How to Customize WordPress Theme With Your Brand Colors (6 Ways)

Well, every theme comes with its default color palette that may not suit your brand color. This can be a little frustrating, and you might be hunting for that perfect theme that captures your branding. There are plenty of options available to customize your theme so you should end up with exactly what you were looking for.

1. Changing Colors using Astra Global Color Palette
2. Changing Colors Using the Theme Customizer
3. Changing Colors Using a Page Builder
4. Changing Colors Using CSS
5. Changing Colors Using by Editing Theme Files
6. Changing Colors Using WordPress Plugins

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How to Add Splash Screen in Android and iOS with Flutter

When your app is opened, there is a brief time while the native app loads Flutter. By default, during this time, the native app displays a white splash screen. This package automatically generates iOS, Android, and Web-native code for customizing this native splash screen background color and splash image. Supports dark mode, full screen, and platform-specific options.

What's New

[BETA] Support for flavors is in beta. Currently only Android and iOS are supported. See instructions below.

You can now keep the splash screen up while your app initializes! No need for a secondary splash screen anymore. Just use the preserve and remove methods together to remove the splash screen after your initialization is complete. See details below.

Usage

Would you prefer a video tutorial instead? Check out Johannes Milke's tutorial.

First, add flutter_native_splash as a dependency in your pubspec.yaml file.

dependencies:
  flutter_native_splash: ^2.2.19

Don't forget to flutter pub get.

1. Setting the splash screen

 

Customize the following settings and add to your project's pubspec.yaml file or place in a new file in your root project folder named flutter_native_splash.yaml.

flutter_native_splash:
  # This package generates native code to customize Flutter's default white native splash screen
  # with background color and splash image.
  # Customize the parameters below, and run the following command in the terminal:
  # flutter pub run flutter_native_splash:create
  # To restore Flutter's default white splash screen, run the following command in the terminal:
  # flutter pub run flutter_native_splash:remove

  # color or background_image is the only required parameter.  Use color to set the background
  # of your splash screen to a solid color.  Use background_image to set the background of your
  # splash screen to a png image.  This is useful for gradients. The image will be stretch to the
  # size of the app. Only one parameter can be used, color and background_image cannot both be set.
  color: "#42a5f5"
  #background_image: "assets/background.png"

  # Optional parameters are listed below.  To enable a parameter, uncomment the line by removing
  # the leading # character.

  # The image parameter allows you to specify an image used in the splash screen.  It must be a
  # png file and should be sized for 4x pixel density.
  #image: assets/splash.png

  # The branding property allows you to specify an image used as branding in the splash screen.
  # It must be a png file. It is supported for Android, iOS and the Web.  For Android 12,
  # see the Android 12 section below.
  #branding: assets/dart.png

  # To position the branding image at the bottom of the screen you can use bottom, bottomRight,
  # and bottomLeft. The default values is bottom if not specified or specified something else.
  #branding_mode: bottom

  # The color_dark, background_image_dark, image_dark, branding_dark are parameters that set the background
  # and image when the device is in dark mode. If they are not specified, the app will use the
  # parameters from above. If the image_dark parameter is specified, color_dark or
  # background_image_dark must be specified.  color_dark and background_image_dark cannot both be
  # set.
  #color_dark: "#042a49"
  #background_image_dark: "assets/dark-background.png"
  #image_dark: assets/splash-invert.png
  #branding_dark: assets/dart_dark.png

  # Android 12 handles the splash screen differently than previous versions.  Please visit
  # https://developer.android.com/guide/topics/ui/splash-screen
  # Following are Android 12 specific parameter.
  android_12:
    # The image parameter sets the splash screen icon image.  If this parameter is not specified,
    # the app's launcher icon will be used instead.
    # Please note that the splash screen will be clipped to a circle on the center of the screen.
    # App icon with an icon background: This should be 960×960 pixels, and fit within a circle
    # 640 pixels in diameter.
    # App icon without an icon background: This should be 1152×1152 pixels, and fit within a circle
    # 768 pixels in diameter.
    #image: assets/android12splash.png

    # Splash screen background color.
    #color: "#42a5f5"

    # App icon background color.
    #icon_background_color: "#111111"

    # The branding property allows you to specify an image used as branding in the splash screen.
    #branding: assets/dart.png

    # The image_dark, color_dark, icon_background_color_dark, and branding_dark set values that
    # apply when the device is in dark mode. If they are not specified, the app will use the
    # parameters from above.
    #image_dark: assets/android12splash-invert.png
    #color_dark: "#042a49"
    #icon_background_color_dark: "#eeeeee"

  # The android, ios and web parameters can be used to disable generating a splash screen on a given
  # platform.
  #android: false
  #ios: false
  #web: false

  # Platform specific images can be specified with the following parameters, which will override
  # the respective parameter.  You may specify all, selected, or none of these parameters:
  #color_android: "#42a5f5"
  #color_dark_android: "#042a49"
  #color_ios: "#42a5f5"
  #color_dark_ios: "#042a49"
  #color_web: "#42a5f5"
  #color_dark_web: "#042a49"
  #image_android: assets/splash-android.png
  #image_dark_android: assets/splash-invert-android.png
  #image_ios: assets/splash-ios.png
  #image_dark_ios: assets/splash-invert-ios.png
  #image_web: assets/splash-web.png
  #image_dark_web: assets/splash-invert-web.png
  #background_image_android: "assets/background-android.png"
  #background_image_dark_android: "assets/dark-background-android.png"
  #background_image_ios: "assets/background-ios.png"
  #background_image_dark_ios: "assets/dark-background-ios.png"
  #background_image_web: "assets/background-web.png"
  #background_image_dark_web: "assets/dark-background-web.png"
  #branding_android: assets/brand-android.png
  #branding_dark_android: assets/dart_dark-android.png
  #branding_ios: assets/brand-ios.png
  #branding_dark_ios: assets/dart_dark-ios.png

  # The position of the splash image can be set with android_gravity, ios_content_mode, and
  # web_image_mode parameters.  All default to center.
  #
  # android_gravity can be one of the following Android Gravity (see
  # https://developer.android.com/reference/android/view/Gravity): bottom, center,
  # center_horizontal, center_vertical, clip_horizontal, clip_vertical, end, fill, fill_horizontal,
  # fill_vertical, left, right, start, or top.
  #android_gravity: center
  #
  # ios_content_mode can be one of the following iOS UIView.ContentMode (see
  # https://developer.apple.com/documentation/uikit/uiview/contentmode): scaleToFill,
  # scaleAspectFit, scaleAspectFill, center, top, bottom, left, right, topLeft, topRight,
  # bottomLeft, or bottomRight.
  #ios_content_mode: center
  #
  # web_image_mode can be one of the following modes: center, contain, stretch, and cover.
  #web_image_mode: center

  # The screen orientation can be set in Android with the android_screen_orientation parameter.
  # Valid parameters can be found here:
  # https://developer.android.com/guide/topics/manifest/activity-element#screen
  #android_screen_orientation: sensorLandscape

  # To hide the notification bar, use the fullscreen parameter.  Has no effect in web since web
  # has no notification bar.  Defaults to false.
  # NOTE: Unlike Android, iOS will not automatically show the notification bar when the app loads.
  #       To show the notification bar, add the following code to your Flutter app:
  #       WidgetsFlutterBinding.ensureInitialized();
  #       SystemChrome.setEnabledSystemUIOverlays([SystemUiOverlay.bottom, SystemUiOverlay.top]);
  #fullscreen: true

  # If you have changed the name(s) of your info.plist file(s), you can specify the filename(s)
  # with the info_plist_files parameter.  Remove only the # characters in the three lines below,
  # do not remove any spaces:
  #info_plist_files:
  #  - 'ios/Runner/Info-Debug.plist'
  #  - 'ios/Runner/Info-Release.plist'

2. Run the package

After adding your settings, run the following command in the terminal:

flutter pub run flutter_native_splash:create

When the package finishes running, your splash screen is ready.

