In this quick article, I'll walk you through how to use the Pandas library for Python in order to analyze a CSV log file for offload analysis.

Background

Python Pandas is a library that provides data science capabilities to Python. Using this library, you can use data structures like DataFrames. This data structure allows you to model the data like an in-memory database. By doing so, you will get query-like capabilities over the data set.

Use Case

Suppose we have a URL report from taken from either the Akamai Edge server logs or the Akamai Portal report. In this case, I am using the Akamai Portal report. In this workflow, I am trying to find the top URLs that have a volume offload less than 50%. I've attached the code at the end. I am going to walk through the code line-by-line. Here are the column names within the CSV file for reference.

Offloaded Hits,Origin Hits,Origin OK Volume (MB),Origin Error Volume (MB)

Initialize the Library

The first step is to initialize the Pandas library. In almost all the references, this library is imported as pd. We'll follow the same convention.

import pandas as pd

Read the CSV as a DataFrame

The next step is to read the whole CSV file into a DataFrame. Note that this function to read CSV data also has options to ignore leading rows, trailing rows, handling missing values, and a lot more. I am not using these options for now.

urls_df = pd.read_csv('urls_report.csv')

Pandas automatically detects the right data formats for the columns. So the URL is treated as a string and all the other values are considered floating point values.

Compute Volume Offload

The default URL report does not have a column for Offload by Volume. So we need to compute this new column.

urls_df['Volume Offload'] = (urls_df['OK Volume']*100) / (urls_df[

We are using the columns named OK Volume and Origin OK Volumn (MB) to arrive at the percent offloads.

Filter the Data

At this point, we need to have the entire data set with the offload percentage computed. Since we are interested in URLs that have a low offload, we add two filters:

• Consider the rows having a volume offload of less than 50% and it should have at least some traffic (we don't want rows that have zero traffic).

• We will also remove some known patterns. This is based on the customer context but essentially indicates URLs that can never be cached.

Sort Data

At this point, we have the right set of URLs but they are unsorted. We need the rows to be sorted by URLs that have the most volume and least offload. We can achieve this sorting by columns using the sort command.

low_offload_urls.sort_values(by=['OK Volume','Volume Offload'],inplace

Print the Data

For simplicity, I am just listing the URLs. We can export the result to CSV or Excel as well.

First, we project the URL (i.e., extract just one column) from the dataframe. We then list the URLs with a simple for loop as the projection results in an array.

for each_url in low_offload_urls['URL']:
print (each_url)

I hope you found this useful and get inspired to pick up Pandas for your analytics as well!

References

I was able to pick up Pandas after going through an excellent course on Coursera titled Introduction to Data Science in Python. During this course, I realized that Pandas has excellent documentation.

• Pandas Documentation: http://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/stable/

Full Code

import pandas as pd

urls_df = pd.read_csv('urls_report.csv')

#now convert to right types
urls_df['Volume Offload'] = (urls_df['OK Volume']*100) / (urls_df['OK Volume'] + urls_df['Origin OK Volume (MB)'])

low_offload_urls = urls_df[(urls_df['OK Volume'] > 0) & (urls_df['Volume Offload']<50.0)]
low_offload_urls = low_offload_urls[(~low_offload_urls.URL.str.contains("some-pattern.net")) & (~low_offload_urls.URL.str.contains("stateful-apis")) ]

low_offload_urls.sort_values(by=['OK Volume','Volume Offload'],inplace=True, ascending=['True','False'])

for each_url in low_offload_urls['URL']:
print (each_url)

Thanks for reading.

Python is a no-BS programming language. Readability and simplicity of design are two of the biggest reasons for its immense popularity.

Part of the reason for this popularity is its simplicity and easiness to learn it.

If you are reading this, then it is highly likely that you already use Python or at least have an interest in it.

In this article, we will briefly see 30 short code snippets that you can understand and learn in 30 seconds or less.

The following tricks will prove handy in your day-to-day coding exercises.

1. All unique

The following method checks whether the given list has duplicate elements. It uses the property of set() which removes duplicate elements from the list.

def all_unique(lst):
    return len(lst) == len(set(lst))


x = [1,1,2,2,3,2,3,4,5,6]
y = [1,2,3,4,5]
all_unique(x) # False
all_unique(y) # True

2. Anagrams

This method can be used to check if two strings are anagrams. An anagram is a word or phrase formed by rearranging the letters of a different word or phrase, typically using all the original letters exactly once.

from collections import Counter

def anagram(first, second):
    return Counter(first) == Counter(second)


anagram("abcd3", "3acdb") # True

3. Memory

This snippet can be used to check the memory usage of an object.

import sys 

variable = 30 
print(sys.getsizeof(variable)) # 24

4. Byte size

This method returns the length of a string in bytes.

def byte_size(string):
    return(len(string.encode('utf-8')))
    
    
byte_size('😀') # 4
byte_size('Hello World') # 11 

5. Print a string N times

This snippet can be used to print a string n times without having to use loops to do it.

n = 2; 
s ="Programming"; 

print(s * n); # ProgrammingProgramming

6. Capitalize first letters

This snippet simply uses the method title() to capitalize first letters of every word in a string.

s = "programming is awesome"

print(s.title()) # Programming Is Awesome

7. Chunk

This method chunks a list into smaller lists of a specified size.

def chunk(list, size):
    return [list[i:i+size] for i in range(0,len(list), size)]

8. Compact

This method removes falsy values (False, None, 0 and “”) from a list by using filter().

def compact(lst):
    return list(filter(None, lst))
  
  
compact([0, 1, False, 2, '', 3, 'a', 's', 34]) # [ 1, 2, 3, 'a', 's', 34 ]

9. Count by

This snippet can be used to transpose a 2D array.

array = [['a', 'b'], ['c', 'd'], ['e', 'f']]
transposed = zip(*array)
print(transposed) # [('a', 'c', 'e'), ('b', 'd', 'f')]

10. Chained comparison

You can do multiple comparisons with all kinds of operators in a single line.

a = 3
print( 2 < a < 8) # True
print(1 == a < 2) # False

11. Comma-separated

This snippet can be used to turn a list of strings into a single string with each element from the list separated by commas.

hobbies = ["basketball", "football", "swimming"]

print("My hobbies are:") # My hobbies are:
print(", ".join(hobbies)) # basketball, football, swimming

