Must Read 30 Selenium Interview Questions & Answers: Ultimate Guide 2021

Are you attending an important interview and wondering what are all the Selenium interview questions you will go through?

We have created this most-read Selenium interview questions and answers guide to help you understand the depth of the questions and face it with confidence.

These days web apps are on the rise. With the growing need for web apps, there also is an inevitable requirement to test these web apps. That is where Selenium comes into action. Selenium is one of the commonly used automated testing tools which ensures the web app is working just right. If testing was to be done manually, it would utilize several man-hours and would increase the costing as well.

Further, since they are manual, they are prone to errors. Manual testing does not help in the long run, and so, automated testing like Selenium is gaining demand in the industry. If you are pursuing your career in automated testing, and have an upcoming interview in Selenium, this blog is meant for you.

In this blog, we shall discuss here the most common Selenium interview questions. These are for both – the beginners as well as Selenium interview questions for experienced.

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Must Read 30 Selenium Interview Questions & Answers: Ultimate Guide 2021

Oleksandr Siryi

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Migrating From Jira Server: Guide, Pros, And Cons

February 15, 2022 marked a significant milestone in Atlassian’s Server EOL (End Of Life) roadmap. This was not the final step. We still have two major milestones ahead of us: end of new app sales in Feb 2023, and end of support in Feb 2024. In simpler words, businesses still have enough time to migrate their Jira Server to one of the two available products – Atlassian Cloud or Atlassian DC. But the clock is ticking.

Jira Cloud VS Data Center

If we were to go by Atlassian numbers, 95% of their new customers choose cloud.

“About 80% of Fortune 500 companies have an Atlassian Cloud license. More than 90% of new customers choose cloud first.” – Daniel Scott, Product Marketing Director, Tempo

So that’s settled, right? We are migrating from Server to Cloud? And what about the solution fewer people talk about yet many users rely on – Jira DC?

Both are viable options and your choice will depend greatly on the needs of your business, your available resources, and operational processes.

Let’s start by taking a look at the functionality offered by Atlassian Cloud and Atlassian DC.

Feature	Atlassian Cloud	Atlassian Data Center
Product Plans	Multiple plans	One plan
Billing	Monthly and annual	Annual only
Pricing model	Per user or tiered	Tiered only
Support	Varying support levels depending on your plan: Enterprise support coverage is equivalent to Atlassian’s Data Center Premier Support offering	Varying support levels depending on the package: Priority Support or Premier Support (purchased separately)
Total Cost of Ownership	TCO includes your subscription fee, plus product administration time	TCO includes your subscription fee and product administration time, plus: costs related to infrastructure provisioning or IaaS fees (for example, AWS costs) planned downtime time and resources needed for software upgrades
Data encryption services
Data residency services
Audit logging	Organization-level audit logging available via Atlassian Access (Jira Software, Confluence) Product-level audit logs (Jira Software, Confluence)	Advanced audit logging
Device security	Mobile device management support (Jira Software, Confluence, Jira Service Management) Mobile application management (currently on the roadmap)	Mobile device management support (Jira Software, Confluence, Jira Service Management)
Content security
Data Storage limits	2 GB (Free) 250 GB (Standard) Unlimited storage (Premium and Enterprise)	No limits
Performance	Continuous performance updates to improve load times, search responsiveness, and attachments Cloud infrastructure hosted in six geographic regions to reduce latency	Rate limitingCDN supports Smart mirrors and mirror farms (Bitbucket)
Backup and data disaster recovery	Jira leverages multiple geographically diverse data centers, has a comprehensive backup program, and gains assurance by regularly testing their disaster recovery and business continuity plans. Backups are generated daily and retained for 30 days to allow for point-in-time data restoration
Containerization and orchestration		Docker images Kubernetes support (on the roadmap for now)
Change management and upgrades	Atlassian automatically handles software and security upgrades for you Sandbox instance to test changes (Premium and Enterprise) Release track options for Premium and Enterprise (Jira Software, Jira Service Management, Confluence)
Direct access to the database	No direct access to change the database structure, file system, or other server infrastructure Extensive REST APIs for programmatic data access	Direct database access
Insights and reporting	Organization and admin insights to track adoption of Atlassian products, and evaluate the security of your organization.	Data Pipeline for advanced insightsConfluence analytics

