1641977203

10 Things to Consider when Choosing a Conveyancing Solicitor in London

Buying a new home in London is often tiresome and bewildering, especially if it's your first time. Though you'll be tensed the whole time, maintaining peace of mind while transacting is essential. So, you should be able to relax as soon as you choose the right lawyer/firm. Here are some of the things to consider when choosing a lawyer/firm from the wide range of Conveyancing Solicitors in London and the UK.

Check Whether UK Law regulates the Lawyer/Firm

Before proceeding any further, the first thing you should consider is whether you lawyer/firm has the authority to practice and solicit conveyancing. Ensure that they are regulated by the Law Society of England & Wales. Remember, you’ll have the right to redress complaints, only if its regulated by law. You may check it here: https://www.lawsociety.org.uk/public/for-public-visitors/using-a-solicitor.

Member of Conveyancing Quality Scheme (CQS)

Conveyancing Quality Scheme (CQS) is a recognised quality standard for residential conveyancing practices by the Law Society of England & Wales. A membership with the CQS assures the following in the lawyer/firm:

the expertise to deliver quality residential conveyancing advice
uses standardised processes to recognise and reduce risks
educates clients about what to expect when paying for conveyancing advice

Conveyancing Lender's Panel

There are quite a number of lenders in the city of London. But lenders are particularly careful about the money they would invest on conveyancing. So each lender/mortgager/financial institution has a set of specific conditions that a solicitor must fulfil to be able to represent them. Lenders would select solicitors to their conveyancing panels only based on the same. The presence of lawyers/firms on the panel of any lender directly points at the competency of the firm.

Experience in the Field & Local Knowledge

The dynamic expertise, network and resources of the solicitor could easily handle not just straight forward transactions but complex property dealings. Choose the lawyer/firm that has got years of experience in dealing with all kinds of residential purchases, sales, NewBuy & Help-to-Buy schemes, re-mortgages, right to buy applications, etc.

Pricing Policy of Conveyancing Solicitors in London

Solicitor's fees is also a crucial ingredient of the conveyancing costs. Affordable housing cannot be achieved without the same being fair and proportionate to your budget in mind. Although, please be mindful of those bogus cheap as well as overpriced services.

Quality of Service of Solicitors in London

When considering the quality of service, keep in mind that not all quality services come with low-pricing. The same applies to overpriced and unnecessarily branded services. Therefore, it's better to consider some of these following parameters to figure out quality: the level of customised care, the existing client base, actual testimonials, success-rates, experience in the field and most importantly, as mentioned above the membership with Conveyancing Quality Scheme.

Honest and Full Breakdown of Fees & Charges from Different Firms

Conveyancing comes with a lot of additional and unnoticeable costs like the charges for various things like bank transfer, searches, disbursements, land registry fee, stamp duty, etc. Even solicitors have different methods based for charging, like an hourly rate, a percentage of the price of the property, or maybe a fixed rate.

However, any experienced and quality solicitor would make give you a proper and honest breakdown all the fees and prices included. So, it is advisable to get quotations from at least three different solicitors and compare them. Ensure, you select the one with no hidden charges.

Get Recommendations for Commercial Litigation Solicitors in London

Get recommendations and feedback from your friends, family, lender, broker, independent financial advisers, clients of the firm you are planning to approach, etc. Never entirely base your decision on the recommendation of the Estate Agent. They may go with solicitors of their preference and advantage over yours.

Seek the Credentials of the Solicitor

Feel free to enquire about the qualification and experience of the solicitor. Ideally, no quality legal practitioner would deny this right of yours.

Sound Communication is Key

Finally, before making a decision, the last thing to check is the communication arrangement of the solicitor. A solicitor who communicates with you as the process unfolds is necessarily the one you should aspire. So be clear with their location, the point/person of contact, the interval and stage of updates, holidays, etc. Please take note of their attitude as you approach for the simplest general enquiry.

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10 Things to Consider when Choosing a Conveyancing Solicitor in London

Alex O'Sullivan

1666082925

How to Create Arrays in Python

In this tutorial, you'll know the basics of how to create arrays in Python using the array module. Learn how to use Python arrays. You'll see how to define them and the different methods commonly used for performing operations on them.

This tutorialvideo on 'Arrays in Python' will help you establish a strong hold on all the fundamentals in python programming language. Below are the topics covered in this video:
1:15 What is an array?
2:53 Is python list same as an array?
3:48 How to create arrays in python?
7:19 Accessing array elements
9:59 Basic array operations
- 10:33 Finding the length of an array
- 11:44 Adding Elements
- 15:06 Removing elements
- 18:32 Array concatenation
- 20:59 Slicing
- 23:26 Looping

Python Array Tutorial – Define, Index, Methods

In this article, you'll learn how to use Python arrays. You'll see how to define them and the different methods commonly used for performing operations on them.

The artcile covers arrays that you create by importing the array module. We won't cover NumPy arrays here.

Introduction to Arrays
1. The differences between Lists and Arrays
2. When to use arrays
How to use arrays
1. Define arrays
2. Find the length of arrays
3. Array indexing
4. Search through arrays
5. Loop through arrays
6. Slice an array
Array methods for performing operations
1. Change an existing value
2. Add a new value
3. Remove a value
Conclusion

Let's get started!

