Myriam Rogahn

Myriam Rogahn

1598933400

Execute Commands on Remote Machines using sshpass

In this blog I am going to explain how sshpass can help us to increase productivity in our day to day system admin job. Although it is not a secure way to connect to the remote machine, still we can use sshpass for connecting on intranet machines to run different commands to quickly get the results like checking the uptime of a remote machine, check the disk usage of a remote machine, or check the software version of a machine, etc.

Typically we used to run the ssh command to log in to a remote machine either by key-based login or using username and password. In this process we have to log in to the remote machine then run the command to get the desired result but if we can run the command on a remote machine from our own machine and can get the result on the same machine rather than on the remote machine then… :) For that we have sshpass which enables this functionality.

Using** sshpass**, we can execute the command on the remote machine directly from our machine and can get the result from a remote machine. So this is the introduction of sshpass now let’s move forward and start implementing it but before that we need to install sshpass.

Install sshpass:

I am going to explain how we can install sshpass on CentOS-based distribution and Ubuntu based distribution.

  1. CentOS-based distribution
yum -y install sshpass
  1. Ubuntu-based distribution
apt-get install sshpass

By executing the above command, we can install sshpass on our machine. After installing sshpass we can see the help related to sshpass by typing following command:

sshpass -h

Which gives us the following response:

Usage: sshpass [-f|-d|-p|-e] [-hV] command parameters
 -f filename Take password to use from file
 -d number Use number as file descriptor for getting password
 -p password Provide password as argument (security unwise)
 -e Password is passed as env-var "SSHPASS"
 With no parameters - password will be taken from stdin
 -h Show help (this screen)
 -V Print version information

By seeing the help command response you may have an idea how we can execute the command. Now let’s execute the command to perform the commands on a remote server.

To get the uptime details of a remote machine we can execute the following command:

sshpass -p 'yourpassword' ssh user@192.168.12.xx 'uptime'

If we want to see the machine details we can execute following command:

sshpass -p 'yourpassword' ssh user@192.168.12.xx 'uname -a'

To check the disk usage we need to run following command:

sshpass -p 'yourpassword' ssh user@192.168.12.xx 'df -h'

#servers #automation #sshpass #ssh #remote-working

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Execute Commands on Remote Machines using sshpass
Grace Lesch

Grace Lesch

1639778400

PySQL Tutorial: A Database Framework for Python

PySQL 

PySQL is database framework for Python (v3.x) Language, Which is based on Python module mysql.connector, this module can help you to make your code more short and more easier. Before using this framework you must have knowledge about list, tuple, set, dictionary because all codes are designed using it. It's totally free and open source.

Tutorial Video in English (Watch Now)

IMAGE ALT TEXT HERE

Installation

Before we said that this framework is based on mysql.connector so you have to install mysql.connector first on your system. Then you can import pysql and enjoy coding!

python -m pip install mysql-connector-python

After Install mysql.connector successfully create Python file download/install pysql on the same dir where you want to create program. You can clone is using git or npm command, and you can also downlaod manually from repository site.

PyPi Command

Go to https://pypi.org/project/pysql-framework/ or use command

pip install pysql-framework

Git Command

git clone https://github.com/rohit-chouhan/pysql

Npm Command

Go to https://www.npmjs.com/package/pysql or use command

$ npm i pysql

Snippet Extention for VS Code

Install From Here https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=rohit-chouhan.pysql

IMAGE ALT TEXT HERE

Table of contents

Connecting a Server

To connect a database with localhost server or phpmyadmin, use connect method to establish your python with database server.

import pysql

db = pysql.connect(
    "host",
    "username",
    "password"
 )

Create a Database in Server

Creating database in server, to use this method

import pysql

db = pysql.connect(
    "host",
    "username",
    "password"
 )
 pysql.createDb(db,"demo")
 #execute: CREATE DATABASE demo

Drop Database

To drop database use this method .

Syntex Code -

pysql.dropDb([connect_obj,"table_name"])

Example Code -

pysql.dropDb([db,"demo"])
#execute:DROP DATABASE demo

Connecting a Database

To connect a database with localhost server or phpmyadmin, use connect method to establish your python with database server.

import pysql

db = pysql.connect(
    "host",
    "username",
    "password",
    "database"
 )

Creating Table in Database

To create table in database use this method to pass column name as key and data type as value.