To specify the YAML file location just add --path with the command in the terminal:

flutter pub run flutter_native_splash:create --path=path/to/my/file.yaml

3. Set up app initialization (optional)

By default, the splash screen will be removed when Flutter has drawn the first frame. If you would like the splash screen to remain while your app initializes, you can use the preserve() and remove() methods together. Pass the preserve() method the value returned from WidgetsFlutterBinding.ensureInitialized() to keep the splash on screen. Later, when your app has initialized, make a call to remove() to remove the splash screen.

import 'package:flutter_native_splash/flutter_native_splash.dart';

void main() {
  WidgetsBinding widgetsBinding = WidgetsFlutterBinding.ensureInitialized();
  FlutterNativeSplash.preserve(widgetsBinding: widgetsBinding);
  runApp(const MyApp());
}

// whenever your initialization is completed, remove the splash screen:
    FlutterNativeSplash.remove();

NOTE: If you do not need to use the preserve() and remove() methods, you can place the flutter_native_splash dependency in the dev_dependencies section of pubspec.yaml.

4. Support the package (optional)

If you find this package useful, you can support it for free by giving it a thumbs up at the top of this page. Here's another option to support the package:

Android 12+ Support

Android 12 has a new method of adding splash screens, which consists of a window background, icon, and the icon background. Note that a background image is not supported.

Be aware of the following considerations regarding these elements:

1: image parameter. By default, the launcher icon is used:

• App icon without an icon background, as shown on the left: This should be 1152×1152 pixels, and fit within a circle 768 pixels in diameter.
• App icon with an icon background, as shown on the right: This should be 960×960 pixels, and fit within a circle 640 pixels in diameter.

2: icon_background_color is optional, and is useful if you need more contrast between the icon and the window background.

3: One-third of the foreground is masked.

4: color the window background consists of a single opaque color.

PLEASE NOTE: The splash screen may not appear when you launch the app from Android Studio on API 31. However, it should appear when you launch by clicking on the launch icon in Android. This seems to be resolved in API 32+.

PLEASE NOTE: There are a number of reports that non-Google launchers do not display the launch image correctly. If the launch image does not display correctly, please try the Google launcher to confirm that this package is working.

PLEASE NOTE: The splash screen does not appear when you launch the app from a notification. Apparently this is the intended behavior on Android 12: core-splashscreen Icon not shown when cold launched from notification.

Flavor Support

If you have a project setup that contains multiple flavors or environments, and you created more than one flavor this would be a feature for you.

Instead of maintaining multiple files and copy/pasting images, you can now, using this tool, create different splash screens for different environments.

Pre-requirements

In order to use the new feature, and generate the desired splash images for you app, a couple of changes are required.

If you want to generate just one flavor and one file you would use either options as described in Step 1. But in order to setup the flavors, you will then be required to move all your setup values to the flutter_native_splash.yaml file, but with a prefix.

Let's assume for the rest of the setup that you have 3 different flavors, Production, Acceptance, Development.

First this you will need to do is to create a different setup file for all 3 flavors with a suffix like so:

flutter_native_splash-production.yaml
flutter_native_splash-acceptance.yaml
flutter_native_splash-development.yaml

You would setup those 3 files the same way as you would the one, but with different assets depending on which environment you would be generating. For example (Note: these are just examples, you can use whatever setup you need for your project that is already supported by the package):

# flutter_native_splash-development.yaml
flutter_native_splash:
  color: "#ffffff"
  image: assets/logo-development.png
  branding: assets/branding-development.png
  color_dark: "#121212"
  image_dark: assets/logo-development.png
  branding_dark: assets/branding-development.png

  android_12:
    image: assets/logo-development.png
    icon_background_color: "#ffffff"
    image_dark: assets/logo-development.png
    icon_background_color_dark: "#121212"

  web: false

# flutter_native_splash-acceptance.yaml
flutter_native_splash:
  color: "#ffffff"
  image: assets/logo-acceptance.png
  branding: assets/branding-acceptance.png
  color_dark: "#121212"
  image_dark: assets/logo-acceptance.png
  branding_dark: assets/branding-acceptance.png

  android_12:
    image: assets/logo-acceptance.png
    icon_background_color: "#ffffff"
    image_dark: assets/logo-acceptance.png
    icon_background_color_dark: "#121212"

  web: false

# flutter_native_splash-production.yaml
flutter_native_splash:
  color: "#ffffff"
  image: assets/logo-production.png
  branding: assets/branding-production.png
  color_dark: "#121212"
  image_dark: assets/logo-production.png
  branding_dark: assets/branding-production.png

  android_12:
    image: assets/logo-production.png
    icon_background_color: "#ffffff"
    image_dark: assets/logo-production.png
    icon_background_color_dark: "#121212"

  web: false

Great, now comes the fun part running the new command!

The new command is:

# If you have a flavor called production you would do this:
flutter pub run flutter_native_splash:create --flavor production

# For a flavor with a name staging you would provide it's name like so:
flutter pub run flutter_native_splash:create --flavor staging

# And if you have a local version for devs you could do that:
flutter pub run flutter_native_splash:create --flavor development

Android setup

You're done! No, really, Android doesn't need any additional setup.

Note: If it didn't work, please make sure that your flavors are named the same as your config files, otherwise the setup will not work.

iOS setup

iOS is a bit tricky, so hang tight, it might look scary but most of the steps are just a single click, explained as much as possible to lower the possibility of mistakes.

When you run the new command, you will need to open xCode and follow the steps bellow:

Assumption

• In order for this setup to work, you would already have 3 different schemes setup; production, acceptance and development.

Preparation

• Open the iOS Flutter project in Xcode (open the Runner.xcworkspace)
• Find the newly created Storyboard files at the same location where the original is {project root}/ios/Runner/Base.lproj
• Select all of them and drag and drop into Xcode, directly to the left hand side where the current LaunchScreen.storyboard is located already
• After you drop your files there Xcode will ask you to link them, make sure you select 'Copy if needed'
• This part is done, you have linked the newly created storyboards in your project.

xCode

Xcode still doesn't know how to use them, so we need to specify for all the current flavors (schemes) which file to use and to use that value inside the Info.plist file.

• Open the iOS Flutter project in Xcode (open the Runner.xcworkspace)
• Click the Runner project in the top left corner (usually the first item in the list)
• In the middle part of the screen, on the left side, select the Runner target
• On the top part of the screen select Build Settings
• Make sure that 'All' and 'Combined' are selected
• Next to 'Combine' you have a '+' button, press it and select 'Add User-Defined Setting'
• Once you do that Xcode will create a new variable for you to name. Suggestion is to name it LAUNCH_SCREEN_STORYBOARD
• Once you do that, you will have the option to define a specific name for each flavor (scheme) that you have defined in the project. Make sure that you input the exact name of the LaunchScreen.storyboard that was created by this tool
  • Example: If you have a flavor Development, there is a Storyboard created name LaunchScreenDevelopment.storyboard, please add that name (without the storyboard part) to the variable value next to the flavor value
• After you finish with that, you need to update Info.plist file to link the newly created variable so that it's used correctly
• Open the Info.plist file
• Find the entry called 'Launch screen interface file base name'
• The default value is 'LaunchScreen', change that to the variable name that you create previously. If you follow these steps exactly, it would be LAUNCH_SCREEN_STORYBOARD, so input this $(LAUNCH_SCREEN_STORYBOARD)
• And your done!