Pros and cons of Jira Cloud

When talking about pros and cons, there’s always a chance that a competitive advantage for some is a dealbreaker for others. That’s why I decided to talk about pros and cons in matching pairs.

Pro: Scalability is one of the primary reasons businesses are choosing Jira Cloud. DC is technically also scalable, but you’ll need to scale on your own whereas the cloud version allows for the infrastructure to scale with your business.

Con: Despite the cloud’s ability to grow with your business, there is still a user limit of 35k users. In addition to that, the costs will grow alongside your needs. New users, licenses, storage, and computing power – all come at an additional cost. So, when your organization reaches a certain size, migrating to Jira DC becomes more cost-efficient.

Pro: Jira takes care of maintenance and support for you.

Con: Your business can suffer from unpredicted downtime. And there are certain security risks.

Pro: Extra bells and whistles:

Sandbox: Sandbox is a safe environment system admins can use to test applications and integrations before rolling them out to the production environment.
Release tracks: Admins can be more flexible with their product releases as they can access batch and control cloud releases. This means they’ll have much more time to test existing configurations and workflows against a new update.
Insight Discovery: More data means more ways you can impact your business or product in a positive, meaningful way.
Team Calendars: This is a handy feature for synchronization and synergy across teams.

Con: Most of these features are locked behind a paywall and are only available to either Premium and Enterprise or only Enterprise licenses (either fully or through addition of functionality. For example, Release tracks are only available to Enterprise customers.) In addition, the costs will grow as you scale the offering to fit your growing needs.

Pros and cons of Jira Data Center

I’ll be taking the same approach to talking about the pros and cons as I did when writing about Atlassian Cloud. Pros and cons are paired.

Pro: Hosting your own system means you can scale horizontally and vertically through additional hardware. Extension of your systems is seamless, and there is no downtime (if you do everything correctly). Lastly, you don’t have to worry about the user limit – there is none.

Con: While having more control over your systems is great, it implies a dedicated staff of engineers, additional expenses on software licensing, hardware, and physical space. Moreover, seamless extension and 0% downtime are entirely on you.

Pro: Atlassian has updated the DC offering with native bundled applications such as Advanced Roadmaps, team calendars and analytics for confluence, insight asset management, and insight discovery in Jira Service Management DC.

Con: Atlassian has updated their pricing to reflect these changes. And you are still getting fewer “bells and whistles” than Jira Cloud users (as we can see from the feature comparison).

Pro: You are technically safer as the system is supported on your hardware by your specialists. Any and all Jira server issues, poor updates, and downtime are simply not your concern.

Con: Atlassian offers excellent security options: data encryption in transit and rest, to mobile app management, to audit offerings and API token controls. In their absence, your team company has to dedicate additional resources to security.

Pro: Additional benefits from Atlassian, such as the Priority Support bundle (all DC subscriptions have this option), and the Data center loyalty discount (more on that in the pricing section.)

The Pricing

Talking about pricing of SaaS products is always a challenge as there are always multiple tiers and various pay-as-you go features. Barebones Jira Cloud, for instance, is completely free of charge, yet there are a series of serious limitations.

Standard Jira Cloud will cost you an average of $7.50 per user per month while premium cranks that price up to $14.50. The Enterprise plan is billed annually and the cost is determined on a case-by-case basis. You can see the full comparison of Jira Cloud plans here. And you can use this online calculator to learn the cost of ownership in your particular case.

