Konsensusmeganismes in Blockchain verduidelik in minder as 5 minute

In hierdie pos sal ons bespreek Wat is 'n konsensusmeganisme? en Hoe werk konsensusmeganismes?

Blockchain het voortdurend opslae gemaak weens die gewildheid van kripto-geldeenhede soos Bitcoin en Ethereum. Verskeie organisasies gebruik kripto-geldeenhede om nuwe inkomstestrome te skep. Organisasies ontplooi ook blokketting vir verskeie toepassings soos om data te beveilig en die identiteit van beleggers te verifieer. Hierdie toepassings maak gebruik van verskillende tipes blokketting-konsensusmeganismes. Blockchain-konsensusmeganismes help basies om te verseker dat alle nodusse op 'n netwerk gesinchroniseer is en die transaksies daarvan wettig is. Sulke konsensusmeganismes is nodig vir blokkettingnetwerke om te verseker dat elke nodus aan dieselfde netwerk gekoppel is en dat alle transaksies gereeld geverifieer word.

Elke blokkettingnetwerk kan nie dieselfde konsensusmeganisme gebruik nie, aangesien verskillende uitkomste met verskillende toepassings wenslik is. Organisasies en blokkettingontwikkelaars moet ingeligte besluite neem terwyl hulle 'n blokkettingkonsensusmeganisme kies. Gevolglik kan blokketting- en sakeleiers agteruit werk van die gewenste resultate na 'n geskikte konsensusmeganisme.

Wat is 'n konsensusmeganisme?

'n Konsensusmeganisme is 'n stelsel wat kripto-geldeenhede soos Bitcoin en Ethereum gebruik om die egtheid van transaksies te bekragtig en die sekuriteit van die onderliggende blokketting te handhaaf. Hierdie stelsel verseker dat alle wettige transaksies op die blokketting aangeteken word en dat elke kopie van die blokketting alle geldige transaksies bevat.

As jy belangstel in hoe Bitcoin en ander kripto-geldeenhede werk, moet jy die rol van konsensusmeganismes verstaan. Hier is 'n nader kyk na wat hulle is in meer besonderhede, hoe hulle werk, en hoe konsensus meganismes lei tot 'n veilige, betroubare blockchain ervaring vir alle deelnemers.

Definisie en voorbeelde van konsensusmeganismes

Elke cryptocurrency blockchain werk met behulp van 'n konsensusmeganisme. Dit is 'n stelsel wat gebruikers van 'n blokkettingnetwerk volg om ooreen te stem oor die legitimiteit van transaksies. Sodra 'n transaksie bekragtig is, word dit op die blokketting aangeteken.

• Alternatiewe name : Konsensusprotokolle, konsensusalgoritmes

Byvoorbeeld, as jy een bitcoin koop en dit na jou cryptocurrency-beursie oordra, moet almal anders saamstem dat jy die bitcoin besit. As hulle dit nie het nie, sou jou geldeenheid waardeloos wees. Die eerste konsensusmeganisme was Bitcoin se "bewys-van-werk" (PoW) metode. Dit het goedkeuring deur die netwerk vereis (in die vorm van 'n unieke hash) vir elke nuwe blok wat met elke transaksie by die ketting gevoeg word. Dit het nuwe transaksies bekragtig en ooreenkoms oor vorige transaksies verseker.1

Elke cryptocurrency-blokketting kan sy eie unieke konsensusmeganisme gebruik of een wat van 'n bestaande blokketting gekopieer is.

Die konsensusmeganisme is uiters belangrik vir die blokkettingnetwerk. Dit beïnvloed hoe transaksies geverifieer word, hoeveel energie gebruik word, netwerkfooie, transaksiespoed en ander besonderhede vir die geldeenheid en netwerktoepassings.

Hoe konsensusmeganismes werk

Die rekenaars wat nuwe transaksies op die meeste blokkettings bevestig, word mynwerkers genoem. In 'n bewys-van-werk-protokol ding hierdie mynwerkers teen mekaar mee om die volgende blok transaksies te bekragtig. Die wen-mynwerker verdien 'n winsgewende mynfooi, betaal deur diegene wat transaksies op die netwerk stuur.

Die konsensusmeganisme verseker dat alle mynwerkers ooreenkom oor die volgende blok transaksies en versprei die inligting in elke nuwe blok aan alle ander mynwerkers. Enigiemand kan 'n kopie van die blokketting as 'n nodus na hul toestel aflaai. Elke kopie van die grootboek stem presies ooreen. Die konsensusmeganisme verseker die voortgesette ooreenkoms oor watter beursie watter bates besit.2

Tipes konsensusmeganismes

Terwyl bewys van werk die twee grootste kripto-geldeenhede—Bitcoin en Ethereum—krag, is dit nie die enigste manier om ‘n kripto-geldeenheid-netwerk te bestuur nie. 