What are Python Arrays?

Arrays are a fundamental data structure, and an important part of most programming languages. In Python, they are containers which are able to store more than one item at the same time.

Specifically, they are an ordered collection of elements with every value being of the same data type. That is the most important thing to remember about Python arrays - the fact that they can only hold a sequence of multiple items that are of the same type.

What's the Difference between Python Lists and Python Arrays?

Lists are one of the most common data structures in Python, and a core part of the language.

Lists and arrays behave similarly.

Just like arrays, lists are an ordered sequence of elements.

They are also mutable and not fixed in size, which means they can grow and shrink throughout the life of the program. Items can be added and removed, making them very flexible to work with.

However, lists and arrays are not the same thing.

Lists store items that are of various data types. This means that a list can contain integers, floating point numbers, strings, or any other Python data type, at the same time. That is not the case with arrays.

As mentioned in the section above, arrays store only items that are of the same single data type. There are arrays that contain only integers, or only floating point numbers, or only any other Python data type you want to use.

When to Use Python Arrays

Lists are built into the Python programming language, whereas arrays aren't. Arrays are not a built-in data structure, and therefore need to be imported via the array module in order to be used.

Arrays of the array module are a thin wrapper over C arrays, and are useful when you want to work with homogeneous data.

They are also more compact and take up less memory and space which makes them more size efficient compared to lists.

If you want to perform mathematical calculations, then you should use NumPy arrays by importing the NumPy package. Besides that, you should just use Python arrays when you really need to, as lists work in a similar way and are more flexible to work with.

How to Use Arrays in Python

In order to create Python arrays, you'll first have to import the array module which contains all the necassary functions.

There are three ways you can import the array module:

By using import array at the top of the file. This includes the module array. You would then go on to create an array using array.array().

import array

#how you would create an array
array.array()

Instead of having to type array.array() all the time, you could use import array as arr at the top of the file, instead of import array alone. You would then create an array by typing arr.array(). The arr acts as an alias name, with the array constructor then immediately following it.

import array as arr

#how you would create an array
arr.array()

Lastly, you could also use from array import *, with * importing all the functionalities available. You would then create an array by writing the array() constructor alone.

from array import *

#how you would create an array
array()

How to Define Arrays in Python

Once you've imported the array module, you can then go on to define a Python array.

The general syntax for creating an array looks like this:

variable_name = array(typecode,[elements])

Let's break it down:

variable_name would be the name of the array.
The typecode specifies what kind of elements would be stored in the array. Whether it would be an array of integers, an array of floats or an array of any other Python data type. Remember that all elements should be of the same data type.
Inside square brackets you mention the elements that would be stored in the array, with each element being separated by a comma. You can also create an empty array by just writing variable_name = array(typecode) alone, without any elements.

Below is a typecode table, with the different typecodes that can be used with the different data types when defining Python arrays:

TYPECODE	C TYPE	PYTHON TYPE	SIZE
'b'	signed char	int	1
'B'	unsigned char	int	1
'u'	wchar_t	Unicode character	2
'h'	signed short	int	2
'H'	unsigned short	int	2
'i'	signed int	int	2
'I'	unsigned int	int	2
'l'	signed long	int	4
'L'	unsigned long	int	4
'q'	signed long long	int	8
'Q'	unsigned long long	int	8
'f'	float	float	4
'd'	double	float	8

Tying everything together, here is an example of how you would define an array in Python:

import array as arr 

numbers = arr.array('i',[10,20,30])


print(numbers)

#output

#array('i', [10, 20, 30])

Let's break it down:

First we included the array module, in this case with import array as arr .
Then, we created a numbers array.
We used arr.array() because of import array as arr .
Inside the array() constructor, we first included i, for signed integer. Signed integer means that the array can include positive and negative values. Unsigned integer, with H for example, would mean that no negative values are allowed.
Lastly, we included the values to be stored in the array in square brackets.

Keep in mind that if you tried to include values that were not of i typecode, meaning they were not integer values, you would get an error:

import array as arr 

numbers = arr.array('i',[10.0,20,30])


print(numbers)

#output

#Traceback (most recent call last):
# File "/Users/dionysialemonaki/python_articles/demo.py", line 14, in <module>
#   numbers = arr.array('i',[10.0,20,30])
#TypeError: 'float' object cannot be interpreted as an integer

In the example above, I tried to include a floating point number in the array. I got an error because this is meant to be an integer array only.

Another way to create an array is the following:

from array import *

#an array of floating point values
numbers = array('d',[10.0,20.0,30.0])

print(numbers)

#output

#array('d', [10.0, 20.0, 30.0])

The example above imported the array module via from array import * and created an array numbers of float data type. This means that it holds only floating point numbers, which is specified with the 'd' typecode.

How to Find the Length of an Array in Python

To find out the exact number of elements contained in an array, use the built-in len() method.

It will return the integer number that is equal to the total number of elements in the array you specify.

import array as arr 

numbers = arr.array('i',[10,20,30])


print(len(numbers))

#output
# 3

In the example above, the array contained three elements – 10, 20, 30 – so the length of numbers is 3.

