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NoSQL databases gained massive popularity in recent years. Rather than storing everything in row and column values, NoSQL databases provide more flexibility. There are quite a few document-oriented NoSQL databases available like AWS SimpleDB, MongoDB, and others. MongoDB provides more flexibility and operations than other NoSQL cloud databases. This would be a series of articles containing information on how to create a MongoDB cluster for cloud databases, how to create collections, and do Create, Read, Update and Delete (CRUD) operations through MongoDB compass (GUI) or through Python (pyMongo). Furthermore, future articles will also contain some advanced operations. If you already know how to create a MongoDB cluster and connect to it through MongoDB compass GUI, you can ignore this article and go to the next one.
First of all, you need to create an account in MongoDB, it’s completely free and does not require credit card information to get MongoDB atlas. You can register through here. MongoDB Atlas provides the cloud database. Once you register, you can select the cluster you want. There are three options available, the one we will use is shared cluster since it’s great for small projects and learning purposes, and it is free. As the name suggests, it will be a shared cluster while other clusters provide more advanced and dedicated services.
#mongodb-atlas #nosql #nosql-database #mongodb #mongodb-compass #creating cloud database in mongodb
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Install via pip:
$ pip install pytumblr
Install from source:
$ git clone https://github.com/tumblr/pytumblr.git
$ cd pytumblr
$ python setup.py install
A pytumblr.TumblrRestClient
is the object you'll make all of your calls to the Tumblr API through. Creating one is this easy:
client = pytumblr.TumblrRestClient(
'<consumer_key>',
'<consumer_secret>',
'<oauth_token>',
'<oauth_secret>',
)
client.info() # Grabs the current user information
Two easy ways to get your credentials to are:
interactive_console.py
tool (if you already have a consumer key & secret)client.info() # get information about the authenticating user
client.dashboard() # get the dashboard for the authenticating user
client.likes() # get the likes for the authenticating user
client.following() # get the blogs followed by the authenticating user
client.follow('codingjester.tumblr.com') # follow a blog
client.unfollow('codingjester.tumblr.com') # unfollow a blog
client.like(id, reblogkey) # like a post
client.unlike(id, reblogkey) # unlike a post
client.blog_info(blogName) # get information about a blog
client.posts(blogName, **params) # get posts for a blog
client.avatar(blogName) # get the avatar for a blog
client.blog_likes(blogName) # get the likes on a blog
client.followers(blogName) # get the followers of a blog
client.blog_following(blogName) # get the publicly exposed blogs that [blogName] follows
client.queue(blogName) # get the queue for a given blog
client.submission(blogName) # get the submissions for a given blog
Creating posts
PyTumblr lets you create all of the various types that Tumblr supports. When using these types there are a few defaults that are able to be used with any post type.
The default supported types are described below.
We'll show examples throughout of these default examples while showcasing all the specific post types.
Creating a photo post
Creating a photo post supports a bunch of different options plus the described default options * caption - a string, the user supplied caption * link - a string, the "click-through" url for the photo * source - a string, the url for the photo you want to use (use this or the data parameter) * data - a list or string, a list of filepaths or a single file path for multipart file upload
#Creates a photo post using a source URL
client.create_photo(blogName, state="published", tags=["testing", "ok"],
source="https://68.media.tumblr.com/b965fbb2e501610a29d80ffb6fb3e1ad/tumblr_n55vdeTse11rn1906o1_500.jpg")
#Creates a photo post using a local filepath
client.create_photo(blogName, state="queue", tags=["testing", "ok"],
tweet="Woah this is an incredible sweet post [URL]",
data="/Users/johnb/path/to/my/image.jpg")
#Creates a photoset post using several local filepaths
client.create_photo(blogName, state="draft", tags=["jb is cool"], format="markdown",
data=["/Users/johnb/path/to/my/image.jpg", "/Users/johnb/Pictures/kittens.jpg"],
caption="## Mega sweet kittens")
Creating a text post
Creating a text post supports the same options as default and just a two other parameters * title - a string, the optional title for the post. Supports markdown or html * body - a string, the body of the of the post. Supports markdown or html
#Creating a text post
client.create_text(blogName, state="published", slug="testing-text-posts", title="Testing", body="testing1 2 3 4")
Creating a quote post
Creating a quote post supports the same options as default and two other parameter * quote - a string, the full text of the qote. Supports markdown or html * source - a string, the cited source. HTML supported
#Creating a quote post
client.create_quote(blogName, state="queue", quote="I am the Walrus", source="Ringo")
Creating a link post
#Create a link post
client.create_link(blogName, title="I like to search things, you should too.", url="https://duckduckgo.com",
description="Search is pretty cool when a duck does it.")
