Building an SQL Database Audit System

Most of the databases provide plugins to support audit logging. These plugins can be installed and easily configured to log data. However, it suffers from the below problems:

• A full-fledged audit logging plugin is generally available only with the Enterprise edition. Community editions may lack these plugins. For example in the case of MySQL, an [audit logging plugin] is only available for the enterprise edition. It is worth mentioning that users of the community edition of MySQL can still install other audit logging plugins from MariaDB or Percona to get around this limitation.
• Audit logging at the DB level causes 10-20% overhead on the database server as discussed [here] and [here]. Generally, you may want to enable audit logging only for slow queries and not all the queries for a highly loaded system.
• Audit logs are written in a log file and the data isn’t easily searchable. For data analysis and auditing purposes, you want your audit data to be in a searchable format.
• Large audit archives consume critical database storage as it is stored on the same server as your DB.

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Introduction to Structured Query Language SQL pdf

SQL stands for Structured Query Language. SQL is a scripting language expected to store, control, and inquiry information put away in social databases. The main manifestation of SQL showed up in 1974, when a gathering in IBM built up the principal model of a social database. The primary business social database was discharged by Relational Software later turning out to be Oracle.

Models for SQL exist. In any case, the SQL that can be utilized on every last one of the major RDBMS today is in various flavors. This is because of two reasons:

1. The SQL order standard is genuinely intricate, and it isn’t handy to actualize the whole standard.

2. Every database seller needs an approach to separate its item from others.

Right now, contrasts are noted where fitting.

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System Databases in SQL Server

Introduction

In SSMS, we many of may noticed System Databases under the Database Folder. But how many of us knows its purpose?. In this article lets discuss about the System Databases in SQL Server.

System Database

Fig. 1 System Databases

There are five system databases, these databases are created while installing SQL Server.

• Master
• Model
• MSDB
• Tempdb
• Resource

Master

• This database contains all the System level Information in SQL Server. The Information in form of Meta data.
• Because of this master database, we are able to access the SQL Server (On premise SQL Server)

Model

• This database is used as a template for new databases.
• Whenever a new database is created, initially a copy of model database is what created as new database.

MSDB

• This database is where a service called SQL Server Agent stores its data.
• SQL server Agent is in charge of automation, which includes entities such as jobs, schedules, and alerts.

TempDB

• The Tempdb is where SQL Server stores temporary data such as work tables, sort space, row versioning information and etc.
• User can create their own version of temporary tables and those are stored in Tempdb.
• But this database is destroyed and recreated every time when we restart the instance of SQL Server.

Resource

• The resource database is a hidden, read only database that holds the definitions of all system objects.
• When we query system object in a database, they appear to reside in the sys schema of the local database, but in actually their definitions reside in the resource db.

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List of Available Database for Current User In SQL Server

Introduction

When working in the SQL Server, we may have to check some other databases other than the current one which we are working. In that scenario we may not be sure that does we have access to those Databases?. In this article we discuss the list of databases that are available for the current logged user in SQL Server

Get the list of database

Conclusion

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SQL Server System Databases - Basic Concepts

Introduction

The SQL Server design implies a one-to-many mapping between the database engine (instance) and the databases hosted on the instance. It means that you can deploy several databases on one instance of the SQL server. According to the Microsoft documentation, you can have up to 32767 databases on a single instance of SQL Server. Of course, there will be limitations, like the resources on the server, managing concurrency on TempDB, network traffic, etc.

Databases deployed on a SQL Server instance can either be System Databases or User Databases. System Databases come installed with the instance. In this article, we will discuss the purpose of each System database. Also, we’ll clarify what you need to care for when managing system databases on SQL Server.

Overview of System Databases

System databases are a part of many processes taking place when you install an instance of SQL Server. By default, these databases are created in the following paths:

%programfiles%\Microsoft SQL Server\MSSQL15.MSSQLSERVER\MSSQL\DATA

and

%programfiles%\Microsoft SQL Server\MSSQL15.MSSQLSERVER\MSSQL\Log

The path can be different. During the installation of SQL Server, you can specify the location of the system database files.

To list all the system databases in an instance, you can invoke the code in Listing 1. Listing 2 can be used to determine the location of the datafiles associated with the system databases. Note that in both scripts, we use a filter returning databases with database_id of 5 or higher than 5.

The essential “visible” system databases have database_ids 1,2,3,4 – they refer to master, tempdb, model, and msdb, respectively. There is also an “invisible” database called the resource databases and other system databases created when you enable features like replication.

-- Listing 1: System Databases
select 
name
,database_id
,create_date
,state_desc
,recovery_model_desc
,log_reuse_wait_desc
,physical_database_name
,is_db_chaining_on
,is_broker_enabled
,is_mixed_page_allocation_on
from sys.databases 
where database_id<5;

-- Listing 2: System Database Files
select 
name
,database_id
,DB_NAME(database_id)
,name
,physical_name
,type_desc
from sys.master_files 
where database_id<5;

Figure 1: System Databases

The master Database

The master database is the first database open on the start of SQL Server, containing the following data:

• The records of the structure/configuration of the instance and all other databases.
• The most dynamic management views that are necessary for monitoring the instance.

Thus, it has the information necessary for opening all other databases. That’s why it has to be first to open. The question is how to do it.

The SQL Server startup parameters contain two entries, which define the locations of the master database data and log files. The default startup parameters include only three lines – the third one is the error log file location. When SQL Server starts up, it must be able to write to that error log file.

The master database opens first. The information stored in the master database, including the configurations defined using sp_configure, applies to open other databases and complete the instance startup process.

Figure 2: SQL Server Configuration Manager

Figure 3: SQL Server Startup Parameters

There are several ways to learn about useful SQL Server system objects, like Dynamic Management Views and Functions.

For instance, expand the views or programmability nodes for the master database on object explorer. There, review these objects’ names and get more details from Books Online.

You can also migrate logins from one instance to another. For that, restore a backup of the master database to the destination instance. We’ll describe the specific technique in a separate article.

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What is SQL? And Where is it Used?

Define: SQL [pron. “sequel”] – stands for Structured Query Language (SQL), used by databases to model and manage tabular/relational datasets; a set of standardized Data Definition Language (DDL) functions to create tables, views, and define relational schema models, and Data Manipulation Language (DML) to query, insert, and modify data in the tables.

*Read-only select queries are technically part of its Data Query Language (DQL) group. Still, operationally, many refer to it as DML because it can do more than read-only queries.

Super Brief History of SQL

Who Uses SQL?

What Can a SQL Database Do?

What is a SQL Query?

Different SQL Database Platforms

SQL for JSON

Application Developers

SQL for Big Data

Further Reading

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