Array Indexing and How to Access Individual Items in an Array in Python

Each item in an array has a specific address. Individual items are accessed by referencing their index number.

Indexing in Python, and in all programming languages and computing in general, starts at 0. It is important to remember that counting starts at 0 and not at 1.

To access an element, you first write the name of the array followed by square brackets. Inside the square brackets you include the item's index number.

The general syntax would look something like this:

array_name[index_value_of_item]

Here is how you would access each individual element in an array:

import array as arr 

numbers = arr.array('i',[10,20,30])

print(numbers[0]) # gets the 1st element
print(numbers[1]) # gets the 2nd element
print(numbers[2]) # gets the 3rd element

#output

#10
#20
#30

Remember that the index value of the last element of an array is always one less than the length of the array. Where n is the length of the array, n - 1 will be the index value of the last item.

Note that you can also access each individual element using negative indexing.

With negative indexing, the last element would have an index of -1, the second to last element would have an index of -2, and so on.

Here is how you would get each item in an array using that method:

import array as arr 

numbers = arr.array('i',[10,20,30])

print(numbers[-1]) #gets last item
print(numbers[-2]) #gets second to last item
print(numbers[-3]) #gets first item
 
#output

#30
#20
#10

How to Search Through an Array in Python

You can find out an element's index number by using the index() method.

You pass the value of the element being searched as the argument to the method, and the element's index number is returned.

import array as arr 

numbers = arr.array('i',[10,20,30])

#search for the index of the value 10
print(numbers.index(10))

#output

#0

If there is more than one element with the same value, the index of the first instance of the value will be returned:

import array as arr 


numbers = arr.array('i',[10,20,30,10,20,30])

#search for the index of the value 10
#will return the index number of the first instance of the value 10
print(numbers.index(10))

#output

#0

How to Loop through an Array in Python

You've seen how to access each individual element in an array and print it out on its own.

You've also seen how to print the array, using the print() method. That method gives the following result:

import array as arr 

numbers = arr.array('i',[10,20,30])

print(numbers)

#output

#array('i', [10, 20, 30])

What if you want to print each value one by one?

This is where a loop comes in handy. You can loop through the array and print out each value, one-by-one, with each loop iteration.

For this you can use a simple for loop:

import array as arr 

numbers = arr.array('i',[10,20,30])

for number in numbers:
    print(number)
    
#output
#10
#20
#30

You could also use the range() function, and pass the len() method as its parameter. This would give the same result as above:

import array as arr  

values = arr.array('i',[10,20,30])

#prints each individual value in the array
for value in range(len(values)):
    print(values[value])

#output

#10
#20
#30

How to Slice an Array in Python

To access a specific range of values inside the array, use the slicing operator, which is a colon :.

When using the slicing operator and you only include one value, the counting starts from 0 by default. It gets the first item, and goes up to but not including the index number you specify.

import array as arr 

#original array
numbers = arr.array('i',[10,20,30])

#get the values 10 and 20 only
print(numbers[:2])  #first to second position

#output

#array('i', [10, 20])

When you pass two numbers as arguments, you specify a range of numbers. In this case, the counting starts at the position of the first number in the range, and up to but not including the second one:

import array as arr 

#original array
numbers = arr.array('i',[10,20,30])


#get the values 20 and 30 only
print(numbers[1:3]) #second to third position

#output

#rray('i', [20, 30])

Methods For Performing Operations on Arrays in Python

Arrays are mutable, which means they are changeable. You can change the value of the different items, add new ones, or remove any you don't want in your program anymore.

Let's see some of the most commonly used methods which are used for performing operations on arrays.

How to Change the Value of an Item in an Array

You can change the value of a specific element by speficying its position and assigning it a new value:

import array as arr 

#original array
numbers = arr.array('i',[10,20,30])

#change the first element
#change it from having a value of 10 to having a value of 40
numbers[0] = 40

print(numbers)

#output

#array('i', [40, 20, 30])

How to Add a New Value to an Array

To add one single value at the end of an array, use the append() method:

import array as arr 

#original array
numbers = arr.array('i',[10,20,30])

#add the integer 40 to the end of numbers
numbers.append(40)

print(numbers)

#output

#array('i', [10, 20, 30, 40])

Be aware that the new item you add needs to be the same data type as the rest of the items in the array.

Look what happens when I try to add a float to an array of integers:

import array as arr 

#original array
numbers = arr.array('i',[10,20,30])

#add the integer 40 to the end of numbers
numbers.append(40.0)

print(numbers)

#output

#Traceback (most recent call last):
#  File "/Users/dionysialemonaki/python_articles/demo.py", line 19, in <module>
#   numbers.append(40.0)
#TypeError: 'float' object cannot be interpreted as an integer

But what if you want to add more than one value to the end an array?

Use the extend() method, which takes an iterable (such as a list of items) as an argument. Again, make sure that the new items are all the same data type.

import array as arr 

#original array
numbers = arr.array('i',[10,20,30])

#add the integers 40,50,60 to the end of numbers
#The numbers need to be enclosed in square brackets

numbers.extend([40,50,60])

print(numbers)

#output

#array('i', [10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60])

And what if you don't want to add an item to the end of an array? Use the insert() method, to add an item at a specific position.