Congrats you finished your setup for multiple flavors,

FAQs

I got the error "A splash screen was provided to Flutter, but this is deprecated."

This message is not related to this package but is related to a change in how Flutter handles splash screens in Flutter 2.5. It is caused by having the following code in your android/app/src/main/AndroidManifest.xml, which was included by default in previous versions of Flutter:

<meta-data
 android:name="io.flutter.embedding.android.SplashScreenDrawable"
 android:resource="@drawable/launch_background"
 />

The solution is to remove the above code. Note that this will also remove the fade effect between the native splash screen and your app.

Are animations/lottie/GIF images supported?

Not at this time. PRs are always welcome!

I got the error AAPT: error: style attribute 'android:attr/windowSplashScreenBackground' not found

This attribute is only found in Android 12, so if you are getting this error, it means your project is not fully set up for Android 12. Did you update your app's build configuration?

I see a flash of the wrong splash screen on iOS

This is caused by an iOS splash caching bug, which can be solved by uninstalling your app, powering off your device, power back on, and then try reinstalling.

I see a white screen between splash screen and app

1. It may be caused by an iOS splash caching bug, which can be solved by uninstalling your app, powering off your device, power back on, and then try reinstalling.
2. It may be caused by the delay due to initialization in your app. To solve this, put any initialization code in the removeAfter method.

Can I base light/dark mode on app settings?

No. This package creates a splash screen that is displayed before Flutter is loaded. Because of this, when the splash screen loads, internal app settings are not available to the splash screen. Unfortunately, this means that it is impossible to control light/dark settings of the splash from app settings.

Notes

If the splash screen was not updated correctly on iOS or if you experience a white screen before the splash screen, run flutter clean and recompile your app. If that does not solve the problem, delete your app, power down the device, power up the device, install and launch the app as per this StackOverflow thread.

This package modifies launch_background.xml and styles.xml files on Android, LaunchScreen.storyboard and Info.plist on iOS, and index.html on Web. If you have modified these files manually, this plugin may not work properly. Please open an issue if you find any bugs.

How it works

Android

• Your splash image will be resized to mdpi, hdpi, xhdpi, xxhdpi and xxxhdpi drawables.
• An <item> tag containing a <bitmap> for your splash image drawable will be added in launch_background.xml
• Background color will be added in colors.xml and referenced in launch_background.xml.
• Code for full screen mode toggle will be added in styles.xml.
• Dark mode variants are placed in drawable-night, values-night, etc. resource folders.

iOS

• Your splash image will be resized to @3x and @2x images.
• Color and image properties will be inserted in LaunchScreen.storyboard.
• The background color is implemented by using a single-pixel png file and stretching it to fit the screen.
• Code for hidden status bar toggle will be added in Info.plist.

Web

• A web/splash folder will be created for splash screen images and CSS files.
• Your splash image will be resized to 1x, 2x, 3x, and 4x sizes and placed in web/splash/img.
• The splash style sheet will be added to the app's web/index.html, as well as the HTML for the splash pictures.

Acknowledgments

This package was originally created by Henrique Arthur and it is currently maintained by Jon Hanson.

Bugs or Requests

If you encounter any problems feel free to open an issue. If you feel the library is missing a feature, please raise a ticket. Pull request are also welcome.

---

Use this package as a library

Depend on it

Run this command:

With Flutter:

 $ flutter pub add flutter_native_splash

This will add a line like this to your package's pubspec.yaml (and run an implicit flutter pub get):

dependencies:
  flutter_native_splash: ^2.2.19

Alternatively, your editor might support flutter pub get. Check the docs for your editor to learn more.

Import it

Now in your Dart code, you can use:

import 'package:flutter_native_splash/flutter_native_splash.dart';

---

example/lib/main.dart

import 'package:flutter/material.dart';
import 'package:flutter_native_splash/flutter_native_splash.dart';

void main() {
  WidgetsBinding widgetsBinding = WidgetsFlutterBinding.ensureInitialized();
  FlutterNativeSplash.preserve(widgetsBinding: widgetsBinding);
  runApp(const MyApp());
}

class MyApp extends StatelessWidget {
  const MyApp({super.key});

  // This widget is the root of your application.
  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return MaterialApp(
      title: 'Flutter Demo',
      theme: ThemeData(
        // This is the theme of your application.
        //
        // Try running your application with "flutter run". You'll see the
        // application has a blue toolbar. Then, without quitting the app, try
        // changing the primarySwatch below to Colors.green and then invoke
        // "hot reload" (press "r" in the console where you ran "flutter run",
        // or simply save your changes to "hot reload" in a Flutter IDE).
        // Notice that the counter didn't reset back to zero; the application
        // is not restarted.
        primarySwatch: Colors.blue,
      ),
      home: const MyHomePage(title: 'Flutter Demo Home Page'),
    );
  }
}

class MyHomePage extends StatefulWidget {
  const MyHomePage({super.key, required this.title});

  // This widget is the home page of your application. It is stateful, meaning
  // that it has a State object (defined below) that contains fields that affect
  // how it looks.

  // This class is the configuration for the state. It holds the values (in this
  // case the title) provided by the parent (in this case the App widget) and
  // used by the build method of the State. Fields in a Widget subclass are
  // always marked "final".

  final String title;

  @override
  State<MyHomePage> createState() => _MyHomePageState();
}

class _MyHomePageState extends State<MyHomePage> {
  int _counter = 0;

  void _incrementCounter() {
    setState(() {
      // This call to setState tells the Flutter framework that something has
      // changed in this State, which causes it to rerun the build method below
      // so that the display can reflect the updated values. If we changed
      // _counter without calling setState(), then the build method would not be
      // called again, and so nothing would appear to happen.
      _counter++;
    });
  }

  @override
  void initState() {
    super.initState();
    initialization();
  }

  void initialization() async {
    // This is where you can initialize the resources needed by your app while
    // the splash screen is displayed.  Remove the following example because
    // delaying the user experience is a bad design practice!
    // ignore_for_file: avoid_print
    print('ready in 3...');
    await Future.delayed(const Duration(seconds: 1));
    print('ready in 2...');
    await Future.delayed(const Duration(seconds: 1));
    print('ready in 1...');
    await Future.delayed(const Duration(seconds: 1));
    print('go!');
    FlutterNativeSplash.remove();
  }

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    // This method is rerun every time setState is called, for instance as done
    // by the _incrementCounter method above.
    //
    // The Flutter framework has been optimized to make rerunning build methods
    // fast, so that you can just rebuild anything that needs updating rather
    // than having to individually change instances of widgets.
    return Scaffold(
      appBar: AppBar(
        // Here we take the value from the MyHomePage object that was created by
        // the App.build method, and use it to set our appbar title.
        title: Text(widget.title),
      ),
      body: Center(
        // Center is a layout widget. It takes a single child and positions it
        // in the middle of the parent.
        child: Column(
          // Column is also a layout widget. It takes a list of children and
          // arranges them vertically. By default, it sizes itself to fit its
          // children horizontally, and tries to be as tall as its parent.
          //
          // Invoke "debug painting" (press "p" in the console, choose the
          // "Toggle Debug Paint" action from the Flutter Inspector in Android
          // Studio, or the "Toggle Debug Paint" command in Visual Studio Code)
          // to see the wireframe for each widget.
          //
          // Column has various properties to control how it sizes itself and
          // how it positions its children. Here we use mainAxisAlignment to
          // center the children vertically; the main axis here is the vertical
          // axis because Columns are vertical (the cross axis would be
          // horizontal).
          mainAxisAlignment: MainAxisAlignment.center,
          children: <Widget>[
            const Text(
              'You have pushed the button this many times:',
            ),
            Text(
              '$_counter',
              style: Theme.of(context).textTheme.headlineMedium,
            ),
          ],
        ),
      ),
      floatingActionButton: FloatingActionButton(
        onPressed: _incrementCounter,
        tooltip: 'Increment',
        child: const Icon(Icons.add),
      ), // This trailing comma makes auto-formatting nicer for build methods.
    );
  }
}

Download Details:
 

Author: jonbhanson
Download Link: Download The Source Code
Official Website: https://github.com/jonbhanson/flutter_native_splash 
License: MIT license

#flutter #ios #android 

How To Customize WordPress Plugins? (4 Easy Ways To Do)

WordPress needs no introduction. It has been in the world for quite a long time. And up till now, it has given a tough fight to leading web development technology. The main reason behind its remarkable success is, it is highly customizable and also SEO-friendly. Other benefits include open-source technology, security, user-friendliness, and the thousands of free plugins it offers.