Hier is die gewildste konsensusmeganismes wat deur verskillende kripto-geldeenhede gebruik word om spesifieke kenmerke te bereik.
 

Proof of Work (PoW) - Dit is die mees algemene konsensusprotokol wat deur 370 virtuele geldeenhede gebruik word, insluitend Bitcoin wat dit eerste was om dit te gebruik, volgens CryptoSlate, 'n inligtingswebwerf oor kripto.

• PoW werk op die beginsel van mynbou om konsensus te kry oor die validering van transaksies.
  • Wie die algoritme eerste oplos, of 'n blok van die geldeenheid ontgin, kan die blokketting bywerk met 'n geverifieerde transaksie en verdien 'n kripto vir die oplossing van die legkaart.
  • Hier tree elke mynwerker op as 'n nodus, wat ook beheerliggame is wat die transaksies op elke blok verifieer.
• Dit word Proof of Work genoem, aangesien swaar gebruik van rekenaarkrag daarin gebruik word, wat ook die grootste nadeel daarvan is.
• PoW is hoogs veilig en word versterk namate meer mynwerkers by die netwerk aansluit.
• Dit het skaalbaarheidskwessies, hoë transaksiefooie behalwe die onvermoë om hoë gebruikersverkeer te ondersteun.

Proof of Stake (PoS) - Dit behels nie die oplossing van wiskundige probleme om nuwe munte te ontgin nie, maar gebruik eerder staking.

• Staking beteken om munte in te sluit wat reeds deur individue in die netwerk besit word om nuwe munte te verdien wat deur die uitruil ontgin word.
• PoS los die skaalbaarheidskwessie op en is eko-vriendelik in teenstelling met PoW.
• Diegene wat minder munte besit, sal laer mynbou- en transaksiebekragtigingskrag op die blokketting hê.
• Die PoS-model maak die 51 persent aanval moeilik as gevolg van staking.
• Dit moedig egter die opgaar van virtuele geldeenhede aan eerder as om te spandeer.
• Ethereum beoog om na hierdie model oor te skakel in sy Ethereum 2.0-opgradering. Cardano en Polkadot gebruik dit reeds.

Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS) - Dit is 'n ontwikkelde weergawe van die PoS-model.

• Hier steek gebruikers die munte soos PoS, maar delegeer die werk aan 'n groep om 'n konsensus tussen hulself te bereik en transaksies te bekragtig.
• Afgevaardigdes kan uitgestem of ingestem word, gebaseer op hul reputasie.
• DPoS maak vinniger transaksies moontlik as PoW- en PoS-gebaseerde blokketting.
• Bitshares, Steem en Ark gebruik dit.

Bewys van kapasiteit (PoC) - Hierdie model vereis dat nodusse die hardeskyfspasie van die gebruiker gebruik vir die stoor van die moontlike oplossings selfs voordat die werklike mynbou begin. Dit is 'n groener opsie as beide PoW en PoS.

• 'n Groter hardeskyfberging beteken meer oplossings en meer moontlikheid om mynboubelonings te verdien.
• Die hardeskyfspasie bepaal mynregte om transaksies op die grootboek te valideer.

Bewys van geskiedenis (PoH) -

• Solana het die PoH-meganisme ontwikkel.
• Dit laat die valideerders op die netwerk toe om die toestand van die netwerk deur die grootboek self te bereken.
• Dit is gebaseer op kriptografiese tydsteekproefneming.
• PoH maak Solana die vinnigste blokketting teen tot 65 000 tps teen 'n blote transaksiefooi van $0,00025.

Bewys-van-kapasiteit : Bewys-van-kapasiteit-geldeenhede maak staat op 'n rekenaar se beskikbare hardeskyfstoorplek vir 'n gedesentraliseerde blokverifikasie en genereringsproses.

Bewys-van-aktiwiteit : Die bewys-van-aktiwiteit-konsensusmeganisme is 'n baster van bewys-van-belang en bewys-van-werk waarin die mynwerker poog om die beste van beide stelsels te benut.

Bewys-van-verstreke tyd : Bewys-van-verstreke tyd gebruik 'n ewekansige tydteller wat onafhanklik by elke nodus werk om die blokverifikasie lukraak aan 'n mynwerker toe te wys.