12. Get vowels

This method gets vowels (‘a’, ‘e’, ‘i’, ‘o’, ‘u’) found in a string.

def get_vowels(string):
    return [each for each in string if each in 'aeiou'] 


get_vowels('foobar') # ['o', 'o', 'a']
get_vowels('gym') # []

13. Decapitalize

This method can be used to turn the first letter of the given string into lowercase.

def decapitalize(str):
    return str[:1].lower() + str[1:]
  
  
decapitalize('FooBar') # 'fooBar'
decapitalize('FooBar') # 'fooBar'

14. Flatten

The following methods flatten a potentially deep list using recursion.

def spread(arg):
    ret = []
    for i in arg:
        if isinstance(i, list):
            ret.extend(i)
        else:
            ret.append(i)
    return ret

def deep_flatten(xs):
    flat_list = []
    [flat_list.extend(deep_flatten(x)) for x in xs] if isinstance(xs, list) else flat_list.append(xs)
    return flat_list


deep_flatten([1, [2], [[3], 4], 5]) # [1,2,3,4,5]

15. Difference

This method finds the difference between two iterables by keeping only the values that are in the first one.

def difference(a, b):
    set_a = set(a)
    set_b = set(b)
    comparison = set_a.difference(set_b)
    return list(comparison)


difference([1,2,3], [1,2,4]) # [3]

16. Difference by

The following method returns the difference between two lists after applying a given function to each element of both lists.

def difference_by(a, b, fn):
    b = set(map(fn, b))
    return [item for item in a if fn(item) not in b]


from math import floor
difference_by([2.1, 1.2], [2.3, 3.4], floor) # [1.2]
difference_by([{ 'x': 2 }, { 'x': 1 }], [{ 'x': 1 }], lambda v : v['x']) # [ { x: 2 } ]

17. Chained function call

You can call multiple functions inside a single line.

def add(a, b):
    return a + b

def subtract(a, b):
    return a - b

a, b = 4, 5
print((subtract if a > b else add)(a, b)) # 9   

18. Has duplicates

The following method checks whether a list has duplicate values by using the fact that set() contains only unique elements.

def has_duplicates(lst):
    return len(lst) != len(set(lst))
    
    
x = [1,2,3,4,5,5]
y = [1,2,3,4,5]
has_duplicates(x) # True
has_duplicates(y) # False

19. Merge two dictionaries

The following method can be used to merge two dictionaries.

def merge_two_dicts(a, b):
    c = a.copy()   # make a copy of a 
    c.update(b)    # modify keys and values of a with the ones from b
    return c


a = { 'x': 1, 'y': 2}
b = { 'y': 3, 'z': 4}
print(merge_two_dicts(a, b)) # {'y': 3, 'x': 1, 'z': 4}

In Python 3.5 and above, you can also do it like the following:

def merge_dictionaries(a, b)
   return {**a, **b}


a = { 'x': 1, 'y': 2}
b = { 'y': 3, 'z': 4}
print(merge_dictionaries(a, b)) # {'y': 3, 'x': 1, 'z': 4}

20. Convert two lists into a dictionary

The following method can be used to convert two lists into a dictionary.

def to_dictionary(keys, values):
    return dict(zip(keys, values))
    

keys = ["a", "b", "c"]    
values = [2, 3, 4]
print(to_dictionary(keys, values)) # {'a': 2, 'c': 4, 'b': 3}

21. Use enumerate

This snippet shows that you can use enumerate to get both the values and the indexes of lists.

list = ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
for index, element in enumerate(list): 
    print("Value", element, "Index ", index, )
# ('Value', 'a', 'Index ', 0)
# ('Value', 'b', 'Index ', 1)
#('Value', 'c', 'Index ', 2)
# ('Value', 'd', 'Index ', 3)   

22. Time spent

This snippet can be used to calculate the time it takes to execute a particular code.

import time

start_time = time.time()

a = 1
b = 2
c = a + b
print(c) #3

end_time = time.time()
total_time = end_time - start_time
print("Time: ", total_time)

# ('Time: ', 1.1205673217773438e-05)

23. Try else

You can have an else clause as part of a try/except block, which is executed if no exception is thrown.

try:
    2*3
except TypeError:
    print("An exception was raised")
else:
    print("Thank God, no exceptions were raised.")

#Thank God, no exceptions were raised.

24. Most frequent

This method returns the most frequent element that appears in a list.

def most_frequent(list):
    return max(set(list), key = list.count)
  

numbers = [1,2,1,2,3,2,1,4,2]
most_frequent(numbers)  

25. Palindrome

This method checks whether a given string is a palindrome.

def palindrome(a):
    return a == a[::-1]


palindrome('mom') # True

26. Calculator without if-else

The following snippet shows how you can write a simple calculator without the need to use if-else conditions.

import operator
action = {
    "+": operator.add,
    "-": operator.sub,
    "/": operator.truediv,
    "*": operator.mul,
    "**": pow
}
print(action['-'](50, 25)) # 25

27. Shuffle

This snippet can be used to randomize the order of the elements in a list. Note that shuffle works in place, and returns None.

from random import shuffle

foo = [1, 2, 3, 4]
shuffle(foo) 
print(foo) # [1, 4, 3, 2] , foo = [1, 2, 3, 4]

28. Spread

This method flattens a list similarly like [].concat(…arr) in JavaScript.

def spread(arg):
    ret = []
    for i in arg:
        if isinstance(i, list):
            ret.extend(i)
        else:
            ret.append(i)
    return ret


spread([1,2,3,[4,5,6],[7],8,9]) # [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]

29. Swap values

A really quick way for swapping two variables without having to use an additional one.

a, b = -1, 14
a, b = b, a

print(a) # 14
print(b) # -1

30. Get default value for missing keys

This snippet shows how you can get a default value in case a key you are looking for is not included in the dictionary.

d = {'a': 1, 'b': 2}

print(d.get('c', 3)) # 3

<span class="ql-cursor"></span>Below are the requirements for creating the CRUD on MEAN

• Node.js
• Angular CLI
• Angular 7
• Mysql
• IDE or Text Editor

We assume that you have already available the above tools/frameworks and you are familiar with all the above that what individually actually does.

So now we will proceed step by step to achieve the task.