Talking of WordPress plugins, are a piece of software that enables you to add more features to the website. They are easy to integrate into your website and don’t hamper the performance of the site. WordPress, as a leading technology, has to offer many out-of-the-box plugins.

However, not always the WordPress would be able to meet your all needs. Hence you have to customize the WordPress plugin to provide you the functionality you wished. WordPress Plugins are easy to install and customize. You don’t have to build the solution from scratch and that’s one of the reasons why small and medium-sized businesses love it. It doesn’t need a hefty investment or the hiring of an in-house development team. You can use the core functionality of the plugin and expand it as your like.

In this blog, we would be talking in-depth about plugins and how to customize WordPress plugins to improve the functionality of your web applications.

What Is The Working Of The WordPress Plugins?

Developing your own plugin requires you to have some knowledge of the way they work. It ensures the better functioning of the customized plugins and avoids any mistakes that can hamper the experience on your site.

1. Hooks

Plugins operate primarily using hooks. As a hook attaches you to something, the same way a feature or functionality is hooked to your website. The piece of code interacts with the other components present on the website. There are two types of hooks: a. Action and b. Filter.

A. Action

If you want something to happen at a particular time, you need to use a WordPress “action” hook. With actions, you can add, change and improve the functionality of your plugin. It allows you to attach a new action that can be triggered by your users on the website.

There are several predefined actions available on WordPress, custom WordPress plugin development also allows you to develop your own action. This way you can make your plugin function as your want. It also allows you to set values for which the hook function. The add_ action function will then connect that function to a specific action.

B. Filters

They are the type of hooks that are accepted to a single variable or a series of variables. It sends them back after they have modified it. It allows you to change the content displayed to the user.

You can add the filter on your website with the apply_filter function, then you can define the filter under the function. To add a filter hook on the website, you have to add the $tag (the filter name) and $value (the filtered value or variable), this allows the hook to work. Also, you can add extra function values under $var.

Once you have made your filter, you can execute it with the add_filter function. This will activate your filter and would work when a specific function is triggered. You can also manipulate the variable and return it.

2. Shortcodes

Shortcodes are a good way to create and display the custom functionality of your website to visitors. They are client-side bits of code. They can be placed in the posts and pages like in the menu and widgets, etc.

There are many plugins that use shortcodes. By creating your very own shortcode, you too can customize the WordPress plugin. You can create your own shortcode with the add_shortcode function. The name of the shortcode that you use would be the first variable and the second variable would be the output of it when it is triggered. The output can be – attributes, content, and name.

3. Widgets

Other than the hooks and shortcodes, you can use the widgets to add functionality to the site. WordPress Widgets are a good way to create a widget by extending the WP_Widget class. They render a user-friendly experience, as they have an object-oriented design approach and the functions and values are stored in a single entity.

How To Customize WordPress Plugins?

There are various methods to customize the WordPress plugins. Depending on your need, and the degree of customization you wish to make in the plugin, choose the right option for you. Also, don’t forget to keep in mind that it requires a little bit of technical knowledge too. So find an expert WordPress plugin development company in case you lack the knowledge to do it by yourself.

1. Hire A Plugin Developer3

One of the best ways to customize a WordPress plugin is by hiring a plugin developer. There are many plugin developers listed in the WordPress directory. You can contact them and collaborate with world-class WordPress developers. It is quite easy to find a WordPress plugin developer.

Since it is not much work and doesn’t pay well or for the long term a lot of developers would be unwilling to collaborate but, you will eventually find people.

2. Creating A Supporting Plugin

If you are looking for added functionality in an already existing plugin go for this option. It is a cheap way to meet your needs and creating a supporting plugin takes very little time as it has very limited needs. Furthermore, you can extend a plugin to a current feature set without altering its base code.

However, to do so, you have to hire a WordPress developer as it also requires some technical knowledge.

3. Use Custom Hooks

Use the WordPress hooks to integrate some other feature into an existing plugin. You can add an action or a filter as per your need and improve the functionality of the website.

If the plugin you want to customize has the hook, you don’t have to do much to customize it. You can write your own plugin that works with these hooks. This way you don’t have to build a WordPress plugin right from scratch. If the hook is not present in the plugin code, you can contact a WordPress developer or write the code yourself. It may take some time, but it works.

Once the hook is added, you just have to manually patch each one upon the release of the new plugin update.

4. Override Callbacks

The last way to customize WordPress plugins is by override callbacks. You can alter the core functionality of the WordPress plugin with this method. You can completely change the way it functions with your website. It is a way to completely transform the plugin. By adding your own custom callbacks, you can create the exact functionality you desire.

We suggest you go for a web developer proficient in WordPress as this requires a good amount of technical knowledge and the working of a plugin.

Read More

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Beginner’s Guide To Use WordPress Theme Customizer (Ultimate Guide 2021) › Servo Node

This tutorial or guide to use WordPress Theme Customizer is for those who’s a newbie to WordPress and just finished installing WordPress for his website. Selecting a suitable theme for your brand and requirement, is the very first step to create an attractive website. But even after the theme is selected, how further customization and website designing should be performed? Here what the WordPress Theme Customizer and its usage can be helpful.

What is WordPress Theme Customizer?
WordPress Theme Customizer is WordPress in-built feature that allows users to design and style their WordPress website. Also, it offers to preview any changes before publishing the design changes to front end. So, no matters you have selected the best theme for your brand, you need to do some refinements as well to meet your proper purposes. And in order to do so, you should aware of how to use WordPress theme customizer.

Where to locate WordPress Theme Customizer in Dashboard?
WordPress website offers a standard theme customizer as it comes as a built-in feature. In order to access it, users can log-in to WordPress dashboard with admin (Administrator) account. Once logged in, navigate to Appearance > Customize, which can be located in the left hand sidebar of dashboard. Once you click Customize, it will open WordPress theme customizer with current active theme.

WordPress Theme Customizer Options Explained:
Typography: Used for changing font settings and typography styles
Site Identity: Here, users can assign a site title, tagline, and upload site logo, icon, and so on.
Colors: Used for changing color preferences like background color, link color, etc.
Header Image: Under this section, user can set a header image.
Background Image: Allows to set a background image for WordPress website.
Menus: This section is used for creating new site menus, assigning its positions, and many more.
Widgets: Under this section, users can add different widgets in sidebar, footer, homepage, etc
Homepage Settings: Mostly, this section is used for assigning homepage as either a static page or blog page.
Theme Settings: This section is dependent on certain themes, allows more additional features offered by Theme authors.
Additional CSS: Custom or additional CSS can be assigned here. If you are expert to deal with CSS, HTML, and core designing skills, this section can be very helpful.

