution. The notes go in size ten and with an indent of 1.25 cm in the first line.
   Page numbers go to the bottom centre.
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4. Use of italics
   Italics should be used in three cases:
   · for the titles of books, magazines and periodicals (do not use underlining, bold or quotation marks for titles);
   · to emphasize specific words or phrases (do not use underline or bold);
   · when we use terms belonging to foreign languages, including Latin and Greek (with the exception, of course, the words of foreign origin that have entered the common use of Italian, such as computer, manager, partner, chic etc.)
5. Accents and apostrophes
   6.1 Accents
   In Italian, the accent can be acute or grave. The acute accent indicates the closure of the vowel. It is used in the following cases:
   · in what a causal and all its compounds: because, because, so, so, so, etc .;
   · in the third person singular of remote pasts (he retorted, he could );
   · in the compounds of three and King ( fifty-three, thirty-three, Viceroy …);
   · nor (negation, different from one adverb or pronoun, for which we will write “neither this nor that”, but “we assume that …”);
   · se (reflexive, then if conjunction or pronoun, so we will write “Who is saying it’s three,” but “if I had known …”).
   The grave accent indicates the opening of the vowel. It is used in è, alas, piè, that is, etc. When we use capital letters, the third person singular of the present indicative is written È (with the accent), not E’ (with the apostrophe).
   6.2 Apostrophe
   The apostrophe indicates elision. It is used that is to indicate the fall of one or more letters in a word, as in po’ (which stands for a short time and which should not be confused with the name of the river Po, without apostrophe or accent).
   6.3 Accent, apostrophe or nothing?
   If we have any doubts, we remind you that:
   · tea (drink) is different from you (personal pronoun);
   · yes (affirmative) different from yes (pronoun, musical note);
   · It gives (verb give) is different from (simple preposition) and by’ (imperative of the verb give );
   · dì (day) is different from di (simple preposition) and from di’ (imperative to say );
   · è (verb to be) is different from e (conjunction);
   · what a (causal) is different from that (conjunction or pronoun);
   · there (adverb of place) is different from them (pronoun);
   · There (adverb of place) is different from la (article or pronoun);
   · do (first person singular verb to give) should preferably be written without an accent, since it cannot be confused with the musical note do ;
   · want the accent grave what, already, down, more, can, alas, that is, therefore, however, coffee, lackey, vest , alas, Joshua, Noah , Moses and most of the proper names trunks, but also Mondays and all the days of the week until Friday (which - unlike English - must be written with a lowercase initial, like the names of the months: “Tuesday September 13”, not “Tuesday September 13”);
   · they want the acute accent fé (faith), chimpanzee, mercé ;
   · they do not want the accent fa, sa, so, VA (voices of the verbs fare, know, go), qui , qui , sto (first person singular of the verb “to stay”) and on ;
   · they want the apostrophe po’ (in the sense of “a little”, while the name of the river Po - as mentioned - is written without the apostrophe) and the imperatives fa’ and go’;
   · Oltrepò (the name that designates the Pavia and Piacenza area south of the Po) is written with an accent;
   · which is is written without apostrophe;
   · another is written (masculine), because there is no elision, while the apostrophe ( another ) is needed for the feminine ;
   · sta (third person singular of the verb “stare”) is different from sta’ (imperative second person singular of the same verb, which corresponds to “stai”).
6. Quotation marks
   There are two types of quotes:
   · Italian or corporal («»);
   · English or single quotes (“”).
   Corporals are used in quotations and dialogues within the text (see what is specified about quotations in paragraph 8). Example:
   "Carneades! Who was he? "Don Abbondio was ruminating to himself, sitting on his high chair, in a room on the upper floor, with a small book open in front of him, when Perpetua came in to bring him the embassy. "Carneades! this name seems good to me to have read or heard it; he must have been a man of study, a literatone of ancient times: it is one of those names; but who the hell was he? "The poor man was so far from foreseeing that a storm would gather on his head!
   If we have to put other quotation marks inside the corporals, because the quotation contains another quotation (intercitation), it is necessary to use the English ones. Example:
   This is how Paolo Costa puts it: «In short, we must agree that reading is not - to use the words of Guglielmo Cavallo and Roger Chartier -“an anthropological invariant”. On the contrary, it has historically manifested itself in a series of practices that differ from time to time ».
   English quotation marks are used in the following cases:
   · in the intercitations, as just said;
   · in internal dialogues;
   · to emphasize a word;
   · to connote expressions used in a different sense from the current one.
   Quotation marks must never be used for the titles of the works, which must instead be in italics.
7. Quotes
   The quotation consists in inserting other people’s words in our writing. The quotation must always be recognizable as such, so that the reader can clearly distinguish between our words and those of others. Furthermore, the citation must always be accompanied by the relative bibliographic reference, as illustrated in the following paragraph 9.
   There are two forms of citation:
   · the short quotation - that is the one that has a maximum extension of two or three lines - must be inserted in the body of the text, between quotation marks (use the caporals);
   · the long quotation - the one that develops beyond three lines - must be inserted in a minor body, without quotes, detached from the text.
   Short quote example:
   The text - suggests McKenzie - must be interpreted in the material context of production: “each book tells a story apart from that narrated by the text”.
   The full stop at the end of the quote always goes after the closing quotes, as in the example above.
   Long quote example:
   If anything, Ricoeur’s approach is different, for which the two subjectivities of the author and the interpreter end up cancelling themselves out in a greater subjectivity, that of the text itself:
   Understanding is understanding oneself in front of the text. Do not impose your limited ability to understand the text, but expose yourself to the text and receive a larger self from the text. […] So understanding is exactly the opposite of a construction in which the subject acts as a keystone. In this regard, it would be more correct to speak of an ego constituted by the “thing” of the text.
   Within the text of the quotation - as in the example above - the caret is indicated with three dots enclosed in square brackets: […].
8. Bibliographic references
   It is incorrect to cite a source in an informal, generic or incomplete way. You cannot write, for example:
   A book by Eco, published in the 70s, provides us with a series of useful suggestions for writing the degree Dissertation.
   Who is the author? What book is it about? In what year was it published?
   Bibliographic references - or citational references - are intended to provide the reader with all the information necessary to find the sources (authors and works) on the basis of which the statements contained in the degree Dissertation have been formulated. Whenever we report the thoughts of others in a scientific work, we must report it with the utmost clarity. It is incorrect to attribute to us hypotheses, ideas and words that do not belong to us. In the most serious cases, the crime of plagiarism can be incurred, which consists precisely in the false attribution to oneself of works whose copyright belongs to others.
   It is possible to choose between two ways of entering bibliographic references:
   · citation-note mode;
   · author-date mode (also called intertextual).
   In the first case, the footnote provides the appropriate bibliographic reference. In the second case, however, the bibliographic reference is inserted in the body of the text, in brackets.
   Obviously it is important that, having opted for one of the two modes, you remain faithful to the initial choice. It is also obvious that, in both cases, the bibliographic reference does not replace the bibliography, which we will talk about later.
   Below, the rules to be respected for both modalities.
   9.1 Citation-note mode
   There are several citation styles that can be traced back to this mode: Chicago A Style, Vancouver Style and others. In general, the following suggestions comply with the rules of the Chicago A system, as described in The Chicago Manual of Style , Chicago, The University of Chicago Press, 2017 (an online version of the manual is available for free for 30 days) .
   In the citation-note mode, bibliographic citations are inserted in a note. They must be complete with all elements, separated by commas, namely:
   · Name and surname of the author, in Roman type (if the authors are two or more, their names and surnames must be separated by commas)
   · Title of the work, in italics
   · Possible indication of the volume with a Roman numeral, preceded by vol.
   · Edition number (if a book has more than one edition, it is always necessary to specify which one was used, and in general, it is better to consult the most recent edition)
   · Place of publication
   · Publisher’s name
   · Publication date
   · Possible reference to the page ( p. ) Or to the pages ( pp. Or p. And following )
   · The bibliographic citation must be preceded by:
   · No initials when quoting passages or phrases contained in the work to which reference is made
   · See (compare) when one does not quote openly, but paraphrases or reconstructs the meaning or intentions or broad lines
   · V. (see) when one does not quote or paraphrase.
   9.1.1 Books
   Here are some examples of book references:
   Name Surname, Title , Place, Publisher, 2004, p. 5.
   Name Surname, Title, 3rd ed., Place, Publisher 1943, p. 55 and ss.
   Name and Surname, Title, vol. II, Place, Publisher, 1944, pp. 809-812.
   9.1.2 Works miscellaneous
   Follow the Title with the name of the editor with the words “edited by”, or “ed.” if the Title of the work is in English and Spanish; “Hrsg.” if it is in German; “Éd.” or “éds.” if it is in French. The acronym Aa.Vv. (written as indicated here) should only be used in the title page does not refer to one or more authors or to one or more editors.
   Name Surname, Title, in Name Surname (edited by) Title of the miscellany, Place, Publisher, 2004, p. 10.
   9.1.3 Conference proceedings
   Name Surname, Title , in The person and the law: dialogues between disciplines and legal systems. Proceedings of the Conference (Milan, April 9 2014) , place 2015, pp. 697-715.
   9.1.4 Articles in journals or periodicals
   Name and surname, Title of the article , in “Title of the magazine”, 44 (1994), pp. 121-34.
   To cite works already cited above, the author’s full name and surname will be used, a significant abbreviation of the Title, the ellipsis, the caption: cit. (not in italics) and the page number to be referenced (all elements must be separated by commas). For example:
   Name Surname, The right… , cit., P. 23.
   9.1.5 Repeated citation of the same work
   If the same work is referred to in two subsequent notes, ibid is used . and therein (in italics). In particular, ibid. it is used to indicate the same place or page within a title mentioned in the immediately preceding note, while there it is used to indicate the same place with a different page:
9. Name Surname, Title , Rome, Publisher 1639, p. 12.
10. Ibid , p. 17.
11. Ibid .
    9.1.6 Translated works
    In the event that reference is made to a translated work, it is advisable to specify the details of the original version (at least Title and date of publication). Example:
    Hannah Arendt, The origins of totalitarianism , Turin, Einaudi, 2009 ( The origins of totalitarianism , 1951).
    9.1.7 Online sources
    In the event that reference is made to an online source - website or other - the quote must be completed with URL and date of consultation. Example:
    Paolo Costa, Books and algorithms , in “Linkedin”, February 4, 2017 ( https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/libri-e-algoritmi-paolo-costa/ , accessed on February 16, 2019).