Syntex Code -


pysql.createTable([db,"table_name_to_create"],{
    "column_name":"data_type", 
    "column_name":"data_type"
})

Example Code -


pysql.createTable([db,"details"],{
    "id":"int(11) primary", 
     "name":"text", 
    "email":"varchar(50)",
    "address":"varchar(500)"
})

2nd Example Code -

Use can use any Constraint with Data Value


pysql.createTable([db,"details"],{
    "id":"int NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY", 
     "name":"varchar(20) NOT NULL", 
    "email":"varchar(50)",
    "address":"varchar(500)"
})

Drop Table in Database

To drop table in database use this method .

Syntex Code -

pysql.dropTable([connect_obj,"table_name"])

Example Code -

pysql.dropTable([db,"users"])
#execute:DROP TABLE users

Selecting data from Table

For Select data from table, you have to mention the connector object with table name. pass column names in set.

Syntex For All Data (*)-

records = pysql.selectAll([db,"table_name"])
for x in records:
  print(x)

Example - -

records = pysql.selectAll([db,"details"])
for x in records:
  print(x)
#execute: SELECT * FROM details

Syntex For Specific Column-

records = pysql.select([db,"table_name"],{"column","column"})
for x in records:
  print(x)

Example - -

records = pysql.select([db,"details"],{"name","email"})
for x in records:
  print(x)
#execute: SELECT name, email FROM details

Syntex Where and Where Not-

#For Where Column=Data
records = pysql.selectWhere([db,"table_name"],{"column","column"},("column","data"))

#For Where Not Column=Data (use ! with column)
records = pysql.selectWhere([db,"table_name"],{"column","column"},("column!","data"))
for x in records:
  print(x)

Example - -

records = pysql.selectWhere([db,"details"],{"name","email"},("county","india"))
for x in records:
  print(x)
#execute: SELECT name, email FROM details WHERE country='india'

Add New Column to Table

To add column in table, use this method to pass column name as key and data type as value. Note: you can only add one column only one call

Syntex Code -


pysql.addColumn([db,"table_name"],{
    "column_name":"data_type"
})

Example Code -


pysql.addColumn([db,"details"],{
    "email":"varchar(50)"
})
#execute: ALTER TABLE details ADD email varchar(50);

Modify Column to Table

To modify data type of column table, use this method to pass column name as key and data type as value.

Syntex Code -

pysql.modifyColumn([db,"table_name"],{
    "column_name":"new_data_type"
})

Example Code -

pysql.modifyColumn([db,"details"],{
    "email":"text"
})
#execute: ALTER TABLE details MODIFY COLUMN email text;

Drop Column from Table

Note: you can only add one column only one call

Syntex Code -

pysql.dropColumn([db,"table_name"],"column_name")

Example Code -

pysql.dropColumn([db,"details"],"name")
#execute: ALTER TABLE details DROP COLUMN name

Manual Execute Query

To execute manual SQL Query to use this method.

Syntex Code -

pysql.query(connector_object,your_query)

Example Code -

pysql.query(db,"INSERT INTO users (name) VALUES ('Rohit')")

Inserting data

For Inserting data in database, you have to mention the connector object with table name, and data as sets.

Syntex -

data =     {
    "db_column":"Data for Insert",
    "db_column":"Data for Insert"
}
pysql.insert([db,"table_name"],data)

Example Code -

data =     {
    "name":"Komal Sharma",
    "contry":"India"
}
pysql.insert([db,"users"],data)

Updating data

For Update data in database, you have to mention the connector object with table name, and data as tuple.

Syntex For Updating All Data-

data = ("column","data to update")
pysql.updateAll([db,"users"],data)

Example - -

data = ("name","Rohit")
pysql.updateAll([db,"users"],data)
#execute: UPDATE users SET name='Rohit'

Syntex For Updating Data (Where and Where Not)-

data = ("column","data to update")
#For Where Column=Data
where = ("column","data")

#For Where Not Column=Data (use ! with column)
where = ("column!","data")
pysql.update([db,"users"],data,where)

Example -

data = ("name","Rohit")
where = ("id",1)
pysql.update([db,"users"],data,where)
#execute: UPDATE users SET name='Rohit' WHERE id=1

Deleting data

For Delete data in database, you have to mention the connector object with table name.