50 Users	Standard (Monthly/Annually)	Premium (Monthly/Annually)
Jira Software	$387.50 / $3,900	$762.50 / $7,650
Jira Work Management	$250 / $2,500
Jira Service Management	$866.25 / $8,650	$2,138.25 / $21,500
Confluence	$287.50 / $2,900	$550 / $5,500

100 Users	Standard (Monthly/Annually)	Premium (Monthly/Annually)
Jira Software	$775 / $7,750	$1,525 / $15,250
Jira Work Management	$500 / $5,000
Jira Service Management	$1,653.75 / $16,550	$4,185.75 / $42,000
Confluence	$575 / $5,750	$1,100 / $11,000

500 Users	Standard (Monthly/Annually)	Premium (Monthly/Annually)
Jira Software	$3,140 / $31,500	$5,107.50 / $51,000
Jira Work Management	$1,850 / $18,500
Jira Service Management	$4,541.25 / $45,400	$11,693.25 / $117,000
Confluence	$2,060 / $20,500	$3,780 / $37,800

Please note that these prices were calculated without any apps included.

Jira Data Center starts at $42,000 per year and the plan includes up to 500 users. If you are a new client and are not eligible for any discounts*, here’s a chart that should give you an idea as to the cost of ownership of Jira DC. You can find more information regarding your specific case here.

Users	Commercial Annual Plan	Academic Annual Plan
1-500	USD 42,000	USD 21,000
501-1000	USD 72,000	USD 36,000
1001-2000	USD 120,000	USD 60,000
Confluence for Data Center
1-500	USD 27,000	USD 13,500
501-1000	USD 48,000	USD 24,000
1001-2000	USD 84,000	USD 42,000
Bitbucket for Data Center
1-25	USD 2,300	USD 1,150
26-50	USD 4,200	USD 2,100
51-100	USD 7,600	USD 3,800
Jira Service Management for Data Center
1-50	USD 17,200	USD 8,600
51-100	USD 28,600	USD 14,300
101-250	USD 51,500	USD 25,750

*Discounts:

Centralized per-user licensing allows users access all enterprise instances with a single Enterprise license.
There’s an option for dual licensing for users who purchase an annual cloud subscription with 1,001 or more users. In this case, Atlassian extends your existing server maintenance or Data Center subscription for up to one year at a 100% discount.
There are certain discounts for apps depending on your partnership level.
Depending on your situation, you may qualify for several Jira Data Center discount programs:
- Academic Data Center licensing offers a 50% discount.
- Community Data Center licensing for Non-profit organizations is free of charge.
- Lastly, there is a loyalty discount for Server customers who choose to migrate to the Data Center. Check this link to find out if you are eligible.

What should be your User Migration strategy?

Originally, there were several migration methods: Jira Cloud Migration Assistant, Jira Cloud Site Import, and there was an option to migrate via CSV export (though Jira actively discourages you from using this method). However, Jira’s team has focused their efforts on improving the Migration Assistant and have chosen to discontinue Cloud Site Import support.

Thanks to the broadened functionality of the assistant, it is now the only go-to method for migration with just one exception. If you are migrating over 1000 users and you absolutely need to migrate advanced roadmaps – you’ll need to rely on Site Import. At least for now, as Jira is actively working on implementing this feature in their assistant.

Here’s a quick comparison of the options and their limitations.

	Features	Limitations
Cloud Migration Assistant	App migration Existing data on a Cloud Site is not overwritten You choose the projects, users, and groups you want to migrate Jira Service Management customer account migration Better UI to guide you through the migration Potential migration errors are displayed in advance Migration can be done in phases reducing the downtime Pre- and post-migration reports	You must be on a supported self-managed version of Jira
Site Export	Can migrate Advanced Roadmaps	App data is not migrated Migration overrides existing data on the Cloud site Separate user importUsers from external directories are not migrated No choice of data you want or don’t want migrated There’s a need to split attachments into up to 5GB chunks Higher risks of downtime due to the “all or nothing” approach You must be on a supported self-managed version of Jira

Pro tip: If you have a large base of users (above 2000), migrate them before you migrate projects and spaces. This way, you will not disrupt the workflow as users are still working on Server and the latter migration of data will take less time.