    Whenever it is available, it is best to use the DOI instead of the URL, in all cases where it was available. The DOI ( digital object identifier ) offers the advantage of identifying the mentioned source in a unified and direct way, rather than through its location.
    9.2 Author-date mode (intertextual)
    It is the most used modality in the social sciences. It is also preferred in degree theses because it allows you to immediately highlight the citation of the texts consulted, avoiding interrupting the reading with the reference to the footer. On the other hand, it is impractical in cases where most of the sources to be cited are without author or date (for example generic websites).
    Again there are different styles: APA, MLA, Chicago B Style, Harvard Style and others. And even in this case I recommend that you comply with the system of rules provided in The Chicago Manual of Style , Chicago, The University of Chicago Press, 2017 (as already mentioned, an online version of the manual is available for free for 30 days).
    In the author-date mode, the citation consists of the surname of the author, the date of publication of the work and the page references. All indicated in brackets in the body of the text. Example:
    Time is a key element in journalism, on which the organization and editorial activity have always been structured. (Costa 2010, 80).
    In the bibliography the work will be reported in full, as follows:
    Paolo Costa. 2010. The lost news. Models of journalism in transformation and digital culture. Turin: Giappichelli.
    If the author is cited directly in the text, only the date of the work and any page reference are indicated in brackets. Examples:
    A reconstruction of the great changes that affected the media system in our country between 1975 and 2000 was attempted by Angelo Agostini (2004).
    If, on the other hand, the author is not directly cited in the text, surname and date are indicated in brackets, plus any page reference. Example:
    “Infotainment , a television format with its own, terribly invasive logic , also triumphs in the war story, which has also infected the selection, packaging and use of news” (Ricucci 2004, p. 16).
    Specific rules apply when citing multiple works by the same author with different dates, multiple works by the same author with the same date, or works written by two or more authors.
    9.2.1 Citation of several works by the same author with different dates
    If the author is cited directly in the text, only the dates of the works are indicated in brackets, separated by commas. Example:
    As Chomsky (1976, 1980) states, it is possible to construct a general linguistic theory, valid for all human languages.
    If, on the other hand, the author is not directly mentioned in the text, the surname followed by the dates, separated by commas, are indicated in brackets. Example:
    Some researches (Chomsky 1976, 1980) tend to highlight the existence of a universal grammar.
    9.2.2 Citation of several works by the same author published in the same year
    If the author is cited directly in the text, only the date of the works is indicated in brackets, designating the latter with different letters. Example:
    Bloggs (1993a, b) pointed out in more than one circumstance that …
    If, on the other hand, the author is not directly cited in the text, the surname and date of the works are indicated in brackets, designating the latter with different letters. Example:
    The advancement of the theory occurs in the presence of phenomena so banal that we do not ask ourselves why things are like this (Moro 2001a, b).
    9.2.3 Citation of a work written by two or three authors
    If the authors are cited directly in the text, only the date of the work is indicated in brackets, plus any page reference. Example:
    As Hallin and Mancini (2004, p. 281) affirm, the weight of political information in Italian newspapers has not diminished since 1966, contrary to what has happened in other countries.
    If, on the other hand, the authors are not directly cited in the text, the surnames of the authors are indicated in brackets, separated by commas, followed by the date of the work, plus any page reference. Examples:
    The postmodern event could be interpreted as an updated version of the concept of media event , introduced to designate an event created by television or in any case deformed by television in its meanings, as the object of feverish and spasmodic attention (Dayan, Katz 1992) .
    In particular, it reflects the system of social control through which relations between individuals and institutions are regulated (Siebert, Peterson, Schramm 1956).
    9.2.4 Citation of a work written by four or more authors
    In the event that the authors of the work are more than three and are not directly cited in the text, only the surname of the first author is indicated in the bibliographic reference, followed by the abbreviation et al. Example:
    Recent research (Rossi et al. 2016) has shown that …
    9.2.5 Citation of several works written by several authors
    If the authors are cited directly in the text, only the dates of the works are indicated in brackets. Example:
    A complete reconstruction of this panorama has been provided by historiographical contributions by Paolo Murialdi (1978, 1995), Carlo Sorrentino (1995), Valerio Castronovo and Nicola Tranfaglia (1976, 2002).
    If, on the other hand, the authors are not directly cited in the text, surnames and dates are indicated in brackets. Example:
    A complete reconstruction of this panorama has been provided by wide-ranging historiographical contributions (Murialdi 1995, Sorrentino 1995, Castronovo, Tranfaglia 2002).
12. Bibliography and lithography
    The bibliography is the list, in alphabetical order (by surname of the author) of the sources used directly or indirectly. This list should be placed in the final part of the degree Dissertation and is drawn up by collecting all the bibliographic references present in the text: books, essays on miscellaneous collections, articles in scientific journals, articles in newspapers or periodicals consulted and used. The bibliography can only report what is cited in the text. Do not report texts consulted and not mentioned in the text.
    The lithography consists of the list of websites consulted, also sorted alphabetically.
13. Abstract
    An abstract should not be longer than twenty lines. It is a good idea to organize it so that it contains - in order - the following points:

a. aims
b. method
c. results
d. conclusions

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What You Can Learn about Setting from Classic Sitcoms

Giving your novel a strong sense of place is vital to doing your part to engage the readers without confusing or frustrating them. Setting is a big part of this (though not the whole enchilada — there is also social context and historic period), and I often find writing students and consulting clients erring on one of two extremes.

**Either: **Every scene is set in a different, elaborately-described place from the last. This leads to confusion (and possibly exhaustion and impatience) for the reader, because they have no sense of what they need to actually pay attention to for later and what’s just…there. Are the details of that forest in chapter 2 important? Will I ever be back in this castle again? Is there a reason for this character to be in this particular room versus the one she was in the last time I saw her? Who knows!

Or: There are few or no clues at all as to where the characters are in a scene. What’s in the room? Are they even in a room? Are there other people in th — ope, yes, there are, someone just materialized, what is happening? This all leads to the dreaded “brains in jars” syndrome. That is, characters are only their thoughts and words, with no grounding in the space-time continuum. No one seems to be in a place, in a body, at a time of day.

Everything aspect of writing a novel comes with its difficulties, and there are a lot of moving pieces to manage and deploy in the right balance. When you’re a newer writer, especially, there’s something to be said for keeping things simple until you have a handle on how to manage the arc and scope of a novel-length work. And whether you tend to overdo settings or underdo them, you can learn something from TV, especially classic sitcoms.

Your basic “live studio audience” sitcoms are performed and filmed on sets built inside studios vs. on location. This helps keep production expenses in check and helps the viewer feel at home — there’s a reliable and familiar container to hold the story of any given episode. The writers on the show don’t have to reinvent the wheel with every script.

Often, a show will have no more than two or three basic sets that are used episode to episode, and then a few other easily-understood sets (characters’ workplaces, restaurants, streets scenes) are also used regularly but not every episode.

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