The insert() function takes two arguments: the index number of the position the new element will be inserted, and the value of the new element.

import array as arr 

#original array
numbers = arr.array('i',[10,20,30])

#add the integer 40 in the first position
#remember indexing starts at 0

numbers.insert(0,40)

print(numbers)

#output

#array('i', [40, 10, 20, 30])

How to Remove a Value from an Array

To remove an element from an array, use the remove() method and include the value as an argument to the method.

import array as arr 

#original array
numbers = arr.array('i',[10,20,30])

numbers.remove(10)

print(numbers)

#output

#array('i', [20, 30])

With remove(), only the first instance of the value you pass as an argument will be removed.

See what happens when there are more than one identical values:

import array as arr 

#original array
numbers = arr.array('i',[10,20,30,10,20])

numbers.remove(10)

print(numbers)

#output

#array('i', [20, 30, 10, 20])

Only the first occurence of 10 is removed.

You can also use the pop() method, and specify the position of the element to be removed:

import array as arr 

#original array
numbers = arr.array('i',[10,20,30,10,20])

#remove the first instance of 10
numbers.pop(0)

print(numbers)

#output

#array('i', [20, 30, 10, 20])

Conclusion

And there you have it - you now know the basics of how to create arrays in Python using the array module. Hopefully you found this guide helpful.

Thanks for reading and happy coding!

#python #programming

Connor Mills

1670560264

Understanding Arrays in Python

Learn how to use Python arrays. Create arrays in Python using the array module. You'll see how to define them and the different methods commonly used for performing operations on them.

The artcile covers arrays that you create by importing the array module. We won't cover NumPy arrays here.

Introduction to Arrays
1. The differences between Lists and Arrays
2. When to use arrays
How to use arrays
1. Define arrays
2. Find the length of arrays
3. Array indexing
4. Search through arrays
5. Loop through arrays
6. Slice an array
Array methods for performing operations
1. Change an existing value
2. Add a new value
3. Remove a value
Conclusion

Let's get started!

What are Python Arrays?

Arrays are a fundamental data structure, and an important part of most programming languages. In Python, they are containers which are able to store more than one item at the same time.

Specifically, they are an ordered collection of elements with every value being of the same data type. That is the most important thing to remember about Python arrays - the fact that they can only hold a sequence of multiple items that are of the same type.

What's the Difference between Python Lists and Python Arrays?

Lists are one of the most common data structures in Python, and a core part of the language.

Lists and arrays behave similarly.

Just like arrays, lists are an ordered sequence of elements.

They are also mutable and not fixed in size, which means they can grow and shrink throughout the life of the program. Items can be added and removed, making them very flexible to work with.

However, lists and arrays are not the same thing.

Lists store items that are of various data types. This means that a list can contain integers, floating point numbers, strings, or any other Python data type, at the same time. That is not the case with arrays.

As mentioned in the section above, arrays store only items that are of the same single data type. There are arrays that contain only integers, or only floating point numbers, or only any other Python data type you want to use.

When to Use Python Arrays

Lists are built into the Python programming language, whereas arrays aren't. Arrays are not a built-in data structure, and therefore need to be imported via the array module in order to be used.

Arrays of the array module are a thin wrapper over C arrays, and are useful when you want to work with homogeneous data.

They are also more compact and take up less memory and space which makes them more size efficient compared to lists.

If you want to perform mathematical calculations, then you should use NumPy arrays by importing the NumPy package. Besides that, you should just use Python arrays when you really need to, as lists work in a similar way and are more flexible to work with.

How to Use Arrays in Python

In order to create Python arrays, you'll first have to import the array module which contains all the necassary functions.

There are three ways you can import the array module:

By using import array at the top of the file. This includes the module array. You would then go on to create an array using array.array().

import array

#how you would create an array
array.array()

Instead of having to type array.array() all the time, you could use import array as arr at the top of the file, instead of import array alone. You would then create an array by typing arr.array(). The arr acts as an alias name, with the array constructor then immediately following it.

import array as arr

#how you would create an array
arr.array()

Lastly, you could also use from array import *, with * importing all the functionalities available. You would then create an array by writing the array() constructor alone.

from array import *

#how you would create an array
array()

How to Define Arrays in Python

Once you've imported the array module, you can then go on to define a Python array.

The general syntax for creating an array looks like this:

variable_name = array(typecode,[elements])

Let's break it down:

variable_name would be the name of the array.
The typecode specifies what kind of elements would be stored in the array. Whether it would be an array of integers, an array of floats or an array of any other Python data type. Remember that all elements should be of the same data type.
Inside square brackets you mention the elements that would be stored in the array, with each element being separated by a comma. You can also create an empty array by just writing variable_name = array(typecode) alone, without any elements.