Bewys-van-brand : Met bewys-van-brand word konsensus gedryf deur mynwerkers wat periodiek munte verbrand, 'n proses om daardie spesifieke muntstuk permanent uit sirkulasie te verwyder of te verwyder. Dit bekragtig nuwe transaksies terwyl inflasie voorkom word

As jy in 'n kripto-geldeenheid belê, is dit 'n goeie idee om te weet watter soort konsensusmeganisme gebruik word en hoe dit werk.

Ethereum beweeg weg van bewys-van-werk en migreer na 'n bewys-van-stake-konsensusmeganisme.

🔥 As jy 'n beginner is. Ek glo die artikel hieronder sal nuttig vir jou wees ☞  Wat jy moet weet voordat jy in kriptogeldeenheid belê - vir beginner

Voor- en nadele van konsensusmeganismes

Voordele

• Vorm ooreenkoms grondslag vir die kripto-mark
• Skep 'n veilige omgewing
• Enige iemand kan deelneem

Nadele

• Mag energie-intensief wees
• Potensiaal vir aanvalle

Voordele verduidelik

• Vorm ooreenkoms grondslag vir die kripto-mark: Konsensusmeganismes sinchroniseer data tussen alle deelnemende gebruikers en maak vertroue in 'n blokketting moontlik.
• Skep 'n veilige omgewing: Kriptogeldeenhede en verspreide toepassings maak staat op konsensusmeganismes vir sekuriteit.
• Enigiemand kan deelneem: Met die gewildste konsensusmeganismes is hindernisse om as mynwerker deel te neem of hul eie nodusse te bedryf nie baie hoog nie.

Nadele verduidelik

• Mag energie-intensief wees: Bewys-van-werk is uiters energie-intensief en vereis soveel elektrisiteit as baie lande.
• Potensiaal vir aanvalle: Daar is 'n klein kans vir 'n tipe hack wat 'n 51%-aanval genoem word, onder andere geringe swakhede.

Wat hulle vir individuele beleggers beteken

Om te verstaan ​​hoe jou kripto-geldeenheid agter die skerms werk, is van kritieke belang, aangesien verskillende meganismes tot verskillende koste en transaksietye lei - en kan langtermyn bruikbaarheid en geldeenheidwaardasies beïnvloed.

As jy in Bitcoin of enige ander kripto-geldeenheid belê, is dit die moeite werd om 'n bietjie tyd te neem om te lees oor hoe dit werk. As jy die konsensusmeganisme vertrou, kan jy dalk die geldeenheid vertrou. As jy dit nie doen nie, is dit beter om jou geld elders te belê.

As jy daarin belangstel om te ontgin of jou eie nodus te bestuur, sal dit beslis die moeite werd wees om die konsensusmeganisme waarop die blokketting werk, te verstaan. Dit sal die belegging bepaal wat jy moet maak om te begin myn, of jy 'n kans het om suksesvol te myn, en die belonings wat jy kan kry.

Sleutel wegneemetes

• Konsensusmeganismes is die protokolle, algoritmes of ander rekenaarstelsels wat kripto-geldeenhede toelaat om te werk. Dit is stelsels van ooreenkoms wat die geldigheid van transaksies en bestuur van die blokketting bepaal.
• Daar is verskillende tipes konsensusmeganismes met verskeie voordele en nadele.
• 'n Konsensusmeganisme maak vertroue en sekuriteit in 'n blokkettingnetwerk moontlik.

🔺 VRYWARING: Die inligting in die pos is nie finansiële advies nie, is SLEGS vir ALGEMENE INLIGTING DOELINDES bedoel. Handel met Cryptocurrency is BAIE riskant. Maak seker dat jy hierdie risiko's verstaan ​​en dat jy verantwoordelik is vir wat jy met jou geld doen.

Top-uitruilings vir token-munt-handel. Volg instruksies en maak onbeperkte geld

☞ Binance ☞ Poloniex ☞ Bitfinex ☞ Huobi ☞ MXC ☞ Gate.io ☞ Coinbase

Dankie dat jy gelees het!

What is GEEK

Buddha Community

5 Blockchain Applications That Have Transformed the World of Technology

The blockchain is the decentralized database of the blocks of information, which gets recorded in the chain format and linked in a secured crypto graphical manner. This technology ensures proper safety of the data due to its secure nature, and it totally changes how people carry out transactions. It also brings about a faster and secure process of validating information needed to establish reliability.

Though blockchain technology came into the market to carry out only digital transactions, it is now used in various industries like supply chain, finance, health care, and many more.

The blockchain technology has made its position in mobile app development as well. Blockchain applications are transparent and accountable. From getting easy access to medical records and buying insurance, you can see blockchain applications everywhere.