How to migrate to Jira Cloud

Now that we have settled on one particular offering based on available pricing models as well as the pros and the cons that matter the most to your organization, let’s talk about the “how”.

How does one migrate from Jira Server to Jira Cloud?

Pre-migration checklist

Jira’s Cloud Migration Assistant is a handy tool. It will automatically review your data for common errors. But it is incapable of doing all of the work for you. That’s why we – and Atlassian for that matter – recommend creating a pre-migration checklist.

Smart Checklist will help you craft an actionable, context-rich checklist directly inside a Jira ticket. This way, none of the tasks will be missed, lost, or abandoned.

Below is an example of how your migration checklist will look like in Jira.

Feel free to copy the code and paste it into your Smart Checklist editor and you’ll have the checklist at the ready.

# Create a user migration plan #must
> Please keep in mind that Jira Cloud Migration Assistant migrates all users and groups as well as users and groups related to selected projects
- Sync your user base
- Verify synchronization
- External users sync verification
- Active external directory verification
## Check your Jira Server version #must
- Verify via user interface or Support Zip Product Version Verification
> Jira Migration Assistant will not work unless Jira is running on a supported version
## Fix any duplicate email addresses #must
- Verify using SQL
> Duplicate email addresses are not supported by Jira Cloud and therefore can't be migrated with the Jira Cloud Migration Assistant. To avoid errors, you should find and fix any duplicate email addresses before migration. If user information is managed in an LDAP Server, you will need to update emails there and sync with Jira before the migration. If user information is managed locally, you can fix them through the Jira Server or Data Center user interface.
## Make sure you have the necessary permissions #must
- System Admin global permissions on the Server instance
- Exists in the target Cloud site
- Site Administrator Permission in the cloud
## Check for conflicts with group names #must
- Make sure that the groups in your Cloud Site don't have the same names as groups in Server
> Unless you are actively trying to merge them
- Delete or update add-on users so not to cause migration issues
- Verify via SQL
## Update firewall allowance rules #must
- None of the domains should be blocked by firewall or proxy
## Find a way to migrate apps #must
- Contact app vendors
## Check public access settings #must
- Projects
- Filters
- Filters
- Boards
- Dashboards
## Review server setup #mst
- at least 4gb Heap Allocation
- Open Files limit review
- Verify via support zip
## Check Server timezone #must for merging Cloud sites
- Switch to UTC is using any other timezone
> Add a system flag to the Jira Server instance -Duser.timezone=UTC as outlined in this article about updating documentation to include timezone details.
## Fix any duplicate shared configuration
## Storage limits
## Prepare the server instance
- Check data status
- All fields have value and are not null
-Any archived projects you wish to migrate are activated
## Prepare your cloud site
- Same Jira products enabled
- Same language
- User migration strategy
## Data backup
- Backup Jira Server site
- Backup Cloud site
## Run a test migration
- Done
## Notify Jira support
- Get in touch with Jira migration support

Use backups

On the one hand, having all of your Jira products on a server may seem like a backup in and of itself. On the other hand, there are data migration best practices we should follow even if it’s just a precaution. No one has ever felt sorry for their data being too safe.

In addition, there are certain types of migration errors that can be resolved much faster with having a backup at hand.

Jira Server Database backup: this step creates a DB backup in an XML format.
1. Log in with Jira System Admin permissions
2. Go to system -> Import and Export -> Backup Manager -> Backup for server.
3. Click the create Backup for server button.
4. Type in the name for your backup.
5. Jira will create a zipped XML file and notify you once the backup is ready.