Creating a chat post
Creating a chat post supports the same options as default and two other parameters * title - a string, the title of the chat post * conversation - a string, the text of the conversation/chat, with diablog labels (no html)
#Create a chat post
chat = """John: Testing can be fun!
Renee: Testing is tedious and so are you.
John: Aw.
"""
client.create_chat(blogName, title="Renee just doesn't understand.", conversation=chat, tags=["renee", "testing"])
Creating an audio post
Creating an audio post allows for all default options and a has 3 other parameters. The only thing to keep in mind while dealing with audio posts is to make sure that you use the external_url parameter or data. You cannot use both at the same time. * caption - a string, the caption for your post * external_url - a string, the url of the site that hosts the audio file * data - a string, the filepath of the audio file you want to upload to Tumblr
#Creating an audio file
client.create_audio(blogName, caption="Rock out.", data="/Users/johnb/Music/my/new/sweet/album.mp3")
#lets use soundcloud!
client.create_audio(blogName, caption="Mega rock out.", external_url="https://soundcloud.com/skrillex/sets/recess")
Creating a video post
Creating a video post allows for all default options and has three other options. Like the other post types, it has some restrictions. You cannot use the embed and data parameters at the same time. * caption - a string, the caption for your post * embed - a string, the HTML embed code for the video * data - a string, the path of the file you want to upload
#Creating an upload from YouTube
client.create_video(blogName, caption="Jon Snow. Mega ridiculous sword.",
embed="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=40pUYLacrj4")
#Creating a video post from local file
client.create_video(blogName, caption="testing", data="/Users/johnb/testing/ok/blah.mov")
Editing a post
Updating a post requires you knowing what type a post you're updating. You'll be able to supply to the post any of the options given above for updates.
client.edit_post(blogName, id=post_id, type="text", title="Updated")
client.edit_post(blogName, id=post_id, type="photo", data="/Users/johnb/mega/awesome.jpg")
Reblogging a Post
Reblogging a post just requires knowing the post id and the reblog key, which is supplied in the JSON of any post object.
client.reblog(blogName, id=125356, reblog_key="reblog_key")
Deleting a post
Deleting just requires that you own the post and have the post id
client.delete_post(blogName, 123456) # Deletes your post :(
A note on tags: When passing tags, as params, please pass them as a list (not a comma-separated string):
client.create_text(blogName, tags=['hello', 'world'], ...)
Getting notes for a post
In order to get the notes for a post, you need to have the post id and the blog that it is on.
data = client.notes(blogName, id='123456')
The results include a timestamp you can use to make future calls.
data = client.notes(blogName, id='123456', before_timestamp=data["_links"]["next"]["query_params"]["before_timestamp"])
# get posts with a given tag
client.tagged(tag, **params)
This client comes with a nice interactive console to run you through the OAuth process, grab your tokens (and store them for future use).
You'll need pyyaml
installed to run it, but then it's just:
$ python interactive-console.py
and away you go! Tokens are stored in ~/.tumblr
and are also shared by other Tumblr API clients like the Ruby client.