Below is a typecode table, with the different typecodes that can be used with the different data types when defining Python arrays:

TYPECODE	C TYPE	PYTHON TYPE	SIZE
'b'	signed char	int	1
'B'	unsigned char	int	1
'u'	wchar_t	Unicode character	2
'h'	signed short	int	2
'H'	unsigned short	int	2
'i'	signed int	int	2
'I'	unsigned int	int	2
'l'	signed long	int	4
'L'	unsigned long	int	4
'q'	signed long long	int	8
'Q'	unsigned long long	int	8
'f'	float	float	4
'd'	double	float	8

Tying everything together, here is an example of how you would define an array in Python:

import array as arr 

numbers = arr.array('i',[10,20,30])


print(numbers)

#output

#array('i', [10, 20, 30])

Let's break it down:

First we included the array module, in this case with import array as arr .
Then, we created a numbers array.
We used arr.array() because of import array as arr .
Inside the array() constructor, we first included i, for signed integer. Signed integer means that the array can include positive and negative values. Unsigned integer, with H for example, would mean that no negative values are allowed.
Lastly, we included the values to be stored in the array in square brackets.

Keep in mind that if you tried to include values that were not of i typecode, meaning they were not integer values, you would get an error:

import array as arr 

numbers = arr.array('i',[10.0,20,30])


print(numbers)

#output

#Traceback (most recent call last):
# File "/Users/dionysialemonaki/python_articles/demo.py", line 14, in <module>
#   numbers = arr.array('i',[10.0,20,30])
#TypeError: 'float' object cannot be interpreted as an integer

In the example above, I tried to include a floating point number in the array. I got an error because this is meant to be an integer array only.

Another way to create an array is the following:

from array import *

#an array of floating point values
numbers = array('d',[10.0,20.0,30.0])

print(numbers)

#output

#array('d', [10.0, 20.0, 30.0])

The example above imported the array module via from array import * and created an array numbers of float data type. This means that it holds only floating point numbers, which is specified with the 'd' typecode.

How to Find the Length of an Array in Python

To find out the exact number of elements contained in an array, use the built-in len() method.

It will return the integer number that is equal to the total number of elements in the array you specify.

import array as arr 

numbers = arr.array('i',[10,20,30])


print(len(numbers))

#output
# 3

In the example above, the array contained three elements – 10, 20, 30 – so the length of numbers is 3.

Array Indexing and How to Access Individual Items in an Array in Python

Each item in an array has a specific address. Individual items are accessed by referencing their index number.

Indexing in Python, and in all programming languages and computing in general, starts at 0. It is important to remember that counting starts at 0 and not at 1.

To access an element, you first write the name of the array followed by square brackets. Inside the square brackets you include the item's index number.

The general syntax would look something like this:

array_name[index_value_of_item]

Here is how you would access each individual element in an array:

import array as arr 

numbers = arr.array('i',[10,20,30])

print(numbers[0]) # gets the 1st element
print(numbers[1]) # gets the 2nd element
print(numbers[2]) # gets the 3rd element

#output

#10
#20
#30

Remember that the index value of the last element of an array is always one less than the length of the array. Where n is the length of the array, n - 1 will be the index value of the last item.

Note that you can also access each individual element using negative indexing.

With negative indexing, the last element would have an index of -1, the second to last element would have an index of -2, and so on.

Here is how you would get each item in an array using that method:

import array as arr 

numbers = arr.array('i',[10,20,30])

print(numbers[-1]) #gets last item
print(numbers[-2]) #gets second to last item
print(numbers[-3]) #gets first item
 
#output

#30
#20
#10

How to Search Through an Array in Python

You can find out an element's index number by using the index() method.

You pass the value of the element being searched as the argument to the method, and the element's index number is returned.

import array as arr 

numbers = arr.array('i',[10,20,30])

#search for the index of the value 10
print(numbers.index(10))

#output

#0

If there is more than one element with the same value, the index of the first instance of the value will be returned:

import array as arr 


numbers = arr.array('i',[10,20,30,10,20,30])

#search for the index of the value 10
#will return the index number of the first instance of the value 10
print(numbers.index(10))

#output

#0

How to Loop through an Array in Python

You've seen how to access each individual element in an array and print it out on its own.

You've also seen how to print the array, using the print() method. That method gives the following result:

import array as arr 

numbers = arr.array('i',[10,20,30])

print(numbers)

#output

#array('i', [10, 20, 30])

What if you want to print each value one by one?

This is where a loop comes in handy. You can loop through the array and print out each value, one-by-one, with each loop iteration.

For this you can use a simple for loop:

import array as arr 

numbers = arr.array('i',[10,20,30])

for number in numbers:
    print(number)
    
#output
#10
#20
#30

You could also use the range() function, and pass the len() method as its parameter. This would give the same result as above:

import array as arr  

values = arr.array('i',[10,20,30])

#prints each individual value in the array
for value in range(len(values)):
    print(values[value])

#output

#10
#20
#30

How to Slice an Array in Python

To access a specific range of values inside the array, use the slicing operator, which is a colon :.

When using the slicing operator and you only include one value, the counting starts from 0 by default. It gets the first item, and goes up to but not including the index number you specify.


import array as arr 

#original array
numbers = arr.array('i',[10,20,30])

#get the values 10 and 20 only
print(numbers[:2])  #first to second position

#output

#array('i', [10, 20])

When you pass two numbers as arguments, you specify a range of numbers. In this case, the counting starts at the position of the first number in the range, and up to but not including the second one:

import array as arr 

#original array
numbers = arr.array('i',[10,20,30])


#get the values 20 and 30 only
print(numbers[1:3]) #second to third position

#output

#rray('i', [20, 30])

Methods For Performing Operations on Arrays in Python

Arrays are mutable, which means they are changeable. You can change the value of the different items, add new ones, or remove any you don't want in your program anymore.