Jira Cloud Backup: This backup also saves your data in an XML format. The process is quite similar to creating a Jira Server backup with the only difference taking place on the Backups page.
1. Select the option to save your attachments, logos, and avatars.
2. Click on the Create backup button.

As you can see, the Cloud backup includes the option to save attachments, avatars, and logos. This step should be done manually when backing up Server data.
1. Create a Zip archive for this data
2. Make sure it follows the structure suggested by Atlassian

Migrating your Jira instance to the cloud via the Jira Migration Assistant

Jira Cloud Migration Assistant is a free add-on Atlassian recommends using when migrating to the cloud. It accesses and evaluates your apps and helps migrate multiple projects.

Overall, the migration assistant offers a more stable and reliable migration experience. It automatically checks for certain errors. It makes sure all users have unique and valid emails, and makes sure that none of the project names and keys conflict with one another.

This is a step-by-step guide for importing your Jira Server data backup file into Jira Cloud.

Log into Jira Cloud with admin permissions
Go to System -> Import and Export -> External System Import
Click on the Jira Server import option

Select the backup Zip you have created
Jira will check the file for errors and present you with two options: enable or disable outgoing mail. Don’t worry, you will be able to change this section after the migration process is complete.
Then you will be presented with an option to merge Jira Server and Jira Cloud users
1. Choosing overwrite will replace the users with users from the imported files
2. The merge option will merge groups with the same name
3. Lastly, you can select the third option if you are migrating users via Jira’s assistant
Run the import

How do you migrate Jira Server into Jira DC?

Before we can proceed with the migration process, please make sure you meet the following prerequisites:

Make sure you are installing Jira on one of the supported platforms. Atlassian has a list of supported platforms for Jira 9.1.
Make sure the applications you are using are compatible with Jira DC. You will be required to switch to datacenter-compatible versions of your applications (they must be available).
Make sure you meet the necessary software and hardware requirements:
1. You have a DC license
2. You are using a supported database, OS, and Java version
3. You are using OAuth authentication if your application links to other Atlassian products

Once you are certain you are ready to migrate your Jira Server to Jira Data Center, you can proceed with an installation that’s much simpler than one would expect.

Upgrade your apps to be compatible with Jira DC
Go to Administration -> Applications -> Versions and licenses
Enter your Jira DC License Key
Restart Jira

That’s it. You are all set. Well, unless your organization has specific needs such as continuous uptime, performance under heavy loads, and scalability, in which case you will need to set up a server cluster. You can find out more about setting up server clusters in this guide.

Marielle Rippin

1595098800

Android Interview Questions – Get ready for your next interview

Android – one of the hottest technologies, which is having a bright future. Get ready to crack your next interview with the following android interview questions. These interview questions start with basic and cover deep concepts along with advanced topics.

Android Interview Questions for Freshers

1. What is Android?

Android is an open-source mobile operating system that is based on the modified versions of Linux kernel. Though it was mainly designed for smartphones, now it is being used for Tablets, Televisions, Smartwatches, and other Android wearables.

2. Who is the inventor of Android Technology?

The inventors of Android Technology are- Andry Rubin, Nick Sears, and Rich Miner.

3. What is the latest version of Android?

The latest version of Android is Android 10.0, known as Android Q. The upcoming major Android release is Android 11, which is the 18th version of Android. [Note: Keep checking the versions, it is as of June 2020.]