The tests (and coverage reports) are run with nose, like this:
python setup.py test
Author: tumblr
Source Code: https://github.com/tumblr/pytumblr
License: Apache-2.0 license
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A multi-cloud approach is nothing but leveraging two or more cloud platforms for meeting the various business requirements of an enterprise. The multi-cloud IT environment incorporates different clouds from multiple vendors and negates the dependence on a single public cloud service provider. Thus enterprises can choose specific services from multiple public clouds and reap the benefits of each.
Given its affordability and agility, most enterprises opt for a multi-cloud approach in cloud computing now. A 2018 survey on the public cloud services market points out that 81% of the respondents use services from two or more providers. Subsequently, the cloud computing services market has reported incredible growth in recent times. The worldwide public cloud services market is all set to reach $500 billion in the next four years, according to IDC.
By choosing multi-cloud solutions strategically, enterprises can optimize the benefits of cloud computing and aim for some key competitive advantages. They can avoid the lengthy and cumbersome processes involved in buying, installing and testing high-priced systems. The IaaS and PaaS solutions have become a windfall for the enterprise’s budget as it does not incur huge up-front capital expenditure.
However, cost optimization is still a challenge while facilitating a multi-cloud environment and a large number of enterprises end up overpaying with or without realizing it. The below-mentioned tips would help you ensure the money is spent wisely on cloud computing services.
Most organizations tend to get wrong with simple things which turn out to be the root cause for needless spending and resource wastage. The first step to cost optimization in your cloud strategy is to identify underutilized resources that you have been paying for.
Enterprises often continue to pay for resources that have been purchased earlier but are no longer useful. Identifying such unused and unattached resources and deactivating it on a regular basis brings you one step closer to cost optimization. If needed, you can deploy automated cloud management tools that are largely helpful in providing the analytics needed to optimize the cloud spending and cut costs on an ongoing basis.
Another key cost optimization strategy is to identify the idle computing instances and consolidate them into fewer instances. An idle computing instance may require a CPU utilization level of 1-5%, but you may be billed by the service provider for 100% for the same instance.
Every enterprise will have such non-production instances that constitute unnecessary storage space and lead to overpaying. Re-evaluating your resource allocations regularly and removing unnecessary storage may help you save money significantly. Resource allocation is not only a matter of CPU and memory but also it is linked to the storage, network, and various other factors.
The key to efficient cost reduction in cloud computing technology lies in proactive monitoring. A comprehensive view of the cloud usage helps enterprises to monitor and minimize unnecessary spending. You can make use of various mechanisms for monitoring computing demand.
For instance, you can use a heatmap to understand the highs and lows in computing visually. This heat map indicates the start and stop times which in turn lead to reduced costs. You can also deploy automated tools that help organizations to schedule instances to start and stop. By following a heatmap, you can understand whether it is safe to shut down servers on holidays or weekends.
#cloud computing services #all #hybrid cloud #cloud #multi-cloud strategy #cloud spend #multi-cloud spending #multi cloud adoption #why multi cloud #multi cloud trends #multi cloud companies #multi cloud research #multi cloud market
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NoSQL databases gained massive popularity in recent years. Rather than storing everything in row and column values, NoSQL databases provide more flexibility. There are quite a few document-oriented NoSQL databases available like AWS SimpleDB, MongoDB, and others. MongoDB provides more flexibility and operations than other NoSQL cloud databases. This would be a series of articles containing information on how to create a MongoDB cluster for cloud databases, how to create collections, and do Create, Read, Update and Delete (CRUD) operations through MongoDB compass (GUI) or through Python (pyMongo). Furthermore, future articles will also contain some advanced operations. If you already know how to create a MongoDB cluster and connect to it through MongoDB compass GUI, you can ignore this article and go to the next one.
First of all, you need to create an account in MongoDB, it’s completely free and does not require credit card information to get MongoDB atlas. You can register through here. MongoDB Atlas provides the cloud database. Once you register, you can select the cluster you want. There are three options available, the one we will use is shared cluster since it’s great for small projects and learning purposes, and it is free. As the name suggests, it will be a shared cluster while other clusters provide more advanced and dedicated services.