1. Update Angular CLI and Create Angular 7 Application

At first, We have to update the Angular CLI to the latest version. Open the terminal then go to the project folder and then type the below command to update the Angular CLI

<pre class="ql-syntax" spellcheck="false">sudo npm install -g @angular/cli </pre>

Once the above task finishes, Next task is to create new angular application with below command. So go to your project folder and then type below command:

<pre class="ql-syntax" spellcheck="false">ng new angular7-crud </pre>

then go to the newly created folder of angular application with **cd /angular7-crud ** and type **ng serve. **Now, open the browser then go to <a href="http://localhost:4200" title="" target="_blank">http://localhost:4200</a> you should see this page.

2. Create a server with node.js express and Mysql for REST APIs

create a separate folder named server for server-side stuff, Then move inside folder and create server.js by typing touch server.js

Let’s have a look on the server.js file

<pre class="ql-syntax" spellcheck="false">let app = require('express')(), server = require('http').Server(app), bodyParser = require('body-parser') express = require('express'), cors = require('cors'), http = require('http'), path = require('path');   let articleRoute = require('./Routes/article'), util = require('./Utilities/util');   app.use(bodyParser.json()); app.use(bodyParser.urlencoded({extended: false }));   app.use(cors());   app.use(function(err, req, res, next) { return res.send({ "statusCode": util.statusCode.ONE, "statusMessage":util.statusMessage.SOMETHING_WENT_WRONG }); });   app.use('/article', articleRoute);   // catch 404 and forward to error handler app.use(function(req, res, next) { next(); });   /*first API to check if server is running*/ app.get('*', (req, res) => { res.sendFile(path.join(__dirname, '../server/client/dist/index.html')); })     server.listen(3000,function(){ console.log('app listening on port: 3000'); }); </pre>

In the above file we can see, at the top, there are required packages for the app. Below that body parsing, middleware and routing is done.

The next task is to create routes and create a file article.js . So creating a folder name ‘Routes’ and adding article.js within it.

Add the below code for routing in article.js inside routing folder

<pre class="ql-syntax" spellcheck="false">let express = require('express'), router = express.Router(), util = require('../Utilities/util'), articleService = require('../Services/article');   /**Api to create article */ router.post('/create-article', (req, res) => { articleService.createArticle(req.body, (data) => { res.send(data); }); });   // /**Api to update article */ router.put('/update-article', (req, res) => { articleService.updateArticle(req.body, (data) => { res.send(data); }); });   // /**Api to delete the article */ router.delete('/delete-article', (req, res) => { articleService.deleteArticle(req.query, (data) => { res.send(data); }); });   /**Api to get the list of article */ router.get('/get-article', (req, res) => { documentService.getArticle(req.query, (data) => { res.send(data); }); });   // /**API to get the article by id... */ router.get('/get-article-by-id', (req, res) => { articleService.getArticleById(req.query, (data) => { res.send(data); }); });   module.exports = router; </pre>

Now create a folder named Utilities for all config, common methods and mysql connection config.

Now I am adding config values in a file named config.js

<pre class="ql-syntax" spellcheck="false">let environment = "dev";   let serverURLs = { "dev": { "NODE_SERVER": "http://localhost", "NODE_SERVER_PORT": "3000", "MYSQL_HOST": 'localhost', "MYSQL_USER": 'root', "MYSQL_PASSWORD": 'password', 'MYSQL_DATABASE': 'demo_angular7_crud', } }   let config = { "DB_URL_MYSQL": { "host": `${serverURLs[environment].MYSQL_HOST}`, "user": `${serverURLs[environment].MYSQL_USER}`, "password": `${serverURLs[environment].MYSQL_PASSWORD}`, "database": `${serverURLs[environment].MYSQL_DATABASE}` }, "NODE_SERVER_PORT": { "port": `${serverURLs[environment].NODE_SERVER_PORT}` }, "NODE_SERVER_URL": { "url": `${serverURLs[environment].NODE_SERVER}` } };   module.exports = { config: config }; </pre>

Now configure mysql connection. So I am writing the connection with database in a separate file. So creating a file named mysqkConfig.js under Utilities folder and adding the below line of code for mysql connection:

 

<pre class="ql-syntax" spellcheck="false">var config = require("../Utilities/config").config; var mysql = require('mysql'); var connection = mysql.createConnection({ host: config.DB_URL_MYSQL.host, user: config.DB_URL_MYSQL.user, password: config.DB_URL_MYSQL.password, database: config.DB_URL_MYSQL.database, });   connection.connect(() => { require('../Models/Article').initialize(); });   let getDB = () => { return connection; }   module.exports = { getDB: getDB } </pre>

Now I am creating separate file name util.js to save common methods and common status code/message:

<pre class="ql-syntax" spellcheck="false">// Define Error Codes let statusCode = { OK: 200, FOUR_ZERO_FOUR: 404, FOUR_ZERO_THREE: 403, FOUR_ZERO_ONE: 401, FIVE_ZERO_ZERO: 500 };   // Define Error Messages let statusMessage = { SERVER_BUSY : 'Our Servers are busy. Please try again later.', DATA_UPDATED: 'Data updated successfully.', DELETE_DATA : 'Delete data successfully',   };   module.exports = { statusCode: statusCode, statusMessage: statusMessage } </pre>

Now the next part is model, So create a folder named Models and create a file Article.js and add the below code in it:

<pre class="ql-syntax" spellcheck="false">let mysqlConfig = require("../Utilities/mysqlConfig");   let initialize = () => { mysqlConfig.getDB().query("create table IF NOT EXISTS article (id INT auto_increment primary key, category VARCHAR(30), title VARCHAR(24))");   }   module.exports = { initialize: initialize } </pre>

Now create DAO folder and add a file articleDAO.js for writting the mysql queries common functions:

<pre class="ql-syntax" spellcheck="false">let dbConfig = require("../Utilities/mysqlConfig");

 
let getArticle = (criteria, callback) => {
//criteria.aricle_id ? conditions += and aricle_id = '${criteria.aricle_id}' : true;
dbConfig.getDB().query(select * from article where 1,criteria, callback);
}
 
let getArticleDetail = (criteria, callback) => {
    let conditions = "";
criteria.id ? conditions +=  and id = '${criteria.id}' : true;
dbConfig.getDB().query(select * from article where 1 ${conditions}, callback);
}
 
let createArticle = (dataToSet, callback) => {
console.log("insert into article set ? ", dataToSet,'pankaj')
dbConfig.getDB().query("insert into article set ? ", dataToSet, callback);
}
 
let deleteArticle = (criteria, callback) => {
let conditions = "";
criteria.id ? conditions +=  and id = '${criteria.id}' : true;
console.log(delete from article where 1 ${conditions});
dbConfig.getDB().query(delete from article where 1 ${conditions}, callback);
 