4. How many Android versions can you recall right now?

Till now, there are 17 versions of Android, which have their names in alphabetical order. The 18th version of Android is also going to come later this year. The versions of Android are here:

Android 1.0 – Its release is 23 September 2008.
Android 1.1 – Its release date is 9 February 2009.
Android 1.5 – Its name is Cupcake, Released on 27 April 2009.
Android 1.6 – Its name is Donut, Released on 15 September 2009.
Android 2.0 – Its name is Eclair, Released on 26 October 2009
Android 2.2 – Its name is Froyo, Released on 20 May 2010.
Android 2.3 – Its name is Gingerbread, Released on 06 December 2010.
Android 3.0 – Its name is Honeycomb, Released on 22 February 2011.
Android 4.0 – Its name is Ice Cream Sandwich, Released on 18 October 2011.
Android 4.1 – Its name is Jelly Bean, Released on 9 July 2012.
Android 4.4 – Its name is KitKat, Released on 31 October 2013.
Android 5.0 – Its name is Lollipop, Released on 12 November 2014.
Android 6.0 – Its name is Marshmallow, Released on 5 October 2015.
Android 7.0 – Its name is Nougat, Released on 22 August 2016.
Android 8.0 – Its name is Oreo, Released on 21 August 2017.
Android 9.0 – Its name is Pie, Released on 6 August 2018.
Android 10.0 – Its name is Android Q, Released on 3 September 2019.
Android 11.0 – As of now, it is Android 11.

5. Explain the Android Architecture with its components.

This is a popular android developer interview question

Android Architecture consists of 5 components that are-

a. Linux Kernel: It is the foundation of the Android Architecture that resides at the lowest level. It provides the level of abstraction for hardware devices and upper layer components. Linux Kernel also provides various important hardware drivers that act as software interfaces for hardwares like camera, bluetooth, etc.

b. Native Libraries: These are the libraries for Android that are written in C/C++. These libraries are useful to build many core services like ART and HAL. It provides support for core features.

c. Android Runtime: It is an Android Runtime Environment. Android Operating System uses it during the execution of the app. It performs the translation of the application bytecode into the native instructions. The runtime environment of the device then executes these native instructions.

d. Application Framework: Application Framework provides many java classes and interfaces for app development. And it also provides various high-level services. This complete Application framework makes use of Java.

e. Applications: This is the topmost layer of Android Architecture. It provides applications for the end-user, so they can use the android device and compute the tasks.

6. What are the services that the Application framework provides?

The Android application framework has the following key services-

a. Activity Manager: It uses testing and debugging methods.

b. Content provider: It provides the data from application to other layers.

c. Resource Manager: This provides users access to resources.

d. Notification Manager: This gives notification to the users regarding actions taking place in the background.

e. View System: It is the base class for widgets, and it is also responsible for event handling.

7. What are the important features of Linux Kernel?

The important features of the Linux Kernel are as follows:

a. Power Management: Linux Kernel does power management to enhance and improve the battery life of the device.

b. Memory Management: It is useful for the maximum utilization of the available memory of the device.

c. Device Management: It includes managing all the hardware device drivers. It maximizes the utilization of the available resources.

d. Security: It ensures that no application has any such permission that it affects any other application in order to maintain security.

e. Multi-tasking: Multi-tasking provides the users the ease of doing multiple tasks at the same time.

8. What are the building blocks of an Android Application?

This is a popular android interview question for freshers.

The main components of any Android application are- Activity, Services, Content Provider, and Broadcast Receiver. You can understand them as follows:

a. Activity- It is a class that acts as the entry point representing a single screen to the user. It is like a window to show the user interface.

b. Services- Services are the longest-running component that runs in the background.

c. Content Provider- The content provider is an essential component that allows apps to share data between themselves.

d. Broadcast receivers- Broadcast receiver is another most crucial application component. It helps the apps to receive and respond to broadcast messages from the system or some other application.

9. What are the important components of Android Application?

The Components of Android application are listed below:

Widgets
Intents
Views
Notification
Fragments
Layout XML files
Resources

10. What are the widgets?

Widgets are the variations of Broadcast receivers. They are an important part of home screen customization. They often display some data and also allow users to perform actions on them. Mostly they display the app icon on the screen.