How To Use WordPress Theme Customizer?
After looking through various available features under theme customizer in WordPress, obviously there’s many thing you can customize within your website or blog. So let;s learn each above discussed options one by one.

1: Changing Default Website Fonts (Typography)
2: Site Title, Logo, and Favicon Customization (Site Identity)
3: Website Color Scheme Customization (Colors)
4: Header Image Customization (Header Image)
5: Customizing Background Image
6: Customizing Navigation Menus
7: Customizing WordPress Widgets
8: Customizing Homepage Settings
9: Customizing Theme Settings
10: Customizing Additional CSS

Need More Customizations In WordPress site?
The standard customizer settings is all here discussed in this article, but in case if you need more modifications which are not here specified, you can do so using WordPress Plugin. You can easily search and find more customization plugins which can add more tweaking options to your WordPress blog easily.

#customize wordpress theme #wordpress theme customizer #how to use wordpress theme customizer

Custom WordPress Website Development Company, Hire WordPress Developer

Every other software development company can offer you WordPress development but Imenso Software’s WordPress development services are extraordinary as they have a team of certified WordPress developers, you can hire WordPress developers on an hourly or dedicated basis for a smooth workflow. Please visit Imenso Software’s official website to know more about custom WordPress services.

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ループを使用して、Rustのデータを反復処理します

このモジュールでは、Rustでハッシュマップ複合データ型を操作する方法について説明します。ハッシュマップのようなコレクション内のデータを反復処理するループ式を実装する方法を学びます。演習として、要求された注文をループし、条件をテストし、さまざまなタイプのデータを処理することによって車を作成するRustプログラムを作成します。

さび遊び場

錆遊び場は錆コンパイラにブラウザインタフェースです。言語をローカルにインストールする前、またはコンパイラが利用できない場合は、Playgroundを使用してRustコードの記述を試すことができます。このコース全体を通して、サンプルコードと演習へのPlaygroundリンクを提供します。現時点でRustツールチェーンを使用できない場合でも、コードを操作できます。

Rust Playgroundで実行されるすべてのコードは、ローカルの開発環境でコンパイルして実行することもできます。コンピューターからRustコンパイラーと対話することを躊躇しないでください。Rust Playgroundの詳細については、What isRust？をご覧ください。モジュール。

学習目標

このモジュールでは、次のことを行います。

• Rustのハッシュマップデータ型、およびキーと値にアクセスする方法を確認してください
• ループ式を使用してRustプログラムのデータを反復処理する方法を探る
• Rustプログラムを作成、コンパイル、実行して、ループを使用してハッシュマップデータを反復処理します

Rustのもう1つの一般的なコレクションの種類は、ハッシュマップです。このHashMap<K, V>型は、各キーKをその値にマッピングすることによってデータを格納しますV。ベクトル内のデータは整数インデックスを使用してアクセスされますが、ハッシュマップ内のデータはキーを使用してアクセスされます。

ハッシュマップタイプは、オブジェクト、ハッシュテーブル、辞書などのデータ項目の多くのプログラミング言語で使用されます。

ベクトルのように、ハッシュマップは拡張可能です。データはヒープに格納され、ハッシュマップアイテムへのアクセスは実行時にチェックされます。

ハッシュマップを定義する

次の例では、書評を追跡するためのハッシュマップを定義しています。ハッシュマップキーは本の名前であり、値は読者のレビューです。

use std::collections::HashMap;
let mut reviews: HashMap<String, String> = HashMap::new();

reviews.insert(String::from("Ancient Roman History"), String::from("Very accurate."));
reviews.insert(String::from("Cooking with Rhubarb"), String::from("Sweet recipes."));
reviews.insert(String::from("Programming in Rust"), String::from("Great examples."));

このコードをさらに詳しく調べてみましょう。最初の行に、新しいタイプの構文が表示されます。

use std::collections::HashMap;

このuseコマンドは、Rust標準ライブラリの一部HashMapからの定義をcollectionsプログラムのスコープに取り込みます。この構文は、他のプログラミング言語がインポートと呼ぶものと似ています。

HashMap::newメソッドを使用して空のハッシュマップを作成します。reviews必要に応じてキーと値を追加または削除できるように、変数を可変として宣言します。この例では、ハッシュマップのキーと値の両方がStringタイプを使用しています。

let mut reviews: HashMap<String, String> = HashMap::new();

キーと値のペアを追加します

このinsert(<key>, <value>)メソッドを使用して、ハッシュマップに要素を追加します。コードでは、構文は<hash_map_name>.insert()次のとおりです。

reviews.insert(String::from("Ancient Roman History"), String::from("Very accurate."));

キー値を取得する

ハッシュマップにデータを追加した後、get(<key>)メソッドを使用してキーの特定の値を取得できます。

// Look for a specific review
let book: &str = "Programming in Rust";
println!("\nReview for \'{}\': {:?}", book, reviews.get(book));

出力は次のとおりです。

Review for 'Programming in Rust': Some("Great examples.")

ノート

出力には、書評が単なる「すばらしい例」ではなく「Some（ "すばらしい例。"）」として表示されていることに注意してください。getメソッドはOption<&Value>型を返すため、Rustはメソッド呼び出しの結果を「Some（）」表記でラップします。

キーと値のペアを削除します

この.remove()メソッドを使用して、ハッシュマップからエントリを削除できます。get無効なハッシュマップキーに対してメソッドを使用すると、getメソッドは「なし」を返します。

// Remove book review
let obsolete: &str = "Ancient Roman History";
println!("\n'{}\' removed.", obsolete);
reviews.remove(obsolete);

// Confirm book review removed
println!("\nReview for \'{}\': {:?}", obsolete, reviews.get(obsolete));

出力は次のとおりです。

'Ancient Roman History' removed.
Review for 'Ancient Roman History': None

このコードを試して、このRustPlaygroundでハッシュマップを操作できます。

演習：ハッシュマップを使用して注文を追跡する
この演習では、ハッシュマップを使用するように自動車工場のプログラムを変更します。

ハッシュマップキーと値のペアを使用して、車の注文に関する詳細を追跡し、出力を表示します。繰り返しになりますが、あなたの課題は、サンプルコードを完成させてコンパイルして実行することです。

この演習のサンプルコードで作業するには、次の2つのオプションがあります。

• コードをコピーして、ローカル開発環境で編集します。
• 準備されたRustPlaygroundでコードを開きます。

ノート

サンプルコードで、todo!マクロを探します。このマクロは、完了するか更新する必要があるコードを示します。

現在のプログラムをロードする

最初のステップは、既存のプログラムコードを取得することです。

1. 編集のために既存のプログラムコードを開きます。コードは、データ型宣言、および定義のため含みcar_quality、car_factoryおよびmain機能を。

次のコードをコピーしてローカル開発環境で編集する
か、この準備されたRustPlaygroundでコードを開きます。

#[derive(PartialEq, Debug)]
struct Car { color: String, motor: Transmission, roof: bool, age: (Age, u32) }

#[derive(PartialEq, Debug)]
enum Transmission { Manual, SemiAuto, Automatic }

#[derive(PartialEq, Debug)]
enum Age { New, Used }

// Get the car quality by testing the value of the input argument
// - miles (u32)
// Return tuple with car age ("New" or "Used") and mileage
fn car_quality (miles: u32) -> (Age, u32) {

    // Check if car has accumulated miles
    // Return tuple early for Used car
    if miles > 0 {
        return (Age::Used, miles);
    }

    // Return tuple for New car, no need for "return" keyword or semicolon
    (Age::New, miles)
}