}
 
let updateArticle = (criteria,dataToSet,callback) => {
    let conditions = "";
let setData = "";
criteria.id ? conditions +=  and id = '${criteria.id}' : true;
dataToSet.category ? setData += category = '${dataToSet.category}' : true;
dataToSet.title ? setData += , title = '${dataToSet.title}' : true;
console.log(UPDATE article SET ${setData} where 1 ${conditions});
dbConfig.getDB().query(UPDATE article SET ${setData} where 1 ${conditions}, callback);
}
module.exports = {
getArticle : getArticle,
createArticle : createArticle,
deleteArticle : deleteArticle,
updateArticle : updateArticle,
getArticleDetail : getArticleDetail
}
</pre>

Now one create Services folder and add a file article.js for all the logic of API

<pre class="ql-syntax" spellcheck="false"> let async = require('async'),
parseString = require('xml2js').parseString;
 
let util = require('../Utilities/util'),
articleDAO = require('../DAO/articleDAO');
//config = require("../Utilities/config").config;
 
 
/**API to create the atricle */
let createArticle = (data, callback) => {
async.auto({
article: (cb) => {
var dataToSet = {
"category":data.category?data.category:'',
"title":data.title,
}
console.log(dataToSet);
articleDAO.createArticle(dataToSet, (err, dbData) => {
if (err) {
cb(null, { "statusCode": util.statusCode.FOUR_ZERO_ONE, "statusMessage":util.statusMessage.SERVER_BUSY });
return;
}
 
cb(null, { "statusCode": util.statusCode.OK, "statusMessage":util.statusMessage.DATA_UPDATED,"result":dataToSet });
});
}
//]
}, (err, response) => {
callback(response.article);
});
}
 
/**API to update the article */
let updateArticle = (data,callback) => {
async.auto({
articleUpdate :(cb) =>{
if (!data.id) {
cb(null, { "statusCode": util.statusCode.FOUR_ZERO_ONE, "statusMessage":util.statusMessage.PARAMS_MISSING })
return;
}
console.log('phase 1');
var criteria = {
id : data.id,
}
var dataToSet={
"category": data.category,
"title":data.title,
}
console.log(criteria,'test',dataToSet);
                    articleDAO.updateArticle(criteria, dataToSet, (err, dbData)=>{
                        if(err){
cb(null,{"statusCode":util.statusCode.FOUR_ZERO_ONE,"statusMessage":util.statusMessage.SERVER_BUSY});
                        return; 
                        }
                        else{
cb(null, { "statusCode": util.statusCode.OK, "statusMessage":util.statusMessage.DATA_UPDATED,"result":dataToSet });                        
                        }
                    });
}
}, (err,response) => {
callback(response.articleUpdate);
});
}
 
/**API to delete the subject */
let deleteArticle = (data,callback) => {
console.log(data,'data to set')
async.auto({
removeArticle :(cb) =>{
if (!data.id) {
cb(null, { "statusCode": util.statusCode.FOUR_ZERO_ONE, "statusMessage":util.statusMessage.PARAMS_MISSING })
return;
}
var criteria = {
id : data.id,
}
articleDAO.deleteArticle(criteria,(err,dbData) => {
if (err) {
console.log(err);
cb(null, { "statusCode": util.statusCode.FOUR_ZERO_ONE, "statusMessage":util.statusMessage.SERVER_BUSY });
return;
}
cb(null, { "statusCode": util.statusCode.OK, "statusMessage": util.statusMessage.DELETE_DATA });
});
}
}, (err,response) => {
callback(response.removeArticle);
});
}
 
/***API to get the article list */
let getArticle = (data, callback) => {
async.auto({
article: (cb) => {
articleDAO.getArticle({},(err, data) => {
if (err) {
cb(null, {"errorCode": util.statusCode.INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR,"statusMessage":util.statusMessage.SERVER_BUSY});
return;
}
cb(null, data);
return;
});
}
}, (err, response) => {
callback(response.article);
})
}
 
/***API to get the article detail by id */
let getArticleById = (data, callback) => {
async.auto({
article: (cb) => {
let criteria = {
"id":data.id
}
articleDAO.getArticleDetail(criteria,(err, data) => {
if (err) {
console.log(err,'error----');
cb(null, {"errorCode": util.statusCode.INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR,"statusMessage":util.statusMessage.SERVER_BUSY});
return;
}
cb(null, data[0]);
return;
});
}
}, (err, response) => {
callback(response.article);
})
}
 
module.exports = {
createArticle : createArticle,
updateArticle : updateArticle,
deleteArticle : deleteArticle,
getArticle : getArticle,
getArticleById : getArticleById
};
</pre>

3. Create angular component for performing CRUD task of article

<pre class="ql-syntax" spellcheck="false">ng g component article
</pre>

Above command will generate all required files for build article component and also automatically added this component to app.module.ts.

<pre class="ql-syntax" spellcheck="false">create src/app/article/article.component.css (0 bytes)
create src/app/article/article.component.html (23 bytes)
create src/app/article/article.component.spec.ts (614 bytes)
create src/app/article/article.component.ts (321 bytes)
update src/app/app.module.ts (390 bytes)
</pre>

Now we need to add HttpClientModule to app.module.ts. Open and edit src/app/app.module.ts then add this import. And add it to @NgModule imports after BrowserModule. Now our app.module.ts will have following code:

<pre class="ql-syntax" spellcheck="false"> import { NgModule } from '@angular/core';
import { BrowserModule } from '@angular/platform-browser';
import { ReactiveFormsModule } from '@angular/forms';
import { HttpModule } from '@angular/http';
 
import { AppComponent } from './app.component';
import { ArticleComponent } from './article.component';
import { ArticleService } from './article.service';
 
@NgModule({
imports: [
BrowserModule,
HttpModule,
ReactiveFormsModule
],
declarations: [
AppComponent,
ArticleComponent
],
providers: [
ArticleService
],
bootstrap: [
AppComponent
]
})
export class AppModule { }
</pre>

Now create a service file where we will make all the request to the server for CRUD operation. Command for creating service is ng g service artcle , for now I have just created a file named it article.service.ts. Let's have a look in the code inside this file.