11. Can you name some types of widgets?

Mentioned below are the types of widgets-

a. Informative Widgets: These widgets show some important information. Like, the clock widget or a weather widget.

b. Collective Widgets: They are the collection of some types of elements. For example, a music widget that lets us change, skip, or forward the song.

c. Control Widgets: These widgets help us control the actions within the application through it. Like an email widget that helps check the recent mails.

d. Hybrid Widgets: Hybrid widgets are those that consist of at least two or more types of widgets.

12. What are Intents?

Intents are an important part of Android Applications. They enable communication between components of the same application as well as separate applications. The Intent signals the Android system about a certain event that has occurred.

13. Explain the types of intents briefly?

Intent is of three types that are-

a. Implicit Intents: Implicit intents are those in which there is no description of the component name but only the action.

b. Explicit Intents: In explicit intents, the target component is present by declaring the name of the component.

c. Pending Intents: These are those intents that act as a shield over the Intent objects. It covers the intent objects and grants permission to the external app components to access them.

14. What is a View?

A view is an important building block that helps in designing the user interface of the application. It can be a rectangular box or a circular shape, for example, Text View, Edit Text, Buttons, etc. Views occupy a certain area of the screen, and it is also responsible for event handling. A view is the superclass of all the graphical user interface components.

15. What do you understand by View Group?

It is the subclass of the ViewClass. It gives an invisible container to hold layouts or views. You can understand view groups as special views that are capable of holding other views, that are Child View.

16. What do you understand about Shared Preferences?

It is a simple mechanism for data storage in Android. In this, there is no need to create files, and using APIs, it stores the data in XML files. It stores the data in the pair of key-values. SharedPreferences class lets the user save the values and retrieve them when required. Using SharedPreferences we can save primitive data like- boolean, float, integer, string and long.

17. What is a Notification?

A notification is just like a message that shows up outside the Application UI to provide reminders to the users. They remind the user about a message received, or some other timely information from the app.

18. Give names of Notification types.

There are three types of notifications namely-

a. Toast Notification- This notification is the one that fades away sometime after it pops up.

b. Status Notification- This notification stays till the user takes some action on it.

c. Dialog Notification- This notification is the result of an Active Activity.

19. What are fragments?

A fragment is a part of the complete user interface. These are present in Activity, and an activity can have one or more fragments at the same time. We can reuse a fragment in multiple activities as well.

20. What are the types of fragments?

There are three types of fragments that are: Single Fragment, List Fragment, Fragment Transactions.

Single Transactions can only show a single view for the user.
List Fragments have a special list view feature that provides a list from which the user can select one.
Fragment Transactions are helpful for the transition between one fragment to the other.

Frequently asked Android Interview Questions and Answers

21. What are Layout XML files?

Layout XML files contain the structure for the user interface of the application. The XML file also contains various different layouts and views, and they also specify various GUI components that are there in Activity or fragments.

22. What are Resources in Android Application?

The resources in Android Apps defines images, texts, strings, colors, etc. Everything in resources directory is referenced in the source code of the app so that we can use them.

23. Can you develop Android Apps with languages other than Java? If so, name some.

Yes, there are many languages that we can work with, for the development of Android Applications. To name some, I would say Java, Python, C, C++, Kotlin, C#, Corona/LUA.

24. What are the states of the Activity Lifecycle?

Activity lifecycle has the following four stages-

a. Running State: As soon as the activity starts, it is the first state.

b. Paused State: When some other activity starts without closing the previous one, the running activity turns into the Paused state.

c. Resume State: When the activity opens again after being in pause state, it comes into the Resume State.

d. Stopped State: When the user closes the application or stops using it, the activity goes to the Stopped state.

25. What are some methods of Activity?

The methods of Activity are as follows:

onCreate()
onStart()
onPause()
onRestart()
onResume()
onStop()
onDestroy()

26. How can you launch an activity in Android?

We launch an activity using Intents. For this we need to use intent as follows:

ntent intent_name= new Intent(this, Activity_name.class);
startActivity(intent_name);

27. What is the service lifecycle?

There are two states of a service that are-

a. Started State: This is when the service starts its execution. A Services come in start state only through the startService() method.

b. Bounded State: A service is in the bounded state when it calls the method bindService().