Syntex For Delete All Data-

pysql.deleteAll([db,"table_name"])

Example - -

pysql.deleteAll([db,"users"])
#execute: DELETE FROM users

Syntex For Deleting Data (Where and Where Not)-

where = ("column","data")

pysql.delete([db,"table_name"],where)

Example -

#For Where Column=Data
where = ("id",1)

#For Where Not Column=Data (use ! with column)
where = ("id!",1)
pysql.delete([db,"users"],where)
#execute: DELETE FROM users WHERE id=1

--- Finish ---

Change Logs

[19/06/2021]
 - ConnectSever() removed and merged to Connect()
 - deleteAll() [Fixed]
 - dropTable() [Added]
 - dropDb() [Added]
 
[20/06/2021]
 - Where Not Docs [Added]

The module is designed by Rohit Chouhan, contact us for any bug report, feature or business inquiry.

Author: rohit-chouhan
Source Code: https://github.com/rohit-chouhan/pysql
License: Apache-2.0 License

#python 

Chloe Butler

Chloe Butler

1667425440

Pdf2gerb: Perl Script Converts PDF Files to Gerber format

pdf2gerb

Perl script converts PDF files to Gerber format

Pdf2Gerb generates Gerber 274X photoplotting and Excellon drill files from PDFs of a PCB. Up to three PDFs are used: the top copper layer, the bottom copper layer (for 2-sided PCBs), and an optional silk screen layer. The PDFs can be created directly from any PDF drawing software, or a PDF print driver can be used to capture the Print output if the drawing software does not directly support output to PDF.

The general workflow is as follows:

  1. Design the PCB using your favorite CAD or drawing software.
  2. Print the top and bottom copper and top silk screen layers to a PDF file.
  3. Run Pdf2Gerb on the PDFs to create Gerber and Excellon files.
  4. Use a Gerber viewer to double-check the output against the original PCB design.
  5. Make adjustments as needed.
  6. Submit the files to a PCB manufacturer.

Please note that Pdf2Gerb does NOT perform DRC (Design Rule Checks), as these will vary according to individual PCB manufacturer conventions and capabilities. Also note that Pdf2Gerb is not perfect, so the output files must always be checked before submitting them. As of version 1.6, Pdf2Gerb supports most PCB elements, such as round and square pads, round holes, traces, SMD pads, ground planes, no-fill areas, and panelization. However, because it interprets the graphical output of a Print function, there are limitations in what it can recognize (or there may be bugs).

See docs/Pdf2Gerb.pdf for install/setup, config, usage, and other info.

pdf2gerb_cfg.pm

#Pdf2Gerb config settings:
#Put this file in same folder/directory as pdf2gerb.pl itself (global settings),
#or copy to another folder/directory with PDFs if you want PCB-specific settings.
#There is only one user of this file, so we don't need a custom package or namespace.
#NOTE: all constants defined in here will be added to main namespace.
#package pdf2gerb_cfg;

use strict; #trap undef vars (easier debug)
use warnings; #other useful info (easier debug)


##############################################################################################
#configurable settings:
#change values here instead of in main pfg2gerb.pl file

use constant WANT_COLORS => ($^O !~ m/Win/); #ANSI colors no worky on Windows? this must be set < first DebugPrint() call

#just a little warning; set realistic expectations:
#DebugPrint("${\(CYAN)}Pdf2Gerb.pl ${\(VERSION)}, $^O O/S\n${\(YELLOW)}${\(BOLD)}${\(ITALIC)}This is EXPERIMENTAL software.  \nGerber files MAY CONTAIN ERRORS.  Please CHECK them before fabrication!${\(RESET)}", 0); #if WANT_DEBUG

use constant METRIC => FALSE; #set to TRUE for metric units (only affect final numbers in output files, not internal arithmetic)
use constant APERTURE_LIMIT => 0; #34; #max #apertures to use; generate warnings if too many apertures are used (0 to not check)
use constant DRILL_FMT => '2.4'; #'2.3'; #'2.4' is the default for PCB fab; change to '2.3' for CNC

use constant WANT_DEBUG => 0; #10; #level of debug wanted; higher == more, lower == less, 0 == none
use constant GERBER_DEBUG => 0; #level of debug to include in Gerber file; DON'T USE FOR FABRICATION
use constant WANT_STREAMS => FALSE; #TRUE; #save decompressed streams to files (for debug)
use constant WANT_ALLINPUT => FALSE; #TRUE; #save entire input stream (for debug ONLY)