Here are some of the areas where you can see the use of blockchain applications and how they have changed various industries.

1. Ripple

Ripple is useful for increasing banking transactions. The implementation of blockchain technology in the financial sector is much more profound than any other sector. Ripple proves this. It is one of the greatest tools to record and complete financial transactions.

It develops a large network despite strict physical boundaries. As there is no such third-party involvement present, the cost of these transactions is lower than usual. At the same time, the network also remains transparent and quite secured.

It is normally seen that financial transactions that happen globally are

error-prone and take a lot of time. In addition to this, when the transaction

fees and exchange rates get added up, the total cost usually gets high.

However, Ripple offers real-time international transactions without spending too much money. It has the network of about 200+ institutions making the process affordable, secure, and fast for all sorts of international transactions.

2. Etherisc

This blockchain application helps in automating flight insurance. Insurance is another area where blockchain is gaining popularity. Through this application, insurers can make smart contracts rather than getting involved in the traditional contracts that are usually complex. Etherisc is the blockchain application that helps customers buy flight insurance. If the flight gets canceled or delayed, they do not have to wait for months to get the payment back. This application ensures an on-time payout.

#blockchain #blockchain-technology #blockchain-development #blockchain-use-cases #blockchain-a #blockchain-technologies #technology #decentralization

Blockchain Certification | Blockchain Training Course | Blockchain Council

In all the market sectors, Blockchain technology has contributed to the redesign. The improvements that were once impossible have been pushed forward. Blockchain is one of the leading innovations with the ability to influence the various sectors of the industry. It also has the ability to be one of the career-influencing innovations at the same time. We have seen an increasing inclination towards the certification of the Blockchain in recent years, and there are obvious reasons behind it. Blockchain has everything to offer, from good packages to its universal application and futuristic development. Let’s address the reasons why one should go for Blockchain certification.

5 advantages of certification by Blockchain:

1. Lucrative packages- Everyone who completes their education or upskills themselves wants to end up with a good bundle, not only is one assured of a good learning experience with Blockchain, but the packages are drool-worthy at the same time. A Blockchain developer’s average salary varies between $150,000 and $175,000 per annum. Comparatively, a software developer gets a $137,000 per year salary. For a Blockchain developer, the San Francisco Bay area provides the highest bundle, amounting to $162,288 per annum. There’s no point arguing that learning about Blockchain is a smart decision with such lucrative packages.

2. Growing industry- When you select any qualification course, it becomes important that you choose a growing segment or industry that promises potential in the future. You should anticipate all of these with Blockchain. The size of the blockchain market is expected to rise from USD 3.0 billion in 2020 to USD 39.7 billion by 2025. This will see an incredible 67.3 percent CAGR between 2020-2025. To help business processes, several businesses are outsourcing Blockchain technologies. This clearly demonstrates that there will be higher demand in the future for Blockchain developers and certified Blockchain professionals.

3. Universal application- One of the major reasons for the success of Blockchain is that it has a global application. It is not sector-specific. Blockchain usage cases are discovered by almost all market segments. In addition, other innovations such as AI, big data, data science and much more are also supported by Blockchain. It becomes easier to get into a suitable industry once you know about Blockchain.

**4. Work protection-**Surely you would like to invest in an ability that ensures job security. You had the same chance for Blockchain. Since this is the technology of the future, understanding that Blockchain can keep up with futuristic developments will help in a successful and safe job.

**5.**After a certain point of your professional life, you are expected to learn about new abilities that can help enhance your skills. Upskilling is paramount. Upskilling oneself has become the need for the hour, and choosing a path that holds a lot of potential for the future is the best way to do this. For all computer geeks and others who want to gain awareness of emerging technology, Blockchain is a good option.

Concluding thoughts- opting for Blockchain certification is a successful career move with all these advantages. You will be able to find yourself in a safe and secured work profile once you have all the knowledge and information. Link for Blockchain certification programme with the Blockchain Council.

#blockchain certificate #blockchain training #blockchain certification #blockchain developers #blockchain #blockchain council

Substrate Knowledge Map For Hackathon Participants

Substrate Knowledge Map for Hackathon Participants

The Substrate Knowledge Map provides information that you—as a Substrate hackathon participant—need to know to develop a non-trivial application for your hackathon submission.

The map covers 6 main sections:

1. Introduction
2. Basics
3. Preliminaries
4. Runtime Development
5. Polkadot JS API
6. Smart Contracts

Each section contains basic information on each topic, with links to additional documentation for you to dig deeper. Within each section, you'll find a mix of quizzes and labs to test your knowledge as your progress through the map. The goal of the labs and quizzes is to help you consolidate what you've learned and put it to practice with some hands-on activities.