28. What are some methods of Services?

The methods of service are as follows-

onStartCommand()
onBind()
onCreate()
onUnbind()
onDestroy()
onRebind()

29. What are the types of Broadcast?

Broadcasts are of two types that are-

a. Ordered Broadcast: Ordered broadcasts are Synchronous and work in a proper order. It decides the order by using the priority assigned to the broadcasts.

b. Normal Broadcast: These are asynchronous and unordered. They are more efficient as they run unorderly and all at once. But, they lack full utilization of the results.

30. What are useful impotent folders in Android?

The impotent folders in an Android application are-

build.xml- It is responsible for the build of Android applications.
bin/ – The bin folder works as a staging area to wrap the files packages into the APK.
src/ – The src is a folder where all the source files of the project are present.
res/ – The res is the resource folder that stores values of the resources that are used in the application. These resources can be colors, styles, strings, dimensions, etc.
assets/ – It provides a facility to include files like text, XML, fonts, music, and video in the Android application.

31. What are the important files for Android Application when working on Android Studio?

This is an important android studio interview question

There are following three files that we need to work on for an application to work-

a. The AndroidManifest.xml file: It has all the information about the application.

b. The MainActivity.java file: It is the app file that actually gets converted to the dalvik executable and runs the application. It is written in java.

c. The Activity_main.xml file: It is the layout file that is available in the res/layout directory. It is another mostly used file while developing the application.

32. Which database do you use for Android Application development?

The database that we use for Android Applications is SQLite. It is because SQLite is lightweight and specially developed for Android Apps. SQLite works the same way as SQL using the same commands.

33. Tell us some features of Android OS.

The best features of Android include-

Multi-tasking
Support for a great range of languages
Support for split-screen
High connectivity with 5G support
Motion Control

34. Why did you learn Android development?

Learning Android Studio is a good idea because of the following-

It has a low application development cost.
It is an open-source platform.
It has multi-platform support as well as Multi-carrier support.
It is open for customizations.
Android is a largely used operating system throughout the world.

35. What are the different ways of storage supported in Android?

The various storage ways supported in Android are as follows:

Shared Preference
Internal Storage
External Storage
SQLite Databases
Network Connection

36. What are layouts?

Layout is nothing but arrangements of elements on the device screen. These elements can be images, tests, videos, anything. They basically define the structure of the Android user interface to make it user friendly.

37. How many layout types are there?

The type of layouts used in Android Apps are as follows:

Linear Layout
Relative Layout
Constraint Layout
Table Layout
Frame Layout
Absolute Layout
Scrollview layout

38. What is an APK?

An APK stands for Android Package that is a file format of Android Applications. Android OS uses this package for the distribution and installation of the Android Application.

39. What is an Android Manifest file?

The manifest file describes all the essential information about the project application for build tools, Android operating system, and google play. This file is a must for every Android project that we develop, and it is present in the root of the project source set.

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Sigrid Farrell

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21 Most Read C++ Interview Questions & Answers [For Freshers]

Even today, C++ is as popular as it was back in the 80s. This general-purpose, compiled, and multi-paradigm (object-oriented, procedural, and functional) programming language plays a crucial role in the IT industry, particularly in software development.

Developers worldwide use C++ to build systems software, database software, embedded software, enterprise applications, GUI-based applications, compilers, advanced computation & graphics, operating systems, browsers, games, cloud systems, etc. Naturally, C++ is still a highly relevant programming language.

In this post, we’ve created a list of 21 C++ interview questions that you should know if you aspire to build a career in Software Development. These C++ interview questions and answers will help you break the ice on the subject!

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Juanita Apio

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21 Most Read C++ Interview Questions & Answers [For Freshers]

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