#DebugPrint(sprintf("${\(CYAN)}DEBUG: stdout %d, gerber %d, want streams? %d, all input? %d, O/S: $^O, Perl: $]${\(RESET)}\n", WANT_DEBUG, GERBER_DEBUG, WANT_STREAMS, WANT_ALLINPUT), 1);
#DebugPrint(sprintf("max int = %d, min int = %d\n", MAXINT, MININT), 1); 

#define standard trace and pad sizes to reduce scaling or PDF rendering errors:
#This avoids weird aperture settings and replaces them with more standardized values.
#(I'm not sure how photoplotters handle strange sizes).
#Fewer choices here gives more accurate mapping in the final Gerber files.
#units are in inches
use constant TOOL_SIZES => #add more as desired
(
#round or square pads (> 0) and drills (< 0):
    .010, -.001,  #tiny pads for SMD; dummy drill size (too small for practical use, but needed so StandardTool will use this entry)
    .031, -.014,  #used for vias
    .041, -.020,  #smallest non-filled plated hole
    .051, -.025,
    .056, -.029,  #useful for IC pins
    .070, -.033,
    .075, -.040,  #heavier leads
#    .090, -.043,  #NOTE: 600 dpi is not high enough resolution to reliably distinguish between .043" and .046", so choose 1 of the 2 here
    .100, -.046,
    .115, -.052,
    .130, -.061,
    .140, -.067,
    .150, -.079,
    .175, -.088,
    .190, -.093,
    .200, -.100,
    .220, -.110,
    .160, -.125,  #useful for mounting holes
#some additional pad sizes without holes (repeat a previous hole size if you just want the pad size):
    .090, -.040,  #want a .090 pad option, but use dummy hole size
    .065, -.040, #.065 x .065 rect pad
    .035, -.040, #.035 x .065 rect pad
#traces:
    .001,  #too thin for real traces; use only for board outlines
    .006,  #minimum real trace width; mainly used for text
    .008,  #mainly used for mid-sized text, not traces
    .010,  #minimum recommended trace width for low-current signals
    .012,
    .015,  #moderate low-voltage current
    .020,  #heavier trace for power, ground (even if a lighter one is adequate)
    .025,
    .030,  #heavy-current traces; be careful with these ones!
    .040,
    .050,
    .060,
    .080,
    .100,
    .120,
);
#Areas larger than the values below will be filled with parallel lines:
#This cuts down on the number of aperture sizes used.
#Set to 0 to always use an aperture or drill, regardless of size.
use constant { MAX_APERTURE => max((TOOL_SIZES)) + .004, MAX_DRILL => -min((TOOL_SIZES)) + .004 }; #max aperture and drill sizes (plus a little tolerance)
#DebugPrint(sprintf("using %d standard tool sizes: %s, max aper %.3f, max drill %.3f\n", scalar((TOOL_SIZES)), join(", ", (TOOL_SIZES)), MAX_APERTURE, MAX_DRILL), 1);

#NOTE: Compare the PDF to the original CAD file to check the accuracy of the PDF rendering and parsing!
#for example, the CAD software I used generated the following circles for holes:
#CAD hole size:   parsed PDF diameter:      error:
#  .014                .016                +.002
#  .020                .02267              +.00267
#  .025                .026                +.001
#  .029                .03167              +.00267
#  .033                .036                +.003
#  .040                .04267              +.00267
#This was usually ~ .002" - .003" too big compared to the hole as displayed in the CAD software.
#To compensate for PDF rendering errors (either during CAD Print function or PDF parsing logic), adjust the values below as needed.
#units are pixels; for example, a value of 2.4 at 600 dpi = .0004 inch, 2 at 600 dpi = .0033"
use constant
{
    HOLE_ADJUST => -0.004 * 600, #-2.6, #holes seemed to be slightly oversized (by .002" - .004"), so shrink them a little
    RNDPAD_ADJUST => -0.003 * 600, #-2, #-2.4, #round pads seemed to be slightly oversized, so shrink them a little
    SQRPAD_ADJUST => +0.001 * 600, #+.5, #square pads are sometimes too small by .00067, so bump them up a little
    RECTPAD_ADJUST => 0, #(pixels) rectangular pads seem to be okay? (not tested much)
    TRACE_ADJUST => 0, #(pixels) traces seemed to be okay?
    REDUCE_TOLERANCE => .001, #(inches) allow this much variation when reducing circles and rects
};