<pre class="ql-syntax" spellcheck="false">import { Injectable } from '@angular/core';
import { Http, Response, Headers, URLSearchParams, RequestOptions } from '@angular/http';
import { Observable } from 'rxjs';
import 'rxjs/add/operator/map';
import 'rxjs/add/operator/catch';
 
import { Article } from './article';
 
@Injectable()
export class ArticleService {
//URL for CRUD operations
    articleUrl = "http://localhost:3000/article";
    //Create constructor to get Http instance
    constructor(private http:Http) {
    }
    
    //Fetch all articles
getAllArticles(): Observable<Article[]> {
return this.http.get(this.articleUrl+"/get-article")
              .map(this.extractData)
         .catch(this.handleError);
 
}
    //Create article
createArticle(article: Article):Observable<number> {
     let cpHeaders = new Headers({ 'Content-Type': 'application/json' });
let options = new RequestOptions({ headers: cpHeaders });
return this.http.post(this.articleUrl+"/create-article", article, options)
.map(success => success.status)
.catch(this.handleError);
}
    //Fetch article by id
getArticleById(articleId: string): Observable<Article> {
        let cpHeaders = new Headers({ 'Content-Type': 'application/json' });
        let options = new RequestOptions({ headers: cpHeaders });
        console.log(this.articleUrl +"/get-article-by-id?id="+ articleId);
        return this.http.get(this.articleUrl +"/get-article-by-id?id="+ articleId)
             .map(this.extractData)
             .catch(this.handleError);
}   
    //Update article
updateArticle(article: Article):Observable<number> {
     let cpHeaders = new Headers({ 'Content-Type': 'application/json' });
        let options = new RequestOptions({ headers: cpHeaders });
return this.http.put(this.articleUrl +"/update-article", article, options)
.map(success => success.status)
.catch(this.handleError);
}
//Delete article    
deleteArticleById(articleId: string): Observable<number> {
        let cpHeaders = new Headers({ 'Content-Type': 'application/json' });
        let options = new RequestOptions({ headers: cpHeaders });
        return this.http.delete(this.articleUrl +"/delete-article?id="+ articleId)
             .map(success => success.status)
             .catch(this.handleError);
}   
    private extractData(res: Response) {
        let body = res.json();
return body;
}
private handleError (error: Response | any) {
        console.error(error.message || error);
        return Observable.throw(error.status);
}
}
</pre>

In the above file we have made all the http request for the CRUD operation. Observables of rxjs library has been used to handle the data fetching from http request.

 

Now let's move to the next file, article.component.ts. Here we have all the login part of the app. Let's have a look code inside this file:

<pre class="ql-syntax" spellcheck="false">import { Component, OnInit } from '@angular/core';
import { FormControl, FormGroup, Validators } from '@angular/forms';
 
import { ArticleService } from './article.service';
import { Article } from './article';
 
@Component({
selector: 'app-article',
templateUrl: './article.component.html',
styleUrls: ['./article.component.css']
})
export class ArticleComponent implements OnInit {
//Component properties
allArticles: Article[];
statusCode: number;
requestProcessing = false;
articleIdToUpdate = null;
processValidation = false;
//Create form
articleForm = new FormGroup({
title: new FormControl('', Validators.required),
category: new FormControl('', Validators.required)   
});
//Create constructor to get service instance
constructor(private articleService: ArticleService) {
}
//Create ngOnInit() and and load articles
ngOnInit(): void {
     this.getAllArticles();
}
//Fetch all articles
 
getAllArticles() {
        this.articleService.getAllArticles()
         .subscribe(
data => this.allArticles = data,
                errorCode => this.statusCode = errorCode);
                
}
//Handle create and update article
onArticleFormSubmit() {
     this.processValidation = true;
     if (this.articleForm.invalid) {
     return; //Validation failed, exit from method.
     }
     //Form is valid, now perform create or update
this.preProcessConfigurations();
     let article = this.articleForm.value;
     if (this.articleIdToUpdate === null) {
     //Generate article id then create article
this.articleService.getAllArticles()
     .subscribe(articles => {
            
         //Generate article id    
         let maxIndex = articles.length - 1;
         let articleWithMaxIndex = articles[maxIndex];
         let articleId = articleWithMaxIndex.id + 1;
         article.id = articleId;
         console.log(article,'this is form data---');
         //Create article
    this.articleService.createArticle(article)
             .subscribe(successCode => {
                    this.statusCode = successCode;
                    this.getAllArticles();  
                    this.backToCreateArticle();
                 },
                 errorCode => this.statusCode = errorCode
             );
         });        
     } else {
  //Handle update article
article.id = this.articleIdToUpdate;        
     this.articleService.updateArticle(article)
     .subscribe(successCode => {
         this.statusCode = successCode;
                 this.getAllArticles();  
                    this.backToCreateArticle();
             },
         errorCode => this.statusCode = errorCode);  
     }
}
//Load article by id to edit
loadArticleToEdit(articleId: string) {
this.preProcessConfigurations();
this.articleService.getArticleById(articleId)
     .subscribe(article => {
            console.log(article,'poiuytre');
         this.articleIdToUpdate = article.id;
                    this.articleForm.setValue({ title: article.title, category: article.category });
                    this.processValidation = true;
                    this.requestProcessing = false;
         },
         errorCode => this.statusCode = errorCode);
}
//Delete article
deleteArticle(articleId: string) {
this.preProcessConfigurations();
this.articleService.deleteArticleById(articleId)
     .subscribe(successCode => {
         //this.statusCode = successCode;
                    //Expecting success code 204 from server
                    this.statusCode = 204;
                 this.getAllArticles();  
                 this.backToCreateArticle();
             },
         errorCode => this.statusCode = errorCode);
}
//Perform preliminary processing configurations
preProcessConfigurations() {
this.statusCode = null;
     this.requestProcessing = true;
}
//Go back from update to create
backToCreateArticle() {
this.articleIdToUpdate = null;
this.articleForm.reset(); 
     this.processValidation = false;
}
}
</pre>

Now we have to show the task over browser, So lets have a look inside article.component.html file.