Let's see some of the most commonly used methods which are used for performing operations on arrays.

How to Change the Value of an Item in an Array

You can change the value of a specific element by speficying its position and assigning it a new value:

import array as arr 

#original array
numbers = arr.array('i',[10,20,30])

#change the first element
#change it from having a value of 10 to having a value of 40
numbers[0] = 40

print(numbers)

#output

#array('i', [40, 20, 30])

How to Add a New Value to an Array

To add one single value at the end of an array, use the append() method:

import array as arr 

#original array
numbers = arr.array('i',[10,20,30])

#add the integer 40 to the end of numbers
numbers.append(40)

print(numbers)

#output

#array('i', [10, 20, 30, 40])

Be aware that the new item you add needs to be the same data type as the rest of the items in the array.

Look what happens when I try to add a float to an array of integers:

import array as arr 

#original array
numbers = arr.array('i',[10,20,30])

#add the integer 40 to the end of numbers
numbers.append(40.0)

print(numbers)

#output

#Traceback (most recent call last):
#  File "/Users/dionysialemonaki/python_articles/demo.py", line 19, in <module>
#   numbers.append(40.0)
#TypeError: 'float' object cannot be interpreted as an integer

But what if you want to add more than one value to the end an array?

Use the extend() method, which takes an iterable (such as a list of items) as an argument. Again, make sure that the new items are all the same data type.

import array as arr 

#original array
numbers = arr.array('i',[10,20,30])

#add the integers 40,50,60 to the end of numbers
#The numbers need to be enclosed in square brackets

numbers.extend([40,50,60])

print(numbers)

#output

#array('i', [10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60])

And what if you don't want to add an item to the end of an array? Use the insert() method, to add an item at a specific position.

The insert() function takes two arguments: the index number of the position the new element will be inserted, and the value of the new element.

import array as arr 

#original array
numbers = arr.array('i',[10,20,30])

#add the integer 40 in the first position
#remember indexing starts at 0

numbers.insert(0,40)

print(numbers)

#output

#array('i', [40, 10, 20, 30])

How to Remove a Value from an Array

To remove an element from an array, use the remove() method and include the value as an argument to the method.

import array as arr 

#original array
numbers = arr.array('i',[10,20,30])

numbers.remove(10)

print(numbers)

#output

#array('i', [20, 30])

With remove(), only the first instance of the value you pass as an argument will be removed.

See what happens when there are more than one identical values:


import array as arr 

#original array
numbers = arr.array('i',[10,20,30,10,20])

numbers.remove(10)

print(numbers)

#output

#array('i', [20, 30, 10, 20])

Only the first occurence of 10 is removed.

You can also use the pop() method, and specify the position of the element to be removed:

import array as arr 

#original array
numbers = arr.array('i',[10,20,30,10,20])

#remove the first instance of 10
numbers.pop(0)

print(numbers)

#output

#array('i', [20, 30, 10, 20])

Conclusion

And there you have it - you now know the basics of how to create arrays in Python using the array module. Hopefully you found this guide helpful.

You'll start from the basics and learn in an interacitve and beginner-friendly way. You'll also build five projects at the end to put into practice and help reinforce what you learned.

Thanks for reading and happy coding!

Original article source at https://www.freecodecamp.org

#python

sophia ronald

1623234112

London Tourist Attractions | Top 17 things to do in London

See world-famous London attractions, famous tourist spots, and lesser-known sights. Regardless of whether investigating socially separated indoor attractions or roomy outside spots, ensure you prepare.
https://www.agnitotoday.com/travel/17-best-things-to-do-in-london-on-a-romantic-getaway

#things to do in london #top things to do in london

Legend Solicitors

1641977203

10 Things to Consider when Choosing a Conveyancing Solicitor in London

Buying a new home in London is often tiresome and bewildering, especially if it's your first time. Though you'll be tensed the whole time, maintaining peace of mind while transacting is essential. So, you should be able to relax as soon as you choose the right lawyer/firm. Here are some of the things to consider when choosing a lawyer/firm from the wide range of Conveyancing Solicitors in London and the UK.

Check Whether UK Law regulates the Lawyer/Firm

Before proceeding any further, the first thing you should consider is whether you lawyer/firm has the authority to practice and solicit conveyancing. Ensure that they are regulated by the Law Society of England & Wales. Remember, you’ll have the right to redress complaints, only if its regulated by law. You may check it here: https://www.lawsociety.org.uk/public/for-public-visitors/using-a-solicitor.

Member of Conveyancing Quality Scheme (CQS)

Conveyancing Quality Scheme (CQS) is a recognised quality standard for residential conveyancing practices by the Law Society of England & Wales. A membership with the CQS assures the following in the lawyer/firm:

the expertise to deliver quality residential conveyancing advice
uses standardised processes to recognise and reduce risks
educates clients about what to expect when paying for conveyancing advice

Conveyancing Lender's Panel

There are quite a number of lenders in the city of London. But lenders are particularly careful about the money they would invest on conveyancing. So each lender/mortgager/financial institution has a set of specific conditions that a solicitor must fulfil to be able to represent them. Lenders would select solicitors to their conveyancing panels only based on the same. The presence of lawyers/firms on the panel of any lender directly points at the competency of the firm.

