Lawson Wehner

Lawson Wehner

1673333280

Native Library Implementing Secp256k1 Purely for The Crystal Language

Secp256k1.cr

A library implementing the Secp256k1 elliptic curve natively in pure Crystal. Secp256k1 is the elliptic curve used in the public-private-key cryptography required by Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Polkadot.

This library allows for:

  • providing a Secp256k1 cryptographic context, see Secp256k1::Context
  • managing Secp256k1 signatures and verification, see Secp256k1::Signature
  • managing private-public keypairs, see Secp256k1::Key
  • generating public keys, see Secp256k1::Point
  • generating private keys, see Secp256k1::Num

Installation

Add the Secp256k1 library to your shard.yml

dependencies:
  secp256k1:
    github: q9f/secp256k1.cr
    version: "~> 0.5"

Usage

Import and expose the Secp256k1 module.

require "secp256k1"

This library exposes the following modules and classes (in logical order):

  • Secp256k1: necessary constants and data structures, including:
    • Secp256k1::Num: for managing big numerics (private keys)
    • Secp256k1::Point: for handling of elliptic curve points (public keys)
    • Secp256k1::Key: for managing private-public keypairs (accounts)
    • Secp256k1::Signature: for handling ECDSA signatures (r, s, v)
  • Secp256k1::Context: providing a cryptographic context for signing and verification
  • Secp256k1::Curve: the entire core mathematics behind the elliptic curve cryptography
  • Secp256k1::Util: binding of various hashing algorithms for convenience

Basic usage:

# generates a new, random keypair
key = Secp256k1::Key.new
# => #<Secp256k1::Key:0x7fad7235aee0
#          @private_key=#<Secp256k1::Num:0x7fad7235d300
#              @hex="3ccf84820c20d5e8c536ba84c52ba410375b29b1812b5f7e722445c969a0fb30",
#              @dec=27505422793993207218034260454067205887515304192802142316084292370834437241648,
#              @bin=Bytes[60, 207, 132, 130, 12, 32, 213, 232, 197, 54, 186, 132, 197, 43, 164, 16, 55, 91, 41, 177, 129, 43, 95, 126, 114, 36, 69, 201, 105, 160, 251, 48]>,
#          @public_key=#<Secp256k1::Point:0x7fad7235ad20
#              @x=#<Secp256k1::Num:0x7fad69294ec0
#                  @hex="cd4a8712ee6efc15b5abe37c0dbfa979d89c427d3fe24b076008decefe94dba2",
#                  @dec=92855812888509048668847240903552964511053624688683992093822247249407942908834,
#                  @bin=Bytes[205, 74, 135, 18, 238, 110, 252, 21, 181, 171, 227, 124, 13, 191, 169, 121, 216, 156, 66, 125, 63, 226, 75, 7, 96, 8, 222, 206, 254, 148, 219, 162]>,
#              @y=#<Secp256k1::Num:0x7fad69294e80
#                  @hex="81363d298e4a40ebcb13f1afa85a0b94b967f243ee59a59010cb5deaf0d7b66c",
#                  @dec=58444189335609256006902338825877424261513225250255958585656342678587884156524,
#                  @bin=Bytes[129, 54, 61, 41, 142, 74, 64, 235, 203, 19, 241, 175, 168, 90, 11, 148, 185, 103, 242, 67, 238, 89, 165, 144, 16, 203, 93, 234, 240, 215, 182, 108]>>>

# gets the private key
key.private_hex
# => "3ccf84820c20d5e8c536ba84c52ba410375b29b1812b5f7e722445c969a0fb30"

# gets the compressed public key with prefix
key.public_hex_compressed
# => "02cd4a8712ee6efc15b5abe37c0dbfa979d89c427d3fe24b076008decefe94dba2"

Signature generation and verification:

# sign a message with a private key
ctx = Secp256k1::Context.new
priv = Secp256k1::Num.new "1f0c122d41ff536b19bfd83537c0dfc290e45cd3c375a43237c8b8fff7ac8af7"
key = Secp256k1::Key.new priv
hash = Secp256k1::Util.sha256 "Henlo, Wordl"
sig = ctx.sign key, hash
# => #<Secp256k1::Signature:0x7f5332e1d9c0
#          @r=#<Secp256k1::Num:0x7f5332decac0
#              @hex="c4079db44240b7afe94985c69fc89602e33629fd9b8623d711c30ce6378b33df",
#              @dec=88666774685717741514025410921892109286073075687452443491001272268566542627807,
#              @bin=Bytes[196, 7, 157, 180, 66, 64, 183, 175, 233, 73, 133, 198, 159, 200, 150, 2, 227, 54, 41, 253, 155, 134, 35, 215, 17, 195, 12, 230, 55, 139, 51, 223]>,
#          @s=#<Secp256k1::Num:0x7f5332deca80
#              @hex="6842c1b63c94bdb8e4f5ae88fb65f7a98b77b197c8323004fb47ef57fab29053",
#              @dec=47158485109070227797431103290229472044663017260590156038384319099500326195283,
#              @bin=Bytes[104, 66, 193, 182, 60, 148, 189, 184, 228, 245, 174, 136, 251, 101, 247, 169, 139, 119, 177, 151, 200, 50, 48, 4, 251, 71, 239, 87, 250, 178, 144, 83]>,
#          @v=#<Secp256k1::Num:0x7f5332deca40
#              @hex="00",
#              @dec=0,
#              @bin=Bytes[0]>>

# verify a signature with a public key
r = Secp256k1::Num.new "c4079db44240b7afe94985c69fc89602e33629fd9b8623d711c30ce6378b33df"
s = Secp256k1::Num.new "6842c1b63c94bdb8e4f5ae88fb65f7a98b77b197c8323004fb47ef57fab29053"
v = Secp256k1::Num.new "00"
sig = Secp256k1::Signature.new r, s, v
hash = Secp256k1::Util.sha256 "Henlo, Wordl"
publ = Secp256k1::Point.new "0416008a369439f1a8a75cf974860bed5b10180518d6b1dd3ac847f423fd375d6aa29474394f0cd79d2ea543507d069e97339284f01bdbfd27392daec0ec553816"
ctx.verify sig, hash, publ
# => true

There are example scripts for generating Bitcoin and Ethereum accounts in src/bitcoin.cr and src/ethereum.cr.

Documentation

The full library documentation can be found here: q9f.github.io/secp256k1.cr

Generate a local copy with:

crystal docs

Testing

The library is entirely specified through tests in ./spec; run:

crystal spec --verbose

Understand

Private keys are just scalars (Secp256k1::Num) and public keys are points (Secp256k1::Point) with x and y coordinates.

Bitcoin public keys can be uncompressed p|x|y or compressed p|x. both come with a prefix p which is useless for uncompressed keys but necessary for compressed keys to recover the y coordinate on the Secp256k1 elliptic curve field.

Ethereum public keys are uncompressed x|y without any prefix. The last 20 bytes slice of the y coordinate is actually used as address without any checksum. A checksum was later added in EIP-55 using a keccak256 hash and indicating character capitalization.

Neither Bitcoin nor Ethereum allow for recovering public keys from an address unless there exists a transaction with a valid signature on the blockchain.

Known issues

Note: this library should not be used in production without proper auditing. It should be considered slow and insecure.

  • This library is not constant time and might be subject to side-channel attacks. (#4)
  • This library does unnecessary big-integer math and should someday rather correctly implement the Secp256k1 prime field (#5)
  • This library is slow in recovering signatures. Future versions should respect the recovery ID to quickly identify the correct public key from a signature.

Found any other issue? Report it: github.com/q9f/secp256k1.cr/issues

Contribute

Create a pull request, and make sure tests and linter pass.

This pure crystal implementation is based on the python implementation wobine/blackboard101 which is also used as reference to write tests against. It's a complete rewrite of the abandoned packetzero/bitcoinutils for educational purposes.

Honerable mention for the bitcoin wiki and the ethereum stackexchange for providing so many in-depth resources that supported this project in reimplementing everything.