<pre class="ql-syntax" spellcheck="false"><h1 class="text-center">Angular 7 CRUD Demo App</h1>
<h3 class="text-center" *ngIf="articleIdToUpdate; else create">
Update Article for Id: {{articleIdToUpdate}}
</h3>
<ng-template #create>
<h3 class="text-center"> Create New Article </h3>
</ng-template>
<div>
<form [formGroup]="articleForm" (ngSubmit)="onArticleFormSubmit()">
<table class="table-striped" style="margin:0 auto;">
<tr><td>Enter Title</td><td><input formControlName="title">
   <label *ngIf="articleForm.get('title').invalid && processValidation" [ngClass] = "'error'"> Title is required. </label>
 </td></tr>
<tr><td>Enter Category</td><td><input formControlName="category">
   <label *ngIf="articleForm.get('category').invalid && processValidation" [ngClass] = "'error'">Category is required. </label>
  </td></tr>  
<tr><td colspan="2">
   <button class="btn btn-default" *ngIf="!articleIdToUpdate">CREATE</button>
    <button class="btn btn-default" *ngIf="articleIdToUpdate">UPDATE</button>
   <button (click)="backToCreateArticle()" *ngIf="articleIdToUpdate">Go Back</button>
  </td></tr>
</table>
</form>
<br/>
<div class="text-center" *ngIf="statusCode; else processing">
<div *ngIf="statusCode === 201" [ngClass] = "'success'">
   Article added successfully.
</div>
<div *ngIf="statusCode === 409" [ngClass] = "'success'">
Article already exists.
</div>   
<div *ngIf="statusCode === 200" [ngClass] = "'success'">
Article updated successfully.
</div>   
<div *ngIf="statusCode === 204" [ngClass] = "'success'">
Article deleted successfully.
</div>   
<div *ngIf="statusCode === 500" [ngClass] = "'error'">
Internal Server Error.
</div> 
</div>
<ng-template #processing>
  <img *ngIf="requestProcessing" src="assets/images/loading.gif">
</ng-template>
</div>
<h3 class="text-center">Article List</h3>
<table class="table-striped" style="margin:0 auto;" *ngIf="allArticles">
<tr><th> Id</th> <th>Title</th><th>Category</th><th></th><th></th></tr>
<tr *ngFor="let article of allArticles" >
<td>{{article.id}}</td> <td>{{article.title}}</td> <td>{{article.category}}</td>
  <td><button class="btn btn-default" type="button"(click)="loadArticleToEdit(article.id)">Edit</button> </td>
  <td><button class="btn btn-default" type="button"(click)="deleteArticle(article.id)">Delete</button></td>
</tr>
</table>
</pre>

Now since I have created server and client two separate folder for nodejs and angular task. So will run both the apps with npm start over two tabs of terminal.

On the browser, over link <a href="http://localhost:4200." target="_blank">http://localhost:4200.</a> App will look like below

 

That’s all for now. Thank you for reading and I hope this post will be very helpful for creating CRUD operations with angular7,node.js & mysql.

================================================

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Learn More

☞ <a href="https://l.morioh.com/b0a3f595aa?r=http://learnstartup.net/p/H1jE_tD3l" title="" target="_blank">Angular 8 (formerly Angular 2) - The Complete Guide</a>

☞ <a href="https://l.morioh.com/b0a3f595aa?r=http://learnstartup.net/p/HJigQzgZx" title="" target="_blank">Learn and Understand AngularJS</a>

☞ <a href="https://l.morioh.com/b0a3f595aa?r=http://learnstartup.net/p/ry7Ey9yKW" title="" target="_blank">The Complete Angular Course: Beginner to Advanced</a>

☞ <a href="https://l.morioh.com/b0a3f595aa?r=http://learnstartup.net/p/rkjpGfa5W" title="" target="_blank">Angular Crash Course for Busy Developers</a>

☞ <a href="https://l.morioh.com/b0a3f595aa?r=http://learnstartup.net/p/SkdU19JFZ" title="" target="_blank">Angular Essentials (Angular 2+ with TypeScript)</a>

☞ <a href="https://l.morioh.com/b0a3f595aa?r=http://learnstartup.net/p/B1oHaY8cM" title="" target="_blank">Angular (Full App) with Angular Material, Angularfire & NgRx</a>

☞ <a href="https://l.morioh.com/b0a3f595aa?r=http://learnstartup.net/p/Skf7ILFw3l" title="" target="_blank">Angular & NodeJS - The MEAN Stack Guide</a>

Artificial Intelligence(AI) and Machine Learning(ML) are literally on fire these days. Powering a wide spectrum of use-cases ranging from self-driving cars to drug discovery and to God knows what. AI and ML have a bright and thriving future ahead of them.

On the other hand, Docker revolutionized the computing world through the introduction of ephemeral lightweight containers. Containers basically package all the software required to run inside an image(a bunch of read-only layers) with a COW(Copy On Write) layer to persist the data.

Python Data Science Packages

Our Python data science container makes use of the following super cool python packages:

1. NumPy: NumPy or Numeric Python supports large, multi-dimensional arrays and matrices. It provides fast precompiled functions for mathematical and numerical routines. In addition, NumPy optimizes Python programming with powerful data structures for efficient computation of multi-dimensional arrays and matrices.

2. SciPy: SciPy provides useful functions for regression, minimization, Fourier-transformation, and many more. Based on NumPy, SciPy extends its capabilities. SciPy’s main data structure is again a multidimensional array, implemented by Numpy. The package contains tools that help with solving linear algebra, probability theory, integral calculus, and many more tasks.

3. Pandas: Pandas offer versatile and powerful tools for manipulating data structures and performing extensive data analysis. It works well with incomplete, unstructured, and unordered real-world data — and comes with tools for shaping, aggregating, analyzing, and visualizing datasets.

4. SciKit-Learn: Scikit-learn is a Python module integrating a wide range of state-of-the-art machine learning algorithms for medium-scale supervised and unsupervised problems. It is one of the best-known machine-learning libraries for python. The Scikit-learn package focuses on bringing machine learning to non-specialists using a general-purpose high-level language. The primary emphasis is upon ease of use, performance, documentation, and API consistency. With minimal dependencies and easy distribution under the simplified BSD license, SciKit-Learn is widely used in academic and commercial settings. Scikit-learn exposes a concise and consistent interface to the common machine learning algorithms, making it simple to bring ML into production systems.

5. Matplotlib: Matplotlib is a Python 2D plotting library, capable of producing publication quality figures in a wide variety of hardcopy formats and interactive environments across platforms. Matplotlib can be used in Python scripts, the Python and IPython shell, the Jupyter notebook, web application servers, and four graphical user interface toolkits.