Experience in the Field & Local Knowledge

The dynamic expertise, network and resources of the solicitor could easily handle not just straight forward transactions but complex property dealings. Choose the lawyer/firm that has got years of experience in dealing with all kinds of residential purchases, sales, NewBuy & Help-to-Buy schemes, re-mortgages, right to buy applications, etc.

Pricing Policy of Conveyancing Solicitors in London

Solicitor's fees is also a crucial ingredient of the conveyancing costs. Affordable housing cannot be achieved without the same being fair and proportionate to your budget in mind. Although, please be mindful of those bogus cheap as well as overpriced services.

Quality of Service of Solicitors in London

When considering the quality of service, keep in mind that not all quality services come with low-pricing. The same applies to overpriced and unnecessarily branded services. Therefore, it's better to consider some of these following parameters to figure out quality: the level of customised care, the existing client base, actual testimonials, success-rates, experience in the field and most importantly, as mentioned above the membership with Conveyancing Quality Scheme.

Honest and Full Breakdown of Fees & Charges from Different Firms

Conveyancing comes with a lot of additional and unnoticeable costs like the charges for various things like bank transfer, searches, disbursements, land registry fee, stamp duty, etc. Even solicitors have different methods based for charging, like an hourly rate, a percentage of the price of the property, or maybe a fixed rate.

However, any experienced and quality solicitor would make give you a proper and honest breakdown all the fees and prices included. So, it is advisable to get quotations from at least three different solicitors and compare them. Ensure, you select the one with no hidden charges.

Get Recommendations for Commercial Litigation Solicitors in London

Get recommendations and feedback from your friends, family, lender, broker, independent financial advisers, clients of the firm you are planning to approach, etc. Never entirely base your decision on the recommendation of the Estate Agent. They may go with solicitors of their preference and advantage over yours.

Seek the Credentials of the Solicitor

Feel free to enquire about the qualification and experience of the solicitor. Ideally, no quality legal practitioner would deny this right of yours.

Sound Communication is Key

Finally, before making a decision, the last thing to check is the communication arrangement of the solicitor. A solicitor who communicates with you as the process unfolds is necessarily the one you should aspire. So be clear with their location, the point/person of contact, the interval and stage of updates, holidays, etc. Please take note of their attitude as you approach for the simplest general enquiry.

Awesome Rust

1658878980

Git Branchless: Branchless Workflow for Git Built on Rust

Branchless workflow for Git

(This suite of tools is 100% compatible with branches. If you think this is confusing, you can suggest a new name here.)

About

git-branchless is a suite of tools which enhances Git in several ways:

It makes Git easier to use, both for novices and for power users. Examples:

git undo: a general-purpose undo command. See the blog post git undo: We can do better.
The smartlog: a convenient visualization tool.
git restack: to repair broken commit graphs.
Speculative merges: to avoid being caught off-guard by merge conflicts.

It adds more flexibility for power users. Examples:

Patch-stack workflows: strong support for "patch-stack" workflows as used by the Linux and Git projects, as well as at many large tech companies. (This is how Git was "meant" to be used.)
Prototyping and experimenting workflows: strong support for prototyping and experimental work via "divergent" development.
git sync: to rebase all local commit stacks and branches without having to check them out first.
git move: The ability to move subtrees rather than "sticks" while cleaning up old branches, not touching the working copy, etc.
Anonymous branching: reduces the overhead of branching for experimental work.
In-memory operations: to modify the commit graph without having to check out the commits in question.
git next/prev: to quickly jump between commits and branches in a commit stack.
git co -i/--interactive: to interactively select a commit to check out.

It provides faster operations for large repositories and monorepos, particularly at large tech companies. Examples:

See the blog post Lightning-fast rebases with git-move.
Performance tested: benchmarked on torvalds/linux (1M+ commits) and mozilla/gecko-dev (700k+ commits).
Operates in-memory: avoids touching the working copy by default (which can slow down git status or invalidate build artifacts).
Sparse indexes: uses a custom implementation of sparse indexes for fast commit and merge operations.
Segmented changelog DAG: for efficient queries on the commit graph, such as merge-base calculation in O(log n) instead of O(n).
Ahead-of-time compiled: written in an ahead-of-time compiled language with good runtime performance (Rust).
Multithreading: distributes work across multiple CPU cores where appropriate.
To my knowledge, git-branchless provides the fastest implementation of rebase among Git tools and UIs, for the above reasons.

See also the User guide and Design goals.

Demos

Repair

Undo almost anything:

Commits.
Amended commits.
Merges and rebases (e.g. if you resolved a conflict wrongly).
Checkouts.
Branch creations, updates, and deletions.

Why not git reflog?

git reflog is a tool to view the previous position of a single reference (like HEAD), which can be used to undo operations. But since it only tracks the position of a single reference, complicated operations like rebases can be tedious to reverse-engineer. git undo operates at a higher level of abstraction: the entire state of your repository.

git reflog also fundamentally can't be used to undo some rare operations, such as certain branch creations, updates, and deletions. See the architecture document for more details.