Introduction

One question we often get is why learn the Substrate framework when we can write smart contracts to build decentralized applications?

The short answer is that using the Substrate framework and writing smart contracts are two different approaches.

Smart contract development

Traditional smart contract platforms allow users to publish additional logic on top of some core blockchain logic. Since smart contract logic can be published by anyone, including malicious actors and inexperienced developers, there are a number of intentional safeguards and restrictions built around these public smart contract platforms. For example:

Fees: Smart contract developers must ensure that contract users are charged for the computation and storage they impose on the computers running their contract. With fees, block creators are protected from abuse of the network.

Sandboxed: A contract is not able to modify core blockchain storage or storage items of other contracts directly. Its power is limited to only modifying its own state, and the ability to make outside calls to other contracts or runtime functions.

Reversion: Contracts can be prone to undesirable situations that lead to logical errors when wanting to revert or upgrade them. Developers need to learn additional patterns such as splitting their contract's logic and data to ensure seamless upgrades.

These safeguards and restrictions make running smart contracts slower and more costly. However, it's important to consider the different developer audiences for contract development versus Substrate runtime development.

Building decentralized applications with smart contracts allows your community to extend and develop on top of your runtime logic without worrying about proposals, runtime upgrades, and so on. You can also use smart contracts as a testing ground for future runtime changes, but done in an isolated way that protects your network from any errors the changes might introduce.

In summary, smart contract development:

• Is inherently safer to the network.
• Provides economic incentives and transaction fee mechanisms that can't be directly controlled by the smart contract author.
• Provides computational overhead to support graceful logical failures.
• Has a low barrier to entry for developers and enables a faster pace of community interaction.

Substrate runtime development

Unlike traditional smart contract development, Substrate runtime development offers none of the network protections or safeguards. Instead, as a runtime developer, you have total control over how the blockchain behaves. However, this level of control also means that there is a higher barrier to entry.

Substrate is a framework for building blockchains, which almost makes comparing it to smart contract development like comparing apples and oranges. With the Substrate framework, developers can build smart contracts but that is only a fraction of using Substrate to its full potential.

With Substrate, you have full control over the underlying logic that your network's nodes will run. You also have full access for modifying and controlling each and every storage item across your runtime modules. As you progress through this map, you'll discover concepts and techniques that will help you to unlock the potential of the Substrate framework, giving you the freedom to build the blockchain that best suits the needs of your application.

You'll also discover how you can upgrade the Substrate runtime with a single transaction instead of having to organize a community hard-fork. Upgradeability is one of the primary design features of the Substrate framework.

In summary, runtime development:

• Provides low level access to your entire blockchain.
• Removes the overhead of built-in safety for performance.
• Has a higher barrier of entry for developers.
• Provides flexibility to customize full-stack application logic.

To learn more about using smart contracts within Substrate, refer to the Smart Contract - Overview page as well as the Polkadot Builders Guide.

Navigating the documentation

If you need any community support, please join the following channels based on the area where you need help:

• Substrate Technical channel on Discord or Element.
• ink! Smart Contract channel on Discord or Element
• Frontier EVM Compatibility channel on Discord or Element
• PolkatodJS API channel on Discord

Alternatively, also look for support on Stackoverflow where questions are tagged with "substrate" or on the Parity Subport repo.

Use the following links to explore the sites and resources available on each:

Substrate Developer Hub has the most comprehensive all-round coverage about Substrate, from a "big picture" explanation of architecture to specific technical concepts. The site also provides tutorials to guide you as your learn the Substrate framework and the API reference documentation. You should check this site first if you want to look up information about Substrate runtime development. The site consists of:

Knowledge Base: Explaining the foundational concepts of building blockchain runtimes using Substrate.

Tutorials: Hand-on tutorials for developers to follow. The first SIX tutorials show the fundamentals in Substrate and are recommended for every Substrate learner to go through.

How-to Guides: These resources are like the O'Reilly cookbook series written in a task-oriented way for readers to get the job done. Some examples of the topics overed include:

• Setting up proper weight functions for extrinsic calls.
• Using off-chain workers to fetch HTTP requests.
• Writing tests for your pallets It can also be read from

API docs: Substrate API reference documentation.

Substrate Node Template provides a light weight, minimal Substrate blockchain node that you can set up as a local development environment.

Substrate Front-end template provides a front-end interface built with React using Polkadot-JS API to connect to any Substrate node. Developers are encouraged to start new Substrate projects based on these templates.