Contributors: @q9f, @cserb, MrSorcus

Download Details:

Author: q9f
Source Code: https://github.com/q9f/secp256k1.cr 
License: Apache-2.0 license

#crystal #bitcoin #ethereum

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Native Library Implementing Secp256k1 Purely for The Crystal Language
Autumn Blick

Autumn Blick

1598839687

How native is React Native? | React Native vs Native App Development

If you are undertaking a mobile app development for your start-up or enterprise, you are likely wondering whether to use React Native. As a popular development framework, React Native helps you to develop near-native mobile apps. However, you are probably also wondering how close you can get to a native app by using React Native. How native is React Native?

In the article, we discuss the similarities between native mobile development and development using React Native. We also touch upon where they differ and how to bridge the gaps. Read on.

A brief introduction to React Native

Let’s briefly set the context first. We will briefly touch upon what React Native is and how it differs from earlier hybrid frameworks.

React Native is a popular JavaScript framework that Facebook has created. You can use this open-source framework to code natively rendering Android and iOS mobile apps. You can use it to develop web apps too.

Facebook has developed React Native based on React, its JavaScript library. The first release of React Native came in March 2015. At the time of writing this article, the latest stable release of React Native is 0.62.0, and it was released in March 2020.

Although relatively new, React Native has acquired a high degree of popularity. The “Stack Overflow Developer Survey 2019” report identifies it as the 8th most loved framework. Facebook, Walmart, and Bloomberg are some of the top companies that use React Native.

The popularity of React Native comes from its advantages. Some of its advantages are as follows:

  • Performance: It delivers optimal performance.
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  • UI design: React Native enables you to design simple and responsive UI for your mobile app.
  • 3rd party plugins: This framework supports 3rd party plugins.
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Why React Native is fundamentally different from earlier hybrid frameworks

Are you wondering whether React Native is just another of those hybrid frameworks like Ionic or Cordova? It’s not! React Native is fundamentally different from these earlier hybrid frameworks.

React Native is very close to native. Consider the following aspects as described on the React Native website:

  • Access to many native platforms features: The primitives of React Native render to native platform UI. This means that your React Native app will use many native platform APIs as native apps would do.
  • Near-native user experience: React Native provides several native components, and these are platform agnostic.
  • The ease of accessing native APIs: React Native uses a declarative UI paradigm. This enables React Native to interact easily with native platform APIs since React Native wraps existing native code.

Due to these factors, React Native offers many more advantages compared to those earlier hybrid frameworks. We now review them.

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Lawson Wehner

Lawson Wehner

1673333280

Native Library Implementing Secp256k1 Purely for The Crystal Language

Secp256k1.cr

A library implementing the Secp256k1 elliptic curve natively in pure Crystal. Secp256k1 is the elliptic curve used in the public-private-key cryptography required by Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Polkadot.

This library allows for:

  • providing a Secp256k1 cryptographic context, see Secp256k1::Context
  • managing Secp256k1 signatures and verification, see Secp256k1::Signature
  • managing private-public keypairs, see Secp256k1::Key
  • generating public keys, see Secp256k1::Point
  • generating private keys, see Secp256k1::Num

Installation

Add the Secp256k1 library to your shard.yml

dependencies:
  secp256k1:
    github: q9f/secp256k1.cr
    version: "~> 0.5"

Usage

Import and expose the Secp256k1 module.

require "secp256k1"

This library exposes the following modules and classes (in logical order):

  • Secp256k1: necessary constants and data structures, including:
    • Secp256k1::Num: for managing big numerics (private keys)
    • Secp256k1::Point: for handling of elliptic curve points (public keys)
    • Secp256k1::Key: for managing private-public keypairs (accounts)
    • Secp256k1::Signature: for handling ECDSA signatures (r, s, v)
  • Secp256k1::Context: providing a cryptographic context for signing and verification
  • Secp256k1::Curve: the entire core mathematics behind the elliptic curve cryptography
  • Secp256k1::Util: binding of various hashing algorithms for convenience

Basic usage:

# generates a new, random keypair
key = Secp256k1::Key.new
# => #<Secp256k1::Key:0x7fad7235aee0
#          @private_key=#<Secp256k1::Num:0x7fad7235d300
#              @hex="3ccf84820c20d5e8c536ba84c52ba410375b29b1812b5f7e722445c969a0fb30",
#              @dec=27505422793993207218034260454067205887515304192802142316084292370834437241648,
#              @bin=Bytes[60, 207, 132, 130, 12, 32, 213, 232, 197, 54, 186, 132, 197, 43, 164, 16, 55, 91, 41, 177, 129, 43, 95, 126, 114, 36, 69, 201, 105, 160, 251, 48]>,
#          @public_key=#<Secp256k1::Point:0x7fad7235ad20
#              @x=#<Secp256k1::Num:0x7fad69294ec0
#                  @hex="cd4a8712ee6efc15b5abe37c0dbfa979d89c427d3fe24b076008decefe94dba2",
#                  @dec=92855812888509048668847240903552964511053624688683992093822247249407942908834,
#                  @bin=Bytes[205, 74, 135, 18, 238, 110, 252, 21, 181, 171, 227, 124, 13, 191, 169, 121, 216, 156, 66, 125, 63, 226, 75, 7, 96, 8, 222, 206, 254, 148, 219, 162]>,
#              @y=#<Secp256k1::Num:0x7fad69294e80
#                  @hex="81363d298e4a40ebcb13f1afa85a0b94b967f243ee59a59010cb5deaf0d7b66c",
#                  @dec=58444189335609256006902338825877424261513225250255958585656342678587884156524,
#                  @bin=Bytes[129, 54, 61, 41, 142, 74, 64, 235, 203, 19, 241, 175, 168, 90, 11, 148, 185, 103, 242, 67, 238, 89, 165, 144, 16, 203, 93, 234, 240, 215, 182, 108]>>>

# gets the private key
key.private_hex
# => "3ccf84820c20d5e8c536ba84c52ba410375b29b1812b5f7e722445c969a0fb30"

# gets the compressed public key with prefix
key.public_hex_compressed
# => "02cd4a8712ee6efc15b5abe37c0dbfa979d89c427d3fe24b076008decefe94dba2"

Signature generation and verification:

# sign a message with a private key
ctx = Secp256k1::Context.new
priv = Secp256k1::Num.new "1f0c122d41ff536b19bfd83537c0dfc290e45cd3c375a43237c8b8fff7ac8af7"
key = Secp256k1::Key.new priv
hash = Secp256k1::Util.sha256 "Henlo, Wordl"
sig = ctx.sign key, hash
# => #<Secp256k1::Signature:0x7f5332e1d9c0
#          @r=#<Secp256k1::Num:0x7f5332decac0
#              @hex="c4079db44240b7afe94985c69fc89602e33629fd9b8623d711c30ce6378b33df",
#              @dec=88666774685717741514025410921892109286073075687452443491001272268566542627807,
#              @bin=Bytes[196, 7, 157, 180, 66, 64, 183, 175, 233, 73, 133, 198, 159, 200, 150, 2, 227, 54, 41, 253, 155, 134, 35, 215, 17, 195, 12, 230, 55, 139, 51, 223]>,
#          @s=#<Secp256k1::Num:0x7f5332deca80
#              @hex="6842c1b63c94bdb8e4f5ae88fb65f7a98b77b197c8323004fb47ef57fab29053",
#              @dec=47158485109070227797431103290229472044663017260590156038384319099500326195283,
#              @bin=Bytes[104, 66, 193, 182, 60, 148, 189, 184, 228, 245, 174, 136, 251, 101, 247, 169, 139, 119, 177, 151, 200, 50, 48, 4, 251, 71, 239, 87, 250, 178, 144, 83]>,
#          @v=#<Secp256k1::Num:0x7f5332deca40
#              @hex="00",
#              @dec=0,
#              @bin=Bytes[0]>>

# verify a signature with a public key
r = Secp256k1::Num.new "c4079db44240b7afe94985c69fc89602e33629fd9b8623d711c30ce6378b33df"
s = Secp256k1::Num.new "6842c1b63c94bdb8e4f5ae88fb65f7a98b77b197c8323004fb47ef57fab29053"
v = Secp256k1::Num.new "00"
sig = Secp256k1::Signature.new r, s, v
hash = Secp256k1::Util.sha256 "Henlo, Wordl"
publ = Secp256k1::Point.new "0416008a369439f1a8a75cf974860bed5b10180518d6b1dd3ac847f423fd375d6aa29474394f0cd79d2ea543507d069e97339284f01bdbfd27392daec0ec553816"
ctx.verify sig, hash, publ
# => true

There are example scripts for generating Bitcoin and Ethereum accounts in src/bitcoin.cr and src/ethereum.cr.