#Also, my CAD's Print function or the PDF print driver I used was a little off for circles, so define some additional adjustment values here:
#Values are added to X/Y coordinates; units are pixels; for example, a value of 1 at 600 dpi would be ~= .002 inch
use constant
{
    CIRCLE_ADJUST_MINX => 0,
    CIRCLE_ADJUST_MINY => -0.001 * 600, #-1, #circles were a little too high, so nudge them a little lower
    CIRCLE_ADJUST_MAXX => +0.001 * 600, #+1, #circles were a little too far to the left, so nudge them a little to the right
    CIRCLE_ADJUST_MAXY => 0,
    SUBST_CIRCLE_CLIPRECT => FALSE, #generate circle and substitute for clip rects (to compensate for the way some CAD software draws circles)
    WANT_CLIPRECT => TRUE, #FALSE, #AI doesn't need clip rect at all? should be on normally?
    RECT_COMPLETION => FALSE, #TRUE, #fill in 4th side of rect when 3 sides found
};

#allow .012 clearance around pads for solder mask:
#This value effectively adjusts pad sizes in the TOOL_SIZES list above (only for solder mask layers).
use constant SOLDER_MARGIN => +.012; #units are inches

#line join/cap styles:
use constant
{
    CAP_NONE => 0, #butt (none); line is exact length
    CAP_ROUND => 1, #round cap/join; line overhangs by a semi-circle at either end
    CAP_SQUARE => 2, #square cap/join; line overhangs by a half square on either end
    CAP_OVERRIDE => FALSE, #cap style overrides drawing logic
};
    
#number of elements in each shape type:
use constant
{
    RECT_SHAPELEN => 6, #x0, y0, x1, y1, count, "rect" (start, end corners)
    LINE_SHAPELEN => 6, #x0, y0, x1, y1, count, "line" (line seg)
    CURVE_SHAPELEN => 10, #xstart, ystart, x0, y0, x1, y1, xend, yend, count, "curve" (bezier 2 points)
    CIRCLE_SHAPELEN => 5, #x, y, 5, count, "circle" (center + radius)
};
#const my %SHAPELEN =
#Readonly my %SHAPELEN =>
our %SHAPELEN =
(
    rect => RECT_SHAPELEN,
    line => LINE_SHAPELEN,
    curve => CURVE_SHAPELEN,
    circle => CIRCLE_SHAPELEN,
);

#panelization:
#This will repeat the entire body the number of times indicated along the X or Y axes (files grow accordingly).
#Display elements that overhang PCB boundary can be squashed or left as-is (typically text or other silk screen markings).
#Set "overhangs" TRUE to allow overhangs, FALSE to truncate them.
#xpad and ypad allow margins to be added around outer edge of panelized PCB.
use constant PANELIZE => {'x' => 1, 'y' => 1, 'xpad' => 0, 'ypad' => 0, 'overhangs' => TRUE}; #number of times to repeat in X and Y directions

# Set this to 1 if you need TurboCAD support.
#$turboCAD = FALSE; #is this still needed as an option?

#CIRCAD pad generation uses an appropriate aperture, then moves it (stroke) "a little" - we use this to find pads and distinguish them from PCB holes. 
use constant PAD_STROKE => 0.3; #0.0005 * 600; #units are pixels
#convert very short traces to pads or holes:
use constant TRACE_MINLEN => .001; #units are inches
#use constant ALWAYS_XY => TRUE; #FALSE; #force XY even if X or Y doesn't change; NOTE: needs to be TRUE for all pads to show in FlatCAM and ViewPlot
use constant REMOVE_POLARITY => FALSE; #TRUE; #set to remove subtractive (negative) polarity; NOTE: must be FALSE for ground planes

#PDF uses "points", each point = 1/72 inch
#combined with a PDF scale factor of .12, this gives 600 dpi resolution (1/72 * .12 = 600 dpi)
use constant INCHES_PER_POINT => 1/72; #0.0138888889; #multiply point-size by this to get inches

# The precision used when computing a bezier curve. Higher numbers are more precise but slower (and generate larger files).
#$bezierPrecision = 100;
use constant BEZIER_PRECISION => 36; #100; #use const; reduced for faster rendering (mainly used for silk screen and thermal pads)

# Ground planes and silk screen or larger copper rectangles or circles are filled line-by-line using this resolution.
use constant FILL_WIDTH => .01; #fill at most 0.01 inch at a time