// Build "Car" using input arguments
fn car_factory(order: i32, miles: u32) -> Car {
    let colors = ["Blue", "Green", "Red", "Silver"];

    // Prevent panic: Check color index for colors array, reset as needed
    // Valid color = 1, 2, 3, or 4
    // If color > 4, reduce color to valid index
    let mut color = order as usize;
    if color > 4 {        
        // color = 5 --> index 1, 6 --> 2, 7 --> 3, 8 --> 4
        color = color - 4;
    }

    // Add variety to orders for motor type and roof type
    let mut motor = Transmission::Manual;
    let mut roof = true;
    if order % 3 == 0 {          // 3, 6, 9
        motor = Transmission::Automatic;
    } else if order % 2 == 0 {   // 2, 4, 8, 10
        motor = Transmission::SemiAuto;
        roof = false;
    }                            // 1, 5, 7, 11

    // Return requested "Car"
    Car {
        color: String::from(colors[(color-1) as usize]),
        motor: motor,
        roof: roof,
        age: car_quality(miles)
    }
}

fn main() {
    // Initialize counter variable
    let mut order = 1;
    // Declare a car as mutable "Car" struct
    let mut car: Car;

    // Order 6 cars, increment "order" for each request
    // Car order #1: Used, Hard top
    car = car_factory(order, 1000);
    println!("{}: {:?}, Hard top = {}, {:?}, {}, {} miles", order, car.age.0, car.roof, car.motor, car.color, car.age.1);

    // Car order #2: Used, Convertible
    order = order + 1;
    car = car_factory(order, 2000);
    println!("{}: {:?}, Hard top = {}, {:?}, {}, {} miles", order, car.age.0, car.roof, car.motor, car.color, car.age.1);    

    // Car order #3: New, Hard top
    order = order + 1;
    car = car_factory(order, 0);
    println!("{}: {:?}, Hard top = {}, {:?}, {}, {} miles", order, car.age.0, car.roof, car.motor, car.color, car.age.1);

    // Car order #4: New, Convertible
    order = order + 1;
    car = car_factory(order, 0);
    println!("{}: {:?}, Hard top = {}, {:?}, {}, {} miles", order, car.age.0, car.roof, car.motor, car.color, car.age.1);

    // Car order #5: Used, Hard top
    order = order + 1;
    car = car_factory(order, 3000);
    println!("{}: {:?}, Hard top = {}, {:?}, {}, {} miles", order, car.age.0, car.roof, car.motor, car.color, car.age.1);

    // Car order #6: Used, Hard top
    order = order + 1;
    car = car_factory(order, 4000);
    println!("{}: {:?}, Hard top = {}, {:?}, {}, {} miles", order, car.age.0, car.roof, car.motor, car.color, car.age.1);
}

2. プログラムをビルドします。次のセクションに進む前に、コードがコンパイルされて実行されることを確認してください。

次の出力が表示されます。

1: Used, Hard top = true, Manual, Blue, 1000 miles
2: Used, Hard top = false, SemiAuto, Green, 2000 miles
3: New, Hard top = true, Automatic, Red, 0 miles
4: New, Hard top = false, SemiAuto, Silver, 0 miles
5: Used, Hard top = true, Manual, Blue, 3000 miles
6: Used, Hard top = true, Automatic, Green, 4000 miles

注文の詳細を追跡するためのハッシュマップを追加する

現在のプログラムは、各車の注文を処理し、各注文が完了した後に要約を印刷します。car_factory関数を呼び出すたびにCar、注文の詳細を含む構造体が返され、注文が実行されます。結果はcar変数に格納されます。

お気づきかもしれませんが、このプログラムにはいくつかの重要な機能がありません。すべての注文を追跡しているわけではありません。car変数は、現在の注文の詳細のみを保持しています。関数carの結果で変数が更新されるたびcar_factoryに、前の順序の詳細が上書きされます。

ファイリングシステムのようにすべての注文を追跡するために、プログラムを更新する必要があります。この目的のために、<K、V>ペアでハッシュマップを定義します。ハッシュマップキーは、車の注文番号に対応します。ハッシュマップ値は、Car構造体で定義されているそれぞれの注文の詳細になります。

1. ハッシュマップを定義するには、main関数の先頭、最初の中括弧の直後に次のコードを追加します{。

// Initialize a hash map for the car orders
    // - Key: Car order number, i32
    // - Value: Car order details, Car struct
    use std::collections::HashMap;
    let mut orders: HashMap<i32, Car> = HashMap;

2. ordersハッシュマップを作成するステートメントの構文の問題を修正します。

ヒント

ハッシュマップを最初から作成しているので、おそらくこのnew()メソッドを使用することをお勧めします。

3. プログラムをビルドします。次のセクションに進む前に、コードがコンパイルされていることを確認してください。コンパイラからの警告メッセージは無視してかまいません。

ハッシュマップに値を追加する

次のステップは、履行された各自動車注文をハッシュマップに追加することです。

このmain関数では、car_factory車の注文ごとに関数を呼び出します。注文が履行された後、println!マクロを呼び出して、car変数に格納されている注文の詳細を表示します。

// Car order #1: Used, Hard top
    car = car_factory(order, 1000);
    println!("{}: {}, Hard top = {}, {:?}, {}, {} miles", order, car.age.0, car.roof, car.motor, car.color, car.age.1);

    ...

    // Car order #6: Used, Hard top
    order = order + 1;
    car = car_factory(order, 4000);
    println!("{}: {}, Hard top = {}, {:?}, {}, {} miles", order, car.age.0, car.roof, car.motor, car.color, car.age.1);

新しいハッシュマップで機能するように、これらのコードステートメントを修正します。

• car_factory関数の呼び出しは保持します。返された各Car構造体は、ハッシュマップの<K、V>ペアの一部として格納されます。
• println!マクロの呼び出しを更新して、ハッシュマップに保存されている注文の詳細を表示します。

1. main関数で、関数の呼び出しcar_factoryとそれに伴うprintln!マクロの呼び出しを見つけます。

// Car order #1: Used, Hard top
    car = car_factory(order, 1000);
    println!("{}: {}, Hard top = {}, {:?}, {}, {} miles", order, car.age.0, car.roof, car.motor, car.color, car.age.1);

    ...

    // Car order #6: Used, Hard top
    order = order + 1;
    car = car_factory(order, 4000);
    println!("{}: {}, Hard top = {}, {:?}, {}, {} miles", order, car.age.0, car.roof, car.motor, car.color, car.age.1);

2. すべての自動車注文のステートメントの完全なセットを次の改訂されたコードに置き換えます。

// Car order #1: Used, Hard top
    car = car_factory(order, 1000);
    orders(order, car);
    println!("Car order {}: {:?}", order, orders.get(&order));

    // Car order #2: Used, Convertible
    order = order + 1;
    car = car_factory(order, 2000);
    orders(order, car);
    println!("Car order {}: {:?}", order, orders.get(&order));

    // Car order #3: New, Hard top
    order = order + 1;
    car = car_factory(order, 0);
    orders(order, car);
    println!("Car order {}: {:?}", order, orders.get(&order));

    // Car order #4: New, Convertible
    order = order + 1;
    car = car_factory(order, 0);
    orders(order, car);
    println!("Car order {}: {:?}", order, orders.get(&order));

    // Car order #5: Used, Hard top
    order = order + 1;
    car = car_factory(order, 3000);
    orders(order, car);
    println!("Car order {}: {:?}", order, orders.get(&order));

    // Car order #6: Used, Hard top
    order = order + 1;
    car = car_factory(order, 4000);
    orders(order, car);
    println!("Car order {}: {:?}", order, orders.get(&order));