What doesn't git undo handle?

git undo relies on features in recent versions of Git to work properly. See the compatibility chart.

Currently, git undo can't undo the following. You can find the design document to handle some of these cases in issue #10.

"Uncommitting" a commit by undoing the commit and restoring its changes to the working copy.
- In stock Git, this can be accomplished with git reset HEAD^.
- This scenario would be better implemented with a custom git uncommit command instead. See issue #3.
Undoing the staging or unstaging of files. This is tracked by issue #10 above.
Undoing back into the middle of a conflict, such that git status shows a message like path/to/file (both modified), so that you can resolve that specific conflict differently. This is tracked by issue #10 above.

Fundamentally, git undo is not intended to handle changes to untracked files.

Comparison to other Git undo tools

gitjk: Requires a shell alias. Only undoes most recent command. Only handles some Git operations (e.g. doesn't handle rebases).
git-extras/git-undo: Only undoes commits at current HEAD.
git-annex undo: Only undoes the most recent change to a given file or directory.
thefuck: Only undoes historical shell commands. Only handles some Git operations (e.g. doesn't handle rebases).

Visualize

Visualize your commit history with the smartlog (git sl):

Why not `git log --graph`?

git log --graph only shows commits which have branches attached with them. If you prefer to work without branches, then git log --graph won't work for you.

To support users who rewrite their commit graph extensively, git sl also points out commits which have been abandoned and need to be repaired (descendants of commits marked with rewritten as abcd1234). They can be automatically fixed up with git restack, or manually handled.

Manipulate

Edit your commit graph without fear:

Why not `git rebase -i`?

Interactive rebasing with git rebase -i is fully supported, but it has a couple of shortcomings:

git rebase -i can only repair linear series of commits, not trees. If you modify a commit with multiple children, then you have to be sure to rebase all of the other children commits appropriately.
You have to commit to a plan of action before starting the rebase. For some use-cases, it can be easier to operate on individual commits at a time, rather than an entire series of commits all at once.

When you use git rebase -i with git-branchless, you will be prompted to repair your commit graph if you abandon any commits.

Installation

See https://github.com/arxanas/git-branchless/wiki/Installation.

Short version: run cargo install --locked git-branchless, then run git branchless init in your repository.

Status

git-branchless is currently in alpha. Be prepared for breaking changes, as some of the workflows and architecture may change in the future. It's believed that there are no major bugs, but it has not yet been comprehensively battle-tested. You can see the known issues in the issue tracker.

git-branchless follows semantic versioning. New 0.x.y versions, and new major versions after reaching 1.0.0, may change the on-disk format in a backward-incompatible way.

To be notified about new versions, select Watch » Custom » Releases in Github's notifications menu at the top of the page. Or use GitPunch to deliver notifications by email.

Related tools

There's a lot of promising tooling developing in this space. See Related tools for more information.

Contributing

Thanks for your interest in contributing! If you'd like, I'm happy to set up a call to help you onboard.

For code contributions, check out the Runbook to understand how to set up a development workflow, and the Coding guidelines. You may also want to read the Architecture documentation.

For contributing documentation, see the Wiki style guide.

Contributors should abide by the Code of Conduct.

Download details:
Author: arxanas
Source code: https://github.com/arxanas/git-branchless
License: GPL-2.0 license

#rust #rustlang #git

10 Things to Consider when Choosing a Conveyancing Solicitor in London

What is GEEK

Buddha Community

How to Create Arrays in Python

In this tutorial, you'll know the basics of how to create arrays in Python using the array module. Learn how to use Python arrays. You'll see how to define them and the different methods commonly used for performing operations on them.

Table of Contents

What are Python Arrays?

What's the Difference between Python Lists and Python Arrays?

When to Use Python Arrays

How to Use Arrays in Python

How to Define Arrays in Python

How to Find the Length of an Array in Python

Array Indexing and How to Access Individual Items in an Array in Python

How to Search Through an Array in Python

How to Loop through an Array in Python

How to Slice an Array in Python

Methods For Performing Operations on Arrays in Python

How to Change the Value of an Item in an Array

How to Add a New Value to an Array

How to Remove a Value from an Array

Conclusion

Understanding Arrays in Python

Learn how to use Python arrays. Create arrays in Python using the array module. You'll see how to define them and the different methods commonly used for performing operations on them.

Table of Contents

What are Python Arrays?

What's the Difference between Python Lists and Python Arrays?

When to Use Python Arrays

How to Use Arrays in Python

How to Define Arrays in Python

How to Find the Length of an Array in Python

Array Indexing and How to Access Individual Items in an Array in Python

How to Search Through an Array in Python

How to Loop through an Array in Python

How to Slice an Array in Python

Methods For Performing Operations on Arrays in Python

How to Change the Value of an Item in an Array

How to Add a New Value to an Array

How to Remove a Value from an Array

Conclusion

London Tourist Attractions | Top 17 things to do in London

10 Things to Consider when Choosing a Conveyancing Solicitor in London

Git Branchless: Branchless Workflow for Git Built on Rust

Branchless workflow for Git

About

Demos

Repair

Visualize

Manipulate

Installation

Status

Related tools

Contributing