# The max number of characters to read into memory
use constant MAX_BYTES => 10 * M; #bumped up to 10 MB, use const

use constant DUP_DRILL1 => TRUE; #FALSE; #kludge: ViewPlot doesn't load drill files that are too small so duplicate first tool

my $runtime = time(); #Time::HiRes::gettimeofday(); #measure my execution time

print STDERR "Loaded config settings from '${\(__FILE__)}'.\n";
1; #last value must be truthful to indicate successful load


#############################################################################################
#junk/experiment:

#use Package::Constants;
#use Exporter qw(import); #https://perldoc.perl.org/Exporter.html

#my $caller = "pdf2gerb::";

#sub cfg
#{
#    my $proto = shift;
#    my $class = ref($proto) || $proto;
#    my $settings =
#    {
#        $WANT_DEBUG => 990, #10; #level of debug wanted; higher == more, lower == less, 0 == none
#    };
#    bless($settings, $class);
#    return $settings;
#}

#use constant HELLO => "hi there2"; #"main::HELLO" => "hi there";
#use constant GOODBYE => 14; #"main::GOODBYE" => 12;

#print STDERR "read cfg file\n";

#our @EXPORT_OK = Package::Constants->list(__PACKAGE__); #https://www.perlmonks.org/?node_id=1072691; NOTE: "_OK" skips short/common names

#print STDERR scalar(@EXPORT_OK) . " consts exported:\n";
#foreach(@EXPORT_OK) { print STDERR "$_\n"; }
#my $val = main::thing("xyz");
#print STDERR "caller gave me $val\n";
#foreach my $arg (@ARGV) { print STDERR "arg $arg\n"; }

Download Details:

Author: swannman
Source Code: https://github.com/swannman/pdf2gerb

License: GPL-3.0 license

#perl 

Ray Patel

Ray Patel

1625843760

Python Packages in SQL Server – Get Started with SQL Server Machine Learning Services

Introduction

When installing Machine Learning Services in SQL Server by default few Python Packages are installed. In this article, we will have a look on how to get those installed python package information.

Python Packages

When we choose Python as Machine Learning Service during installation, the following packages are installed in SQL Server,

  • revoscalepy – This Microsoft Python package is used for remote compute contexts, streaming, parallel execution of rx functions for data import and transformation, modeling, visualization, and analysis.
  • microsoftml – This is another Microsoft Python package which adds machine learning algorithms in Python.
  • Anaconda 4.2 – Anaconda is an opensource Python package

#machine learning #sql server #executing python in sql server #machine learning using python #machine learning with sql server #ml in sql server using python #python in sql server ml #python packages #python packages for machine learning services #sql server machine learning services

Myriam Rogahn

Myriam Rogahn

1598933400

Execute Commands on Remote Machines using sshpass

In this blog I am going to explain how sshpass can help us to increase productivity in our day to day system admin job. Although it is not a secure way to connect to the remote machine, still we can use sshpass for connecting on intranet machines to run different commands to quickly get the results like checking the uptime of a remote machine, check the disk usage of a remote machine, or check the software version of a machine, etc.

Typically we used to run the ssh command to log in to a remote machine either by key-based login or using username and password. In this process we have to log in to the remote machine then run the command to get the desired result but if we can run the command on a remote machine from our own machine and can get the result on the same machine rather than on the remote machine then… :) For that we have sshpass which enables this functionality.

Using** sshpass**, we can execute the command on the remote machine directly from our machine and can get the result from a remote machine. So this is the introduction of sshpass now let’s move forward and start implementing it but before that we need to install sshpass.

Install sshpass:

I am going to explain how we can install sshpass on CentOS-based distribution and Ubuntu based distribution.

  1. CentOS-based distribution
yum -y install sshpass
  1. Ubuntu-based distribution
apt-get install sshpass

By executing the above command, we can install sshpass on our machine. After installing sshpass we can see the help related to sshpass by typing following command:

sshpass -h

Which gives us the following response:

Usage: sshpass [-f|-d|-p|-e] [-hV] command parameters
 -f filename Take password to use from file
 -d number Use number as file descriptor for getting password
 -p password Provide password as argument (security unwise)
 -e Password is passed as env-var "SSHPASS"
 With no parameters - password will be taken from stdin
 -h Show help (this screen)
 -V Print version information

By seeing the help command response you may have an idea how we can execute the command. Now let’s execute the command to perform the commands on a remote server.