If you face any technical difficulties and need support, feel free to join the Substrate Technical matrix channel and ask your questions there.

Additional resources

Polkadot Wiki documents the specific behavior and mechanisms of the Polkadot network. The Polkadot network allows multiple blockchains to connect and pass messages to each other. On the wiki, you can learn about how Polkadot—built using Substrate—is customized to support inter-blockchain message passing.

Polkadot JS API doc: documents how to use the Polkadot-JS API. This JavaScript-based API allows developers to build custom front-ends for their blockchains and applications. Polkadot JS API provides a way to connect to Substrate-based blockchains to query runtime metadata and send transactions.

Quiz #1

👉 Submit your answers to Quiz #1

Basics

Set up your local development environment

Here you will set up your local machine to install the Rust compiler—ensuring that you have both stable and nightly versions installed. Both stable and nightly versions are required because currently a Substrate runtime is compiled to a native binary using the stable Rust compiler, then compiled to a WebAssembly (WASM) binary, which only the nightly Rust compiler can do.

Also refer to:

• Set up Substrate for Unix-based machines
• Set up Substrate for Windows

Lab #1

👉 Complete Lab #1: Run a Substrate node

Interact with a Substrate network using Polkadot-JS apps

Polkadot JS Apps is the canonical front-end to interact with any Substrate-based chain.

You can configure whichever endpoint you want it to connected to, even to your localhost running node. Refer to the following two diagrams.

1. Click on the top left side showing your currently connected network:

1. Scroll to the bottom of the menu, open DEVELOPMENT, and choose either Local Node or Custom to specify your own endpoint.

Quiz #2

👉 Complete Quiz #2

Lab #2

👉 Complete Lab #2: Using Polkadot-JS Apps

Notes: If you are connecting Apps to a custom chain (or your locally-running node), you may need to specify your chain's custom data types in JSON under Settings > Developer.

Polkadot-JS Apps only receives a series of bytes from the blockchain. It is up to the developer to tell it how to decode and interpret these custom data type. To learn more on this, refer to:

• Polkadot JS doc: Type basics
• Polkadot JS doc: Extending types

You will also need to create an account. To do so, follow these steps on account generation. You'll learn that you can also use the Polkadot-JS Browser Plugin (a Metamask-like browser extension to manage your Substrate accounts) and it will automatically be imported into Polkadot-JS Apps.

Notes: When you run a Substrate chain in development mode (with the --dev flag), well-known accounts (Alice, Bob, Charlie, etc.) are always created for you.

Lab #3

👉 Complete Lab #3: Create an Account

Preliminaries

You need to know some Rust programming concepts and have a good understanding on how blockchain technology works in order to make the most of developing with Substrate. The following resources will help you brush up in these areas.

Rust

You will need familiarize yourself with Rust to understand how Substrate is built and how to make the most of its capabilities.

If you are new to Rust, or need a brush up on your Rust knowledge, please refer to The Rust Book. You could still continue learning about Substrate without knowing Rust, but we recommend you come back to this section whenever in doubt about what any of the Rust syntax you're looking at means. Here are the parts of the Rust book we recommend you familiarize yourself with:

• ch 1 - 10: These chapters cover the foundational knowledge of programming in Rust
• ch 13: On iterators and closures
• ch 18 - 19: On advanced traits and advanced types. Learn a bit about macros as well. You will not necessarily be writing your own macros, but you'll be using a lot of Substrate and FRAME's built-in macros to write your blockchain runtime.

How blockchains work

Given that you'll be writing a blockchain runtime, you need to know what a blockchain is, and how it works. The **Web3 Blockchain Fundamental MOOC Youtube video series provides a good basis for understanding key blockchain concepts and how blockchains work.

The lectures we recommend you watch are: lectures 1 - 7 and lecture 10. That's 8 lectures, or about 4 hours of video.

Quiz #3

👉 Complete Quiz #3

Substrate runtime development

High level architecture

To know more about the high level architecture of Substrate, please go through the Knowledge Base articles on Getting Started: Overview and Getting Started: Architecture.

In this document, we assume you will develop a Substrate runtime with FRAME (v2). This is what a Substrate node consists of.

Each node has many components that manage things like the transaction queue, communicating over a P2P network, reaching consensus on the state of the blockchain, and the chain's actual runtime logic (aka the blockchain runtime). Each aspect of the node is interesting in its own right, and the runtime is particularly interesting because it contains the business logic (aka "state transition function") that codifies the chain's functionality. The runtime contains a collection of pallets that are configured to work together.