6. NLTK: NLTK is a leading platform for building Python programs to work with human language data. It provides easy-to-use interfaces to over 50 corpora and lexical resources such as WordNet, along with a suite of text processing libraries for classification, tokenization, stemming, tagging, parsing, and semantic reasoning.

Building the Data Science Container

Python is fast becoming the go-to language for data scientists and for this reason we are going to use Python as the language of choice for building our data science container.

The Base Alpine Linux Image

Alpine Linux is a tiny Linux distribution designed for power users who appreciate security, simplicity and resource efficiency.

As claimed by Alpine:

Small. Simple. Secure. Alpine Linux is a security-oriented, lightweight Linux distribution based on musl libc and busybox.

The Alpine image is surprisingly tiny with a size of no more than 8MB for containers. With minimal packages installed to reduce the attack surface on the underlying container. This makes Alpine an image of choice for our data science container.

Downloading and Running an Alpine Linux container is as simple as:

$ docker container run --rm alpine:latest cat /etc/os-release

In our, Dockerfile we can simply use the Alpine base image as:

FROM alpine:latest

Talk is cheap let’s build the Dockerfile

Now let’s work our way through the Dockerfile.

The FROM directive is used to set alpine:latest as the base image. Using the WORKDIR directive we set the /var/www as the working directory for our container. The ENV PACKAGES lists the software packages required for our container like git, blas and libgfortran. The python packages for our data science container are defined in the ENV PACKAGES.

We have combined all the commands under a single Dockerfile RUN directive to reduce the number of layers which in turn helps in reducing the resultant image size.

Building and tagging the image

Now that we have our Dockerfile defined, navigate to the folder with the Dockerfile using the terminal and build the image using the following command:

$ docker build -t faizanbashir/python-datascience:2.7 -f Dockerfile .

The -t flag is used to name a tag in the 'name:tag' format. The -f tag is used to define the name of the Dockerfile (Default is 'PATH/Dockerfile').

Running the container

We have successfully built and tagged the docker image, now we can run the container using the following command:

$ docker container run --rm -it faizanbashir/python-datascience:2.7 python

Voila, we are greeted by the sight of a python shell ready to perform all kinds of cool data science stuff.

Python 2.7.15 (default, Aug 16 2018, 14:17:09) [GCC 6.4.0] on linux2 Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information. >>>

Our container comes with Python 2.7, but don’t be sad if you wanna work with Python 3.6. Lo, behold the Dockerfile for Python 3.6:

Build and tag the image like so:

$ docker build -t faizanbashir/python-datascience:3.6 -f Dockerfile .

Run the container like so:

$ docker container run --rm -it faizanbashir/python-datascience:3.6 python

With this, you have a ready to use container for doing all kinds of cool data science stuff.

Serving Puddin’

Figures, you have the time and resources to set up all this stuff. In case you don’t, you can pull the existing images that I have already built and pushed to Docker’s registry Docker Hub using:

# For Python 2.7 pull
$ docker pull faizanbashir/python-datascience:2.7# For Python 3.6 pull
$ docker pull faizanbashir/python-datascience:3.6

After pulling the images you can use the image or extend the same in your Dockerfile file or use it as an image in your docker-compose or stack file.

Aftermath

The world of AI, ML is getting pretty exciting these days and will continue to become even more exciting. Big players are investing heavily in these domains. About time you start to harness the power of data, who knows it might lead to something wonderful.

You can check out the code here.

Comparing Programming Languages is a very complex thing and so there are many graphical illustration/jokes trying to symbolize Programming language. I found few and I am starting this article with those.

In simple words, Programming Language empowers human to instruct and control machine. So, it is natural that there will be so many languages which try to make this process more powerful and simple. For this very reason there are hundreds of programming languages, many of those programming languages are now out of active use, few are going to be obsolete in coming years and then there are languages which is going to continue and prove its usage in coming years and then there are new programming language fighting for it acceptance.

This article going to present the trends of top Programming Languages which will continue in the coming year 2020. To predict the trend of the programming language in 2020 this article uses data from authentic surveys, various collected statistics, search results and salary trends according to programming languages. This article will help the new learner to pick a programming language to learn and for expert, it will help to decide either to switch to another language or to continue with his expertise language.

In the next section, I have prepared two tables which summarize the popularity trend of Programming Languages in the last five years (2015-19). The data is taken from Stackoverflow popularity survey 2015-2019. For a clear and accurate understanding, the programming languages are divided into two groups, first, languages which have origin before 2000 and the second group has languages which came after 2000. The selection of 2000 as the boundary is just random but very helpful to understand the programming trend under these two groups. The table also lists origin year and main or documented purpose of these programming/scripting languages.

Observations:

There is a decrease in the popularity of all languages from 2018 to 2019 except Python.

Python

Python is the only language continuously on rising since last five years. It is a general-purpose language, so someone wants to learn just one programming in 2020 and want to cover more area of software development then Python could be chosen**.**

Java

Java was on rising but fall in 2019, the reason could Kotlin gaining popularity on the Android platform. Java is a good choice for a programming language but now it is under Oracle and Google is promoting Kotlin so it is in the conflicted zone. As a matter of fact still, the large number of the company is using Java and going to continue with Java due to its developers base, framework, and legacy application.

C/C++

C and C++ are still holding with approx 20% and it will be there due to its inherent features and legacy system.

JavaScript

JavaScript popularity can be attributed to the growth of popular JavaScript library and framework like node.js, etc. JS is the language for the dynamic website and this going to be top for coming years because of its active development, support from Mozilla and penalty of libraries and frameworks. So, if someone wants to be web development, javascript is a must.

R

R is gaining popularity in recent years and reason would be growth and popularity of data analysis. It is used by data scientist but again much behind in comparison to Python which has established as general-purpose languages and enjoy active developers with lots of data science libraries and modules. So, one can prefer Python over R if they have to choose only one otherwise if wanted carrier in Data Sciences then learning both will a good option.

<div class="5tjAASx1"><script type="bfa163966612c2c2fba9ece2-text/javascript">(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});</script></div>

Ruby

Like PHP, Ruby is also facing tough competition from JavaScript and even Python to establish as back-end web development programming language. So, again for web development javascript and Python (server-side (Flask, Django, etc.) would be a good choice and will offer more domain flexibility than Ruby.