3. 今すぐプログラムをビルドしようとすると、コンパイルエラーが表示されます。<K、V>ペアをordersハッシュマップに追加するステートメントに構文上の問題があります。問題がありますか？先に進んで、ハッシュマップに順序を追加する各ステートメントの問題を修正してください。

ヒント

ordersハッシュマップに直接値を割り当てることはできません。挿入を行うにはメソッドを使用する必要があります。

プログラムを実行する

プログラムが正常にビルドされると、次の出力が表示されます。

Car order 1: Some(Car { color: "Blue", motor: Manual, roof: true, age: ("Used", 1000) })
Car order 2: Some(Car { color: "Green", motor: SemiAuto, roof: false, age: ("Used", 2000) })
Car order 3: Some(Car { color: "Red", motor: Automatic, roof: true, age: ("New", 0) })
Car order 4: Some(Car { color: "Silver", motor: SemiAuto, roof: false, age: ("New", 0) })
Car order 5: Some(Car { color: "Blue", motor: Manual, roof: true, age: ("Used", 3000) })
Car order 6: Some(Car { color: "Green", motor: Automatic, roof: true, age: ("Used", 4000) })

改訂されたコードの出力が異なることに注意してください。println!マクロディスプレイの内容Car各値を示すことによって、構造体と対応するフィールド名。

次の演習では、ループ式を使用してコードの冗長性を減らします。

for、while、およびloop式を使用します

多くの場合、プログラムには、その場で繰り返す必要のあるコードのブロックがあります。ループ式を使用して、繰り返しの実行方法をプログラムに指示できます。電話帳のすべてのエントリを印刷するには、ループ式を使用して、最初のエントリから最後のエントリまで印刷する方法をプログラムに指示できます。

Rustは、プログラムにコードのブロックを繰り返させるための3つのループ式を提供します。

• loop：手動停止が発生しない限り、繰り返します。
• while：条件が真のままで繰り返します。
• for：コレクション内のすべての値に対して繰り返します。

この単元では、これらの各ループ式を見ていきます。

ループし続けるだけ

loop式は、無限ループを作成します。このキーワードを使用すると、式の本文でアクションを継続的に繰り返すことができます。ループを停止させるための直接アクションを実行するまで、アクションが繰り返されます。

次の例では、「We loopforever！」というテキストを出力します。そしてそれはそれ自体で止まりません。println!アクションは繰り返し続けます。

loop {
    println!("We loop forever!");
}

loop式を使用する場合、ループを停止する唯一の方法は、プログラマーとして直接介入する場合です。特定のコードを追加してループを停止したり、Ctrl + Cなどのキーボード命令を入力してプログラムの実行を停止したりできます。

loop式を停止する最も一般的な方法は、breakキーワードを使用してブレークポイントを設定することです。

loop {
    // Keep printing, printing, printing...
    println!("We loop forever!");
    // On the other hand, maybe we should stop!
    break;                            
}

プログラムがbreakキーワードを検出すると、loop式の本体でアクションの実行を停止し、次のコードステートメントに進みます。

breakキーワードは、特別な機能を明らかにするloop表現を。breakキーワードを使用すると、式本体でのアクションの繰り返しを停止することも、ブレークポイントで値を返すこともできます。

次の例はbreak、loop式でキーワードを使用して値も返す方法を示しています。

let mut counter = 1;
// stop_loop is set when loop stops
let stop_loop = loop {
    counter *= 2;
    if counter > 100 {
        // Stop loop, return counter value
        break counter;
    }
};
// Loop should break when counter = 128
println!("Break the loop at counter = {}.", stop_loop);

出力は次のとおりです。

Break the loop at counter = 128.

私たちのloop表現の本体は、これらの連続したアクションを実行します。

1. stop_loop変数を宣言します。
2. 変数値をloop式の結果にバインドするようにプログラムに指示します。
3. ループを開始します。loop式の本体でアクションを実行します：
   ループ本体
   1. counter値を現在の値の2倍にインクリメントします。
   2. counter値を確認してください。
   3. もしcounter値が100以上です。

ループから抜け出し、counter値を返します。

4. もしcounter値が100以上ではありません。

ループ本体でアクションを繰り返します。

5. stop_loop値を式のcounter結果である値に設定しますloop。

loop式本体は、複数のブレークポイントを持つことができます。式に複数のブレークポイントがある場合、すべてのブレークポイントは同じタイプの値を返す必要があります。すべての値は、整数型、文字列型、ブール型などである必要があります。ブレークポイントが明示的に値を返さない場合、プログラムは式の結果を空のタプルとして解釈します()。

しばらくループする

whileループは、条件式を使用しています。条件式が真である限り、ループが繰り返されます。このキーワードを使用すると、条件式がfalseになるまで、式本体のアクションを実行できます。

whileループは、ブール条件式を評価することから始まります。条件式がと評価されるtrueと、本体のアクションが実行されます。アクションが完了すると、制御は条件式に戻ります。条件式がと評価されるfalseと、while式は停止します。

次の例では、「しばらくループします...」というテキストを出力します。ループを繰り返すたびに、「カウントが5未満である」という条件がテストされます。条件が真のままである間、式本体のアクションが実行されます。条件が真でなくなった後、whileループは停止し、プログラムは次のコードステートメントに進みます。

while counter < 5 {
    println!("We loop a while...");
    counter = counter + 1;
}

これらの値のループ

forループは、項目のコレクションを処理するためにイテレータを使用しています。ループは、コレクション内の各アイテムの式本体のアクションを繰り返します。このタイプのループの繰り返しは、反復と呼ばれます。すべての反復が完了すると、ループは停止します。

Rustでは、配列、ベクトル、ハッシュマップなど、任意のコレクションタイプを反復処理できます。Rustはイテレータを使用して、コレクション内の各アイテムを最初から最後まで移動します。

forループはイテレータとして一時変数を使用しています。変数はループ式の開始時に暗黙的に宣言され、現在の値は反復ごとに設定されます。

次のコードでは、コレクションはbig_birds配列であり、イテレーターの名前はbirdです。

let big_birds = ["ostrich", "peacock", "stork"];
for bird in big_birds

iter()メソッドを使用して、コレクション内のアイテムにアクセスします。for式は結果にイテレータの現在の値をバインドするiter()方法。式本体では、イテレータ値を操作できます。

let big_birds = ["ostrich", "peacock", "stork"];
for bird in big_birds.iter() {
    println!("The {} is a big bird.", bird);
}

出力は次のとおりです。

The ostrich is a big bird.
The peacock is a big bird.
The stork is a big bird.