On the node level, Substrate leverages libp2p for the p2p networking layer and puts the transaction pool, consensus mechanism, and underlying data storage (a key-value database) on the node level. These components all work "under the hood", and in this knowledge map we won't cover them in detail except for mentioning their existence.

Quiz #4

👉 Complete Quiz #4

Runtime development topics

In our Developer Hub, we have a thorough coverage on various subjects you need to know to develop with Substrate. So here we just list out the key topics and reference back to Developer Hub. Please go through the following key concepts and the directed resources to know the fundamentals of runtime development.

Key Concept: Runtime, this is where the blockchain state transition function (the blockchain application-specific logic) is defined. It is about composing multiple pallets (can be understood as Rust modules) together in the runtime and hooking them up together.

Runtime Development: Execution, this article describes how a block is produced, and how transactions are selected and executed to reach the next "stage" in the blockchain.

Runtime Develpment: Pallets, this article describes what the basic structure of a Substrate pallet is consists of.

Runtime Development: FRAME, this article gives a high level overview of the system pallets Substrate already implements to help you quickly develop as a runtime engineer. Have a quick skim so you have a basic idea of the different pallets Substrate is made of.

Lab #4

👉 Complete Lab #4: Adding a Pallet into a Runtime

Runtime Development: Storage, this article describes how data is stored on-chain and how you could access them.

Runtime Development: Events & Errors, this page describe how external parties know what has happened in the blockchain, via the emitted events and errors when executing transactions.

Notes: All of the above concepts we leverage on the #[pallet::*] macro to define them in the code. If you are interested to learn more about what other types of pallet macros exist go to the FRAME macro API documentation and this doc on some frequently used Substrate macros.

Lab #5

👉 Complete Lab #5: Building a Proof-of-Existence dApp

• Writing Tests for Your Pallet: learn to build up a mock runtime and write test cases for your pallet logics.

Lab #6

👉 Complete Lab #6: Building a Substrate Kitties dApp

Quiz #5

👉 Complete Quiz #5

Polkadot JS API

Polkadot JS API is the javascript API for Substrate. By using it you can build a javascript front end or utility and interact with any Substrate-based blockchain.

The Substrate Front-end Template is an example of using Polkadot JS API in a React front-end.

• Runtime Development: Metadata, this article describes the API allowing external parties to query what API is open for the chain. Polkadot JS API makes use of a chain's metadata to know what queries and functions are available from a chain to call.

Lab #7

👉 Complete Lab #7: Using Polkadot-JS API

Quiz #6

👉 Complete Quiz #6: Using Polkadot-JS API

Smart contracts

Learn about the difference between smart contract development vs Substrate runtime development, and when to use each here.

In Substrate, you can program smart contracts using ink!.

• Learn about smart contract development in Substrate
• Learn about Smart contract development using ink!

Quiz #7

👉 Complete Quiz #7: Using ink!

What we do not cover

A lot 😄

On-chain runtime upgrades. We have a tutorial on On-chain (forkless) Runtime Upgrade. This tutorial introduces how to perform and schedule a runtime upgrade as an on-chain transaction.

About transaction weight and fee, and benchmarking your runtime to determine the proper transaction cost.

Off-chain Features

There are certain limits to on-chain logic. For instance, computation cannot be too intensive that it affects the block output time, and computation must be deterministic. This means that computation that relies on external data fetching cannot be done on-chain. In Substrate, developers can run these types of computation off-chain and have the result sent back on-chain via extrinsics.

Tightly- and Loosely-coupled pallets, calling one pallet's functions from another pallet via trait specification.

Blockchain Consensus Mechansim, and a guide on customizing it to proof-of-work here.

Parachains: one key feature of Substrate is the capability of becoming a parachain for relay chains like Polkadot. You can develop your own application-specific logic in your chain and rely on the validator community of the relay chain to secure your network, instead of building another validator community yourself. Learn more with the following resources:

• Cross-chain Message Passing (XCMP), how parachain and relay-chain communicate to each others
• Workshop: Using cumulus to build your parachain

Terms clarification

• Substrate: the blockchain development framework built for writing highly customized, domain-specific blockchains.
• Polkadot: Polkadot is the relay chain blockchain, built with Substrate.
• Kusama: Kusama is Polkadot's canary network, used to launch features before these features are launched on Polkadot. You could view it as a beta-network with real economic value where the state of the blockchain is never reset.
• Web 3.0: is the decentralized internet ecosystem that, instead of apps being centrally stored in a few servers and managed by a sovereign party, it is an open, trustless, and permissionless network when apps are not controlled by a centralized entity.
• Web3 Foundation: A foundation setup to support the development of decentralized web software protocols. Learn more about what they do on thier website.