PHP

There is a sharp decline in PHP popularity in 2019 and it can be traced back to server-side acceptance of javascript and Python. So, if someone wants to go to server-side web development then still PHP is a good choice with a large number of popular framework like CakePHP, Codeigniter, etc. otherwise choosing a general-purpose programming language would be better.

Objective-C

Objective-C was the main language for Apple’s software such as macOS, iOS, etc. before Apple moved to Swift language. So this transition is reflected in the popularity of both languages, i.e. there is a fall in popularity for Objective-C and the popularity of Swift is rising. So, again if someone wants to be a developer for Apple’s products then Swift should be the language of choice.

Observations:

Swift

Swift has replaced the Objective-C as the main language for Apple-related software and application. Since it is supported and promoted by Apple so there is an increase in popularity since its inception and as Apple is going to continue with it so if someone is looking for Apple-specific development platform then Swift is going to be a must-know programming language. This is mostly vendor and product-specific language with very less usage outside Apple’s eco-system.

Go

Go (Golang) is getting popularity as maintain, use and promoted by Google. The motivation of Go development was to address criticism of some of the popular languages and keeping the best of them in one place. Since 2017, Go is moving upward in popularity and with Google support, it is going to enjoy this in coming years. Google is also making Go as a primary language for new projects and replacing other languages with Go, this trend going to make useful and important to learn in coming years so one can pick Go as a new programming language.

Kotlin

Kotlin is being offered as an alternative of Java for Android development and again it is supported and promoted by Google so it is also picking up by developers and gaining popularity in recent years. So, with the growth of Android, support of Google and with clean and short syntax it is going to be a choice of Android application developers and is a good choice to learn for Android App developer. Kotlin going to be shine as a prominent programming environment for Android development.

Scala

Scala tries to establish as an alternative to Java but didn’t get very well among developers. It doesn’t have big support from any multi-national company, perceive as functional languages and dependency on JVM doesn’t provide much scope to rise in popularity. There could be steady growth but very slow and surely not a language to learn as a beginner.

Julia

Julia aims to bring the speed of ‘C’ and simplicity of Python but it is strange that didn’t found any popularity in Stackoverflow survey but gaining popularity among data science domain and being seen as a challenger for R and Python in long run. Surely, there will be growth in Julia but still, Python or R is better for job and growth.

C#

C# is the language for the .NET framework and developed by Microsoft. Its popularity is approx constant over past years and going to continue with a similar trend. This is vendor-specific language so one can pick this language if want to work in the Microsoft development environment. Recently, Microsoft has open-sourced the .NET so there would be some upward trend but again it is vendor-specific so there won’t be much affected.

Rust

Rust, Clojure, etc. are languages which have a user-base but not so popular so surely not going to have an upward swing in popularity.

---

A Picture Says a Thousand Words

To understand a clear trend and picture of top programming language growth let keep a picture of it by the various chart. The figure 1 and figure2 gives a very clear picture that in old language stack JavaScript is far ahead than others and credit goes to boom in web development, then C and C++ together competing very closer to Java. Python is moving upward in popularity and only language which popularity is constantly increasing in the last 5 years. New languages are getting popularity and most of them are supported by the multi-national company and bit IT giant like Microsoft, Google and Apple.

Loved and Wanted Languages

From above Table and Figure, few observations are very obvious, Love of Rust is growing in last five years whereas Swift is loosing love from developers and Python is in between these two and last two years have gain for Python. One more unique observation is that out of 5 loved languages 4 are from post 2000 group while only Python is the older language and Kotlin love started with addition of Kotlin for Android development post 2017.

From above table, wish of developing in javascript and Python is growing in last years and this reflect in popularity and love for the language. There is a sharp decline in Java and this is due to the addition of Kotlin as alternative for Android app development and also change of policy by Oracle who own Java now.

Technologies and Programming Languages

In this figure, one can see that the largest cluster is for Web development and JavaScript and its various framework is dominating the cluster this is USP of JavaScript growth. The second-largest cluster is of Microsoft technologies and Python technologies which again clear the popularity and love for the language. Python cluster is linked with data science technologies which highlight the growth story of Python.

TIOBE Index

TIOBE index rank programming language based on search engine search result. The selection of search engines and programming language is defined in its page. The ratings are calculated by counting hits of the most popular search engines. The search query that is used is +”<language> programming”. In TIOBE index Java is dominating the ranking in the last two decades where C is holding the 1st and 2nd rank for the last 30 years. Python has come a long way in the last two decades i.e. 24th in 1999 to 3rd in 2019. If someone merges the C and C++ then it would hold the 1st positions forever.

In the new languages (post-2000), Rust moved up in ranking i.e. from 33rd to 28th, and Julia from 50th to 39th. It is also interesting to note that Kotlin doesn’t seem to come closer to the top 20.

Popularity of Programming Language (PYPL) Index

The PYPL index is created by analyzing how often language tutorials are searched on Google. The more a language tutorial is searched, the more popular the language is assumed to be. It is a leading indicator. The raw data comes from Google Trends.

Below Figure verifies that the top 3 languages are Python, Java, and JavaScript. C#, PHP, C/C++ also secure top position, this trend is again similar to stack-overflow, and TIOBE index.

Above Figure indicates that among new programming Language i.e. post 2000 Kotlin, Go, Rust, and Julia is moving up in the ranking.

Job Market and Salary

Salary depends upon the geographical area and demand of the products, a programming language based salary comparison is just a tool to predict or estimate the salary trend. We have summarized salary based on programming language from popular survey i.e. Dice salary survey 2018 and Stack-overflow survey 2018 and 2019.

From the above table, it is very clear from both survey that Go/Golang is a very high paid job in the market and even stands 1st rank in a high paid job in stack-overflow 2019 survey and Dice Salary Survey 2018.

Language Predictability

So, as closing remarks, It is easy to predict a language trend but choosing only one language to learn is a really difficult choice and totally depend upon the individual choice and their future plans, for example, if you want to work in Web Development you can’t afford neglecting Javascript, if you want to work with Apple’s products you can’t neglect Swift now, if your taste is in system-level programming then C and C++ is your friend, Python makes you run faster in many domains and currently darling in Data science. You see each language takes you on a different journey. Choose your destination and then drive with the language of that path.

You may also like: Programming Languages - Trend Predictions in 2020 and Next Years.

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