イテレータを作成するもう1つの簡単な方法は、範囲表記を使用することですa..b。イテレータはa値から始まりb、1ステップずつ続きますが、値を使用しませんb。

for number in 0..5 {
    println!("{}", number * 2);
}

このコードは、0、1、2、3、および4の数値をnumber繰り返し処理します。ループの繰り返しごとに、値を変数にバインドします。

出力は次のとおりです。

0
2
4
6
8

このコードを実行して、このRustPlaygroundでループを探索できます。

演習：ループを使用してデータを反復処理する

この演習では、自動車工場のプログラムを変更して、ループを使用して自動車の注文を反復処理します。

main関数を更新して、注文の完全なセットを処理するためのループ式を追加します。ループ構造は、コードの冗長性を減らすのに役立ちます。コードを簡素化することで、注文量を簡単に増やすことができます。

このcar_factory関数では、範囲外の値での実行時のパニックを回避するために、別のループを追加します。

課題は、サンプルコードを完成させて、コンパイルして実行することです。

この演習のサンプルコードで作業するには、次の2つのオプションがあります。

• コードをコピーして、ローカル開発環境で編集します。
• 準備されたRustPlaygroundでコードを開きます。

ノート

サンプルコードで、todo!マクロを探します。このマクロは、完了するか更新する必要があるコードを示します。

プログラムをロードする

前回の演習でプログラムコードを閉じた場合は、この準備されたRustPlaygroundでコードを再度開くことができます。

必ずプログラムを再構築し、コンパイラエラーなしで実行されることを確認してください。

ループ式でアクションを繰り返す

より多くの注文をサポートするには、プログラムを更新する必要があります。現在のコード構造では、冗長ステートメントを使用して6つの注文をサポートしています。冗長性は扱いにくく、維持するのが困難です。

ループ式を使用してアクションを繰り返し、各注文を作成することで、構造を単純化できます。簡略化されたコードを使用すると、多数の注文をすばやく作成できます。

1. ではmain機能、削除次の文を。このコードブロックは、order変数を定義および設定し、自動車の注文のcar_factory関数とprintln!マクロを呼び出し、各注文をordersハッシュマップに挿入します。

// Order 6 cars
    // - Increment "order" after each request
    // - Add each order <K, V> pair to "orders" hash map
    // - Call println! to show order details from the hash map

    // Initialize order variable
    let mut order = 1;

    // Car order #1: Used, Hard top
    car = car_factory(order, 1000);
    orders.insert(order, car);
    println!("Car order {}: {:?}", order, orders.get(&order));

    ...

    // Car order #6: Used, Hard top
    order = order + 1;
    car = car_factory(order, 4000);
    orders.insert(order, car);
    println!("Car order {}: {:?}", order, orders.get(&order));

2. 削除されたステートメントを次のコードブロックに置き換えます。

// Start with zero miles
    let mut miles = 0;

    todo!("Add a loop expression to fulfill orders for 6 cars, initialize `order` variable to 1") {

        // Call car_factory to fulfill order
        // Add order <K, V> pair to "orders" hash map
        // Call println! to show order details from the hash map        
        car = car_factory(order, miles);
        orders.insert(order, car);
        println!("Car order {}: {:?}", order, orders.get(&order));

        // Reset miles for order variety
        if miles == 2100 {
            miles = 0;
        } else {
            miles = miles + 700;
        }
    }

3. アクションを繰り返すループ式を追加して、6台の車の注文を作成します。order1に初期化された変数が必要です。

4. プログラムをビルドします。コードがエラーなしでコンパイルされることを確認してください。

次の例のような出力が表示されます。

Car order 1: Some(Car { color: "Blue", motor: Manual, roof: true, age: ("New", 0) })
Car order 2: Some(Car { color: "Green", motor: SemiAuto, roof: false, age: ("Used", 700) })
Car order 3: Some(Car { color: "Red", motor: Automatic, roof: true, age: ("Used", 1400) })
Car order 4: Some(Car { color: "Silver", motor: SemiAuto, roof: false, age: ("Used", 2100) })
Car order 5: Some(Car { color: "Blue", motor: Manual, roof: true, age: ("New", 0) })
Car order 6: Some(Car { color: "Green", motor: Automatic, roof: true, age: ("Used", 700) })

車の注文を11に増やす

 プログラムは現在、ループを使用して6台の車の注文を処理しています。6台以上注文するとどうなりますか？

1. main関数のループ式を更新して、11台の車を注文します。

    todo!("Update the loop expression to create 11 cars");

2. プログラムを再構築します。実行時に、プログラムはパニックになります！

Compiling playground v0.0.1 (/playground)
    Finished dev [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 1.26s
    Running `target/debug/playground`
thread 'main' panicked at 'index out of bounds: the len is 4 but the index is 4', src/main.rs:34:29

この問題を解決する方法を見てみましょう。

ループ式で実行時のパニックを防ぐ

このcar_factory関数では、if / else式を使用colorして、colors配列のインデックスの値を確認します。

// Prevent panic: Check color index for colors array, reset as needed
    // Valid color = 1, 2, 3, or 4
    // If color > 4, reduce color to valid index
    let mut color = order as usize;
    if color > 4 {        
        // color = 5 --> index 1, 6 --> 2, 7 --> 3, 8 --> 4
        color = color - 4;
    }

colors配列には4つの要素を持ち、かつ有効なcolor場合は、インデックスの範囲は0〜3の条件式をチェックしているcolor私たちはをチェックしません（インデックスが4よりも大きい場合color、その後の関数で4に等しいインデックスへのときに我々のインデックスを車の色を割り当てる配列では、インデックス値から1を減算しますcolor - 1。color値4はcolors[3]、配列と同様に処理されます。）

現在のif / else式は、8台以下の車を注文するときの実行時のパニックを防ぐためにうまく機能します。しかし、11台の車を注文すると、プログラムは9番目の注文でパニックになります。より堅牢になるように式を調整する必要があります。この改善を行うために、別のループ式を使用します。

1. ではcar_factory機能、ループ式であれば/他の条件文を交換してください。colorインデックス値が4より大きい場合に実行時のパニックを防ぐために、次の擬似コードステートメントを修正してください。

// Prevent panic: Check color index, reset as needed
    // If color = 1, 2, 3, or 4 - no change needed
    // If color > 4, reduce to color to a valid index
    let mut color = order as usize;
    todo!("Replace `if/else` condition with a loop to prevent run-time panic for color > 4");

ヒント

この場合、if / else条件からループ式への変更は実際には非常に簡単です。

2. プログラムをビルドします。コードがエラーなしでコンパイルされることを確認してください。

次の出力が表示されます。

Car order 1: Some(Car { color: "Blue", motor: Manual, roof: true, age: ("New", 0) })
Car order 2: Some(Car { color: "Green", motor: SemiAuto, roof: false, age: ("Used", 700) })
Car order 3: Some(Car { color: "Red", motor: Automatic, roof: true, age: ("Used", 1400) })
Car order 4: Some(Car { color: "Silver", motor: SemiAuto, roof: false, age: ("Used", 2100) })
Car order 5: Some(Car { color: "Blue", motor: Manual, roof: true, age: ("New", 0) })
Car order 6: Some(Car { color: "Green", motor: Automatic, roof: true, age: ("Used", 700) })
Car order 7: Some(Car { color: "Red", motor: Manual, roof: true, age: ("Used", 1400) })
Car order 8: Some(Car { color: "Silver", motor: SemiAuto, roof: false, age: ("Used", 2100) })
Car order 9: Some(Car { color: "Blue", motor: Automatic, roof: true, age: ("New", 0) })
Car order 10: Some(Car { color: "Green", motor: SemiAuto, roof: false, age: ("Used", 700) })
Car order 11: Some(Car { color: "Red", motor: Manual, roof: true, age: ("Used", 1400) })

概要

このモジュールでは、Rustで使用できるさまざまなループ式を調べ、ハッシュマップの操作方法を発見しました。データは、キーと値のペアとしてハッシュマップに保存されます。ハッシュマップは拡張可能です。

loop手動でプロセスを停止するまでの式は、アクションを繰り返します。while式をループして、条件が真である限りアクションを繰り返すことができます。このfor式は、データ収集を反復処理するために使用されます。

この演習では、自動車プログラムを拡張して、繰り返されるアクションをループし、すべての注文を処理しました。注文を追跡するためにハッシュマップを実装しました。

このラーニングパスの次のモジュールでは、Rustコードでエラーと障害がどのように処理されるかについて詳しく説明します。

 リンク: https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/learn/modules/rust-loop-expressions/

#rust #Beginners