#mongodb-atlas #nosql #nosql-database #mongodb #mongodb-compass #creating cloud database in mongodb
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In this Python article, let's learn about Mutable and Immutable in Python.
Mutable is a fancy way of saying that the internal state of the object is changed/mutated. So, the simplest definition is: An object whose internal state can be changed is mutable. On the other hand, immutable doesn’t allow any change in the object once it has been created.
Both of these states are integral to Python data structure. If you want to become more knowledgeable in the entire Python Data Structure, take this free course which covers multiple data structures in Python including tuple data structure which is immutable. You will also receive a certificate on completion which is sure to add value to your portfolio.
Mutable is when something is changeable or has the ability to change. In Python, ‘mutable’ is the ability of objects to change their values. These are often the objects that store a collection of data.
Immutable is the when no change is possible over time. In Python, if the value of an object cannot be changed over time, then it is known as immutable. Once created, the value of these objects is permanent.
Objects of built-in type that are mutable are:
Objects of built-in type that are immutable are:
Object mutability is one of the characteristics that makes Python a dynamically typed language. Though Mutable and Immutable in Python is a very basic concept, it can at times be a little confusing due to the intransitive nature of immutability.
In Python, everything is treated as an object. Every object has these three attributes:
While ID and Type cannot be changed once it’s created, values can be changed for Mutable objects.
Check out this free python certificate course to get started with Python.
I believe, rather than diving deep into the theory aspects of mutable and immutable in Python, a simple code would be the best way to depict what it means in Python. Hence, let us discuss the below code step-by-step:
#Creating a list which contains name of Indian cities
cities = [‘Delhi’, ‘Mumbai’, ‘Kolkata’]
# Printing the elements from the list cities, separated by a comma & space
for city in cities:
print(city, end=’, ’)
Output [1]: Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata
#Printing the location of the object created in the memory address in hexadecimal format
print(hex(id(cities)))
Output [2]: 0x1691d7de8c8
#Adding a new city to the list cities
cities.append(‘Chennai’)
#Printing the elements from the list cities, separated by a comma & space
for city in cities:
print(city, end=’, ’)
Output [3]: Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai
#Printing the location of the object created in the memory address in hexadecimal format
print(hex(id(cities)))
Output [4]: 0x1691d7de8c8
The above example shows us that we were able to change the internal state of the object ‘cities’ by adding one more city ‘Chennai’ to it, yet, the memory address of the object did not change. This confirms that we did not create a new object, rather, the same object was changed or mutated. Hence, we can say that the object which is a type of list with reference variable name ‘cities’ is a MUTABLE OBJECT.
Let us now discuss the term IMMUTABLE. Considering that we understood what mutable stands for, it is obvious that the definition of immutable will have ‘NOT’ included in it. Here is the simplest definition of immutable– An object whose internal state can NOT be changed is IMMUTABLE.
Again, if you try and concentrate on different error messages, you have encountered, thrown by the respective IDE; you use you would be able to identify the immutable objects in Python. For instance, consider the below code & associated error message with it, while trying to change the value of a Tuple at index 0.
