List in C++ Standard Template Library

In this article, we will be focusing List in C++ in detail.

Standard Template Library is a generic library that comprises of different c++ template classes. It includes various classes and methods that can operate on different types of data records/values.

By this, we mean that, we need not define classes and methods over and over to perform the same operation on different data type values.

The basic components of Standard Template Library is:

• Containers
• Iterators
• Algorithms

Today, we will be focusing on lists that come under Containers. So, let us begin!

What is a List in C++?

A list is part of a container is a component of the Standard Template Library that enables the programmer to create and store data values of different data types.

There are different types of Containers as follows:

• Sequence Containers
• Associative Containers
• Container Adapters
• Unordered Associative Containers

List is a Sequential Container that enables us to store and work with different types of data values. Sequential Containers allow the programmer to access the data values of varied data types in a sequential manner only.

Thus, lists work upon the storage of data in non-contiguous memory locations and access the values in a sequential manner.

Lists allows us to insert and delete the data values from any particular memory location. Moreover, we can access the elements of the lists in a bi-directional manner but in a sequential way.

With Lists, we can store data elements at varied locations in different chunks of memory. The lists can shrink and expand through both the ends at dynamic runtime as per the need.

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Standard Template Library (STL) in C++ | Lists

The **Standard Template Library (STL) **is a very useful set of template classes containing various containers. One among these containers is Lists. Today we’ll be having a look at Lists in STL. But before we proceed further I’d like to say that if this is your first time learning STL then I’d recommend you have a look at this article before beginning with this one.

With that being said let’s dive further into the topic by knowing what are lists in STL ?

A. Lists in STL

Lists are a type of sequence containers which provides us with constant insertion and deletion time anywhere within the sequence given that we have obtained the corresponding iterator to the same. It also allows us traversal in both the directions.

List containers are implemented as doubly-linked lists. The memory management is done internally by maintaining a link to the previous as well as the next element in the sequence with respect to each element. A significant drawback of lists being that we don’t have direct access to the elements since it uses non contiguous memory allocation for each element in the sequence. Thus in order to get to a specific element in the sequence one has to iterate through the list which takes linear time. Apart from that it also takes up a bit more extra space when compared to vectors, which it uses to keep track of the links to previous and next elements corresponding to each element in the sequence.

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C++ List Example | List in C++ Standard Template Library

C++ List is the inbuilt sequence containers that allow non-contiguous memory allocation. The list doesn’t provide fast random access, and it only supports sequential access in both directions. The list is a sequence container available with STL(Standard Template Library) in C++. By default, the list is a doubly-linked list. Since it is a doubly-linked list, the insertion and deletion are fast on the list.

It uses non-contiguous memory allocation, so traversal is slow compared to  vector in C++.

C++ List Example

The list allows insertion and deletion operation anywhere within a sequence in constant time.

Elements of the list can be scattered in the different chunks of memory. Container stores the necessary information to allow sequential access to its data.

C++ Lists can shrink or expand as needed from both ends at run time. The storage requirement is fulfilled automatically by the internal allocator.

Zero-sized lists are also valid. In that case list.begin() and list.end() points to the same location. But the behavior of calling front() or back() is undefined.

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The numerical algorithms that are found in the Standard Template Library (STL)

In this article I will discuss the numerical algorithms that are found in the Standard Template Library (STL). These algorithms do not replace the math library for the types of functions found in cmath but provide a different set of algorithms for solving certain numerical processing problems.

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How to Run C/C++ in Sublime Text?

C and C++ are the most powerful programming language in the world. Most of the super fast and complex libraries and algorithms are written in C or C++. Most powerful Kernel programs are also written in C. So, there is no way to skip it.

In programming competitions, most programmers prefer to write code in C or C++. Tourist is considered the worlds top programming contestant of all ages who write code in C++.

During programming competitions, programmers prefer to use a lightweight editor to focus on coding and algorithm designing. Vim, Sublime Text, and Notepad++ are the most common editors for us. Apart from the competition, many software developers and professionals love to use Sublime Text just because of its flexibility.

I have discussed the steps we need to complete in this blog post before running a C/C++ code in Sublime Text. We will take the inputs from an input file and print outputs to an output file without using freopen file related functions in C/C++.

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Dicey Issues in C/C++

If you are familiar with C/C++then you must have come across some unusual things and if you haven’t, then you are about to. The below codes are checked twice before adding, so feel free to share this article with your friends. The following displays some of the issues:

1. Using multiple variables in the print function
2. Comparing Signed integer with unsigned integer
3. Putting a semicolon at the end of the loop statement
4. C preprocessor doesn’t need a semicolon
5. Size of the string matters
6. Macros and equations aren’t good friends
7. Never compare Floating data type with double data type
8. Arrays have a boundary
9. Character constants are different from string literals
10. Difference between single(=) and double(==) equal signs.

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The below code generates no error since a print function can take any number of inputs but creates a mismatch with the variables. The print function is used to display characters, strings, integers, float, octal, and hexadecimal values onto the output screen. The format specifier is used to display the value of a variable.

1. %d indicates Integer Format Specifier
2. %f indicates Float Format Specifier
3. %c indicates Character Format Specifier
4. %s indicates String Format Specifier
5. %u indicates Unsigned Integer Format Specifier
6. %ld indicates Long Int Format Specifier

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A signed integer is a 32-bit datum that encodes an integer in the range [-2147483648 to 2147483647]. An unsigned integer is a 32-bit datum that encodes a non-negative integer in the range [0 to 4294967295]. The signed integer is represented in twos-complement notation. In the below code the signed integer will be converted to the maximum unsigned integer then compared with the unsigned integer.

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