An Introduction to Python Sets
The major advantage of using a set, as opposed to a list, is that it has a highly optimized method for checking whether a specific element is contained in the set.
Creating a Set
Sets can be created by using the built-in set() function with an iterable object or a sequence by placing the sequence inside curly braces, separated by ‘comma’.
Note – A set cannot have mutable elements like a list, set or dictionary, as its elements.
# Python program to demonstrate
# Creation of Set in Python
# Creating a Set
set1 = set()
print("Intial blank Set: ")
print(set1)
# Creating a Set with
# the use of a String
set1 = set("GeeksForGeeks")
print("\nSet with the use of String: ")
print(set1)
# Creating a Set with
# the use of Constructor
# (Using object to Store String)
String = 'GeeksForGeeks'
set1 = set(String)
print("\nSet with the use of an Object: " )
print(set1)
# Creating a Set with
# the use of a List
set1 = set(["Geeks", "For", "Geeks"])
print("\nSet with the use of List: ")
print(set1)
Output:
Intial blank Set:
set()
Set with the use of String:
{'e', 'r', 'k', 'o', 'G', 's', 'F'}
Set with the use of an Object:
{'r', 'o', 'e', 'F', 's', 'k', 'G'}
Set with the use of List:
{'Geeks', 'For'}
A set contains only unique elements but at the time of set creation, multiple duplicate values can also be passed. Order of elements in a set is undefined and is unchangeable. Type of elements in a set need not be the same, various mixed up data type values can also be passed to the set.
# Creating a Set with
# a List of Numbers
# (Having duplicate values)
set1 = set([1, 2, 4, 4, 3, 3, 3, 6, 5])
print("\nSet with the use of Numbers: ")
print(set1)
# Creating a Set with
# a mixed type of values
# (Having numbers and strings)
set1 = set([1, 2, 'Geeks', 4, 'For', 6, 'Geeks'])
print("\nSet with the use of Mixed Values")
print(set1)
Output:
Set with the use of Numbers:
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
Set with the use of Mixed Values
{1, 2, 4, 'Geeks', 6, 'For'}
Adding Elements to a Set
Using add() method
Elements can be added to the Set by using built-in add() function. Only one element at a time can be added to the set by using add() method, loops are used to add multiple