#Creating a Tuple with variable name ‘foo’
foo = (1, 2)
#Changing the index[0] value from 1 to 3
foo[0] = 3
TypeError: 'tuple' object does not support item assignment
Once again, a simple code would be the best way to depict what immutable stands for. Hence, let us discuss the below code step-by-step:
#Creating a Tuple which contains English name of weekdays
weekdays = ‘Sunday’, ‘Monday’, ‘Tuesday’, ‘Wednesday’, ‘Thursday’, ‘Friday’, ‘Saturday’
# Printing the elements of tuple weekdays
print(weekdays)
Output [1]: (‘Sunday’, ‘Monday’, ‘Tuesday’, ‘Wednesday’, ‘Thursday’, ‘Friday’, ‘Saturday’)
#Printing the location of the object created in the memory address in hexadecimal format
print(hex(id(weekdays)))
Output [2]: 0x1691cc35090
#tuples are immutable, so you cannot add new elements, hence, using merge of tuples with the # + operator to add a new imaginary day in the tuple ‘weekdays’
weekdays += ‘Pythonday’,
#Printing the elements of tuple weekdays
print(weekdays)
Output [3]: (‘Sunday’, ‘Monday’, ‘Tuesday’, ‘Wednesday’, ‘Thursday’, ‘Friday’, ‘Saturday’, ‘Pythonday’)
#Printing the location of the object created in the memory address in hexadecimal format
print(hex(id(weekdays)))
Output [4]: 0x1691cc8ad68
This above example shows that we were able to use the same variable name that is referencing an object which is a type of tuple with seven elements in it. However, the ID or the memory location of the old & new tuple is not the same. We were not able to change the internal state of the object ‘weekdays’. The Python program manager created a new object in the memory address and the variable name ‘weekdays’ started referencing the new object with eight elements in it. Hence, we can say that the object which is a type of tuple with reference variable name ‘weekdays’ is an IMMUTABLE OBJECT.
Also Read: Understanding the Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) in Python
Where can you use mutable and immutable objects:
Mutable objects can be used where you want to allow for any updates. For example, you have a list of employee names in your organizations, and that needs to be updated every time a new member is hired. You can create a mutable list, and it can be updated easily.
Immutability offers a lot of useful applications to different sensitive tasks we do in a network centred environment where we allow for parallel processing. By creating immutable objects, you seal the values and ensure that no threads can invoke overwrite/update to your data. This is also useful in situations where you would like to write a piece of code that cannot be modified. For example, a debug code that attempts to find the value of an immutable object.
Watch outs: Non transitive nature of Immutability:
OK! Now we do understand what mutable & immutable objects in Python are. Let’s go ahead and discuss the combination of these two and explore the possibilities. Let’s discuss, as to how will it behave if you have an immutable object which contains the mutable object(s)? Or vice versa? Let us again use a code to understand this behaviour–
#creating a tuple (immutable object) which contains 2 lists(mutable) as it’s elements
#The elements (lists) contains the name, age & gender
person = (['Ayaan', 5, 'Male'], ['Aaradhya', 8, 'Female'])
#printing the tuple
print(person)
Output [1]: (['Ayaan', 5, 'Male'], ['Aaradhya', 8, 'Female'])
#printing the location of the object created in the memory address in hexadecimal format
print(hex(id(person)))
Output [2]: 0x1691ef47f88
#Changing the age for the 1st element. Selecting 1st element of tuple by using indexing [0] then 2nd element of the list by using indexing [1] and assigning a new value for age as 4
person[0][1] = 4
#printing the updated tuple
print(person)
Output [3]: (['Ayaan', 4, 'Male'], ['Aaradhya', 8, 'Female'])
#printing the location of the object created in the memory address in hexadecimal format
print(hex(id(person)))
Output [4]: 0x1691ef47f88
In the above code, you can see that the object ‘person’ is immutable since it is a type of tuple. However, it has two lists as it’s elements, and we can change the state of lists (lists being mutable). So, here we did not change the object reference inside the Tuple, but the referenced object was mutated.
Also Read: Real-Time Object Detection Using TensorFlow
Same way, let’s explore how it will behave if you have a mutable object which contains an immutable object? Let us again use a code to understand the behaviour–
#creating a list (mutable object) which contains tuples(immutable) as it’s elements
list1 = [(1, 2, 3), (4, 5, 6)]
#printing the list
print(list1)
Output [1]: [(1, 2, 3), (4, 5, 6)]
#printing the location of the object created in the memory address in hexadecimal format
print(hex(id(list1)))
Output [2]: 0x1691d5b13c8
#changing object reference at index 0
list1[0] = (7, 8, 9)
#printing the list
Output [3]: [(7, 8, 9), (4, 5, 6)]
#printing the location of the object created in the memory address in hexadecimal format
print(hex(id(list1)))
Output [4]: 0x1691d5b13c8
As an individual, it completely depends upon you and your requirements as to what kind of data structure you would like to create with a combination of mutable & immutable objects. I hope that this information will help you while deciding the type of object you would like to select going forward.
Before I end our discussion on IMMUTABILITY, allow me to use the word ‘CAVITE’ when we discuss the String and Integers. There is an exception, and you may see some surprising results while checking the truthiness for immutability. For instance:
#creating an object of integer type with value 10 and reference variable name ‘x’
x = 10
#printing the value of ‘x’
print(x)
Output [1]: 10
#Printing the location of the object created in the memory address in hexadecimal format
print(hex(id(x)))
Output [2]: 0x538fb560
#creating an object of integer type with value 10 and reference variable name ‘y’
y = 10
#printing the value of ‘y’
print(y)
Output [3]: 10
#Printing the location of the object created in the memory address in hexadecimal format
print(hex(id(y)))
Output [4]: 0x538fb560
As per our discussion and understanding, so far, the memory address for x & y should have been different, since, 10 is an instance of Integer class which is immutable. However, as shown in the above code, it has the same memory address. This is not something that we expected. It seems that what we have understood and discussed, has an exception as well.
Quick check – Python Data Structures
Tuples are immutable and hence cannot have any changes in them once they are created in Python. This is because they support the same sequence operations as strings. We all know that strings are immutable. The index operator will select an element from a tuple just like in a string. Hence, they are immutable.
Like all, there are exceptions in the immutability in python too. Not all immutable objects are really mutable. This will lead to a lot of doubts in your mind. Let us just take an example to understand this.
Consider a tuple ‘tup’.
Now, if we consider tuple tup = (‘GreatLearning’,[4,3,1,2]) ;
We see that the tuple has elements of different data types. The first element here is a string which as we all know is immutable in nature. The second element is a list which we all know is mutable. Now, we all know that the tuple itself is an immutable data type. It cannot change its contents. But, the list inside it can change its contents. So, the value of the Immutable objects cannot be changed but its constituent objects can. change its value.
Mutable Object | Immutable Object |
State of the object can be modified after it is created. | State of the object can’t be modified once it is created. |
They are not thread safe. | They are thread safe |
Mutable classes are not final. | It is important to make the class final before creating an immutable object. |
list, dictionary, set, user-defined classes.
int, float, decimal, bool, string, tuple, range.
Lists in Python are mutable data types as the elements of the list can be modified, individual elements can be replaced, and the order of elements can be changed even after the list has been created.
(Examples related to lists have been discussed earlier in this blog.)
Tuple and list data structures are very similar, but one big difference between the data types is that lists are mutable, whereas tuples are immutable. The reason for the tuple’s immutability is that once the elements are added to the tuple and the tuple has been created; it remains unchanged.
A programmer would always prefer building a code that can be reused instead of making the whole data object again. Still, even though tuples are immutable, like lists, they can contain any Python object, including mutable objects.
A set is an iterable unordered collection of data type which can be used to perform mathematical operations (like union, intersection, difference etc.). Every element in a set is unique and immutable, i.e. no duplicate values should be there, and the values can’t be changed. However, we can add or remove items from the set as the set itself is mutable.
Strings are not mutable in Python. Strings are a immutable data types which means that its value cannot be updated.
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Original article source at: https://www.mygreatlearning.com
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The moving of applications, databases and other business elements from the local server to the cloud server called cloud migration. This article will deal with migration techniques, requirement and the benefits of cloud migration.
In simple terms, moving from local to the public cloud server is called cloud migration. Gartner says 17.5% revenue growth as promised in cloud migration and also has a forecast for 2022 as shown in the following image.
#cloud computing services #cloud migration #all #cloud #cloud migration strategy #enterprise cloud migration strategy #business benefits of cloud migration #key benefits of cloud migration #benefits of cloud migration #types of cloud migration