Documentation

The full library documentation can be found here: q9f.github.io/secp256k1.cr

Generate a local copy with:

crystal docs

Testing

The library is entirely specified through tests in ./spec; run:

crystal spec --verbose

Understand

Private keys are just scalars (Secp256k1::Num) and public keys are points (Secp256k1::Point) with x and y coordinates.

Bitcoin public keys can be uncompressed p|x|y or compressed p|x. both come with a prefix p which is useless for uncompressed keys but necessary for compressed keys to recover the y coordinate on the Secp256k1 elliptic curve field.

Ethereum public keys are uncompressed x|y without any prefix. The last 20 bytes slice of the y coordinate is actually used as address without any checksum. A checksum was later added in EIP-55 using a keccak256 hash and indicating character capitalization.

Neither Bitcoin nor Ethereum allow for recovering public keys from an address unless there exists a transaction with a valid signature on the blockchain.

Known issues

Note: this library should not be used in production without proper auditing. It should be considered slow and insecure.

  • This library is not constant time and might be subject to side-channel attacks. (#4)
  • This library does unnecessary big-integer math and should someday rather correctly implement the Secp256k1 prime field (#5)
  • This library is slow in recovering signatures. Future versions should respect the recovery ID to quickly identify the correct public key from a signature.

Found any other issue? Report it: github.com/q9f/secp256k1.cr/issues

Contribute

Create a pull request, and make sure tests and linter pass.

This pure crystal implementation is based on the python implementation wobine/blackboard101 which is also used as reference to write tests against. It's a complete rewrite of the abandoned packetzero/bitcoinutils for educational purposes.

Honerable mention for the bitcoin wiki and the ethereum stackexchange for providing so many in-depth resources that supported this project in reimplementing everything.

Contributors: @q9f, @cserb, MrSorcus

Download Details:

Author: q9f
Source Code: https://github.com/q9f/secp256k1.cr 
License: Apache-2.0 license

#crystal #bitcoin #ethereum

Lawson Wehner

Lawson Wehner

1672225588

Crystal: The Crystal Programming Language

Crystal

Crystal is a programming language with the following goals:

  • Have a syntax similar to Ruby (but compatibility with it is not a goal)
  • Statically type-checked but without having to specify the type of variables or method arguments.
  • Be able to call C code by writing bindings to it in Crystal.
  • Have compile-time evaluation and generation of code, to avoid boilerplate code.
  • Compile to efficient native code.

Why?

We love Ruby's efficiency for writing code.

We love C's efficiency for running code.

We want the best of both worlds.

We want the compiler to understand what we mean without having to specify types everywhere.

We want full OOP.

Oh, and we don't want to write C code to make the code run faster.

Project Status

Within a major version, language features won't be removed or changed in any way that could prevent a Crystal program written with that version from compiling and working. The built-in standard library might be enriched, but it will always be done with backwards compatibility in mind.

Development of the Crystal language is possible thanks to the community's effort and the continued support of 84codes, Nikola Motor Company and every other sponsor.

Installing

Follow these installation instructions

Try it online

play.crystal-lang.org

Documentation

Community

Have any questions or suggestions? Ask on the Crystal Forum, on our Gitter channel or IRC channel #crystal-lang at irc.libera.chat, or on Stack Overflow under the crystal-lang tag. There is also an archived Google Group.

Contributing

The Crystal repository is hosted at crystal-lang/crystal on GitHub.

Read the general Contributing guide, and then:

  1. Fork it (https://github.com/crystal-lang/crystal/fork)
  2. Create your feature branch (git checkout -b my-new-feature)
  3. Commit your changes (git commit -am 'Add some feature')
  4. Push to the branch (git push origin my-new-feature)
  5. Create a new Pull Request

Download Details:

Author: Crystal-lang
Source Code: https://github.com/crystal-lang/crystal 
License: Apache-2.0 license

#language #crystal #hacktoberfest 

hourly developer

hourly developer

1593420654

Hire Dedicated React Native Developer

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Ananya Gupta

Ananya Gupta

1594464365

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