Others

• Answers to quizzes and labs

---

Author: substrate-developer-hub
Source Code: https://github.com/substrate-developer-hub/hackathon-knowledge-map
License: 

#blockchain #substrate 

Top 5 Real-World Applications Of Blockchain

The advent of Blockchain technology has paved the way for a new range of innovations across the various verticals of industry. Every part of business activity is now pursuing assistance and assistance from the Blockchain, from human resources management to financial management. In 2009, this distributed ledger technology originated as an underlying Bitcoin trading mechanism. However, its characteristics such as decentralization, transparency, data protection, and others attracted the attention of developers and Blockchain soon emerged as the mainstream technology. Most market niches are now reaping advantages from this DLT.

When it comes to practical applications, the use of Blockchain is not limited to whitepapers, but rather the technology has its roots spreading; Deloitte, Facebook, IBM, Wallmart and several other businesses are actively using this technology. And if we’re talking about Blockchain-based enterprises, so they’re not all big names. Instead, several start-ups have entered into this sector with the ultimate aim of making this technology infallible and popular.

5 Real-world Blockchain apps:

Here, we will illustrate how Blockchain developers have made this technology useful in the real world:

Smart contracts- Smart contracts are the first example that we want to bring forward here. Such digitized contracts have the ability to alter the operation of agreements. The credit for the development of the smart contract goes to Nick Szabo. On a computerized transaction protocol supervised by several nodes linked to the Blockchain network, blockchain-based smart contracts operate. In various fields, such as real estate, law, and finance, the functional usefulness of smart contracts is then used.

Voting- Voting is one of the prominent applications of Blockchain technology. The protection of the voting system has always been a question of concern, and Blockchain may be a possible solution for those who question and criticize the voting system. We can produce voting encryption with the Blockchain, allowing data attacks and threats free from the entire system. The voting system is therefore more straightforward and infallible.

Healthcare- Fighting the issue of counterfeit drugs is a significant problem that requires prompt attention; at the same time, a vast amount of data and medical information is gathered by healthcare. It can be a little difficult to retain and access this information using the traditional platform, but it can ensure data portability, integrity and security with the Internet of Medical Stuff (IoMT) and medical examination systems using AI and Blockchain. This will also help to keep a balance on the preservation of health records and patient medical history.

Food safety- Blockchain will change the entire supply chain management system that spreads from producers, brokers, distributors, regulators, and finally, the customer, according to technology experts. The food industry is lacking transparency in the current scenario, but with the intervention of Blockchain technology, we will definitely have a system that is much more open and secure. Blockchain increases traceability, meaning that the past of pf goods can be easily traced by customers, thereby ensuring the origin of food, packaging and supply.

Cybersecurity- Definitely, this point requires a lot of focus. The growing dependency on digital forums has made the virtual world vulnerable to personal information and data. Although businesses follow a system of improved protection, it has also made it easy for hackers to target the security system and steal sensitive information. According to the Identity Theft Resource Centre report, there were around 668 cases of data breach leading to a compromise of 22,408,258 records between January 1st 2018 and July 2nd 2018, and this is only one example, there are many other instances where we have seen cases of a data breach, and thus there is a need for a system that can guarantee the system’s complete safety and protection. With Blockchain, we can definitely assume that this distributed ledger platform would make it easy for the user, free of privacy risks and abuses, to place their data and records on the system. Because all DLT data is cryptographically encrypted, it allows the system much safer and more reliable than the traditional system.

The Future

There are several real-life examples of how the real world is using Blockchain. In these times to come, we expect Blockchain to achieve CAGR growth of 67.3 percent by 2025. For Blockchain developers and Blockchain experts, all of this will open up new avenues of development and job opportunities. If you too are one of those eager to develop your career well, you must consider going ahead with Blockchain certification by the Blockchain Council.

#blockchain technology #blockchain platform #blockchain expert #blockchain professionals #blockchain #blockchaincouncil

Top 5 sectors that will be benefited by Blockchain

Here we discussed Blockchain technology potential and how it benefits leading industries in the future.

With the rapidly changing technology and business environments, it has become inevitable for businesses to be on their toes. Thus, data securing becomes an important aspect, and including Blockchain technology is a must. It can be used in various industries and sectors right from the government to private. Blockchain will form a digital ledger that will be used in recording all the transactions in secured blocks.

Read More: Top 5 sectors that will be benefited by Blockchain

#best blockchain development companies #blockchain adoption by various industries #blockchain solution provider #top blockchain developers #blockchain technology #top blockchain developers