To get the uptime details of a remote machine we can execute the following command:

sshpass -p 'yourpassword' ssh user@192.168.12.xx 'uptime'

If we want to see the machine details we can execute following command:

sshpass -p 'yourpassword' ssh user@192.168.12.xx 'uname -a'

To check the disk usage we need to run following command:

sshpass -p 'yourpassword' ssh user@192.168.12.xx 'df -h'

#servers #automation #sshpass #ssh #remote-working

Oral Brekke

Oral Brekke

1684376340

How to Use Of Not Equal To The Operator in Bash

Many types of operators exist in Bash to check the equality or inequality of two strings or numbers. The “-ne” and “!=” operators are used to check the inequality of two values in Bash. The single third brackets ([ ]) are used in the “if” condition when the “!=” operator is used to check the inequality. The double third brackets ([[ ]]) are used in the “if” condition when the “-ne” operator is used to check the inequality. The methods of comparing the string and numeric values using these operators are shown in this tutorial.

Using the “!=” Operator

The “!=” operator can be used to check the inequality between two numeric values or two string values. Two uses of this operator are shown in the following examples.

Example 1: Checking the Inequality Between Numbers
Create a Bash file with the following script that takes a number input and check whether the input value is equal to 10 or not using the “!=” operator. The single third brackets ([ ]) are used in the “if” condition here.

#!/bin/bash
#Take a number
echo -n "Enter a number:"
read number

#Use '!=' operator to check the number value
if [ $number != 10 ]; then
    echo "The number is not equal to 10."
else
    echo "The number is equal to 10."
fi

The script is executed twice in the following output. Twelve (12) is taken as input in the first execution and “The number is not equal to 10” is printed. Ten (10) is taken as input in the second execution and “The number is equal to 10” is printed:

Example 2:
Create a Bash file with the following script that takes two string values and check whether the input values are equal or not using the “!=” operator. The single third brackets ([ ]) are used in the “if” condition here.

#!/bin/bash
#Take a number
echo -n "Enter the first string value: "
read str1
echo -n "Enter the second string value: "
read str2

#Use '!=' operator to check the string values
if [ "$str1" != "$str2" ]; then
    echo "The strings are not equal."
else
    echo "The strings are equal."
fi

The script is executed twice in the following output. The “Hello” and “hello” string values are taken as inputs in the first execution and these values are not equal because the string values are compared case-sensitively. In the next execution, the “hello” and “hello” string values are taken as equal inputs:

Using the “-ne” Operator

The “-ne” operator can be used to check the inequality between two numeric values but not can be used to compare the string values. Two uses of this operator to compare the numeric and string values are shown in the following examples.

Example 1:
Create a Bash file with the following script that takes the username as input. Next, the length of the input value is counted after removing the newline(\n) character. Whether the length of the username is equal to 8 or not is checked using the “-ne” operator. The double third brackets ([[ ]]) are used in the “if” condition here.

#!/bin/bash
#Take the username
echo -n "Enter username: "
read username

#Remove newline from the input value
username=`echo $username | tr -d '\n'`
#Count the total character
len=${#username}

#Use the '-ne' operator to check the number value
if [[ $len -ne 8 ]]; then
    echo "Username must be 8 characters long."
else
    echo "Username: $username"
fi

The script is executed twice in the following output. The “admin” is taken as input in the first execution and the “Username must be 8 characters long” is printed. The “durjoy23” is taken as input in the second execution and the “Username: durjoy23” is printed:

Example 2:
Create a Bash file with the following script that takes the username as input. Next, whether the input value is equal to “admin” or not is checked using the “-ne” operator. The double third brackets ([[ ]]) are used in the “if” condition here. The “-ne” operator does not work to compare two string values.

#!/bin/bash
#Take the username and password
echo -n "Enter username: "
read username

#Remove newline from the input value
username=`echo $username | tr -d '\n'`

#Use '-ne' operator to check the string values
if [[ "$username" -ne "admin" ]]; then
    echo "Invalid user."
else
    echo "Valid user."
fi

The script is executed twice in the following output. The “if” condition is returned true in both executions for the valid and invalid outputs which is a “wrong” output:

Conclusion

The method of comparing two values using the “!=” and “-ne” operators are shown in this tutorial using multiple examples to know the uses of these operators properly.

Original article source at: https://linuxhint.com/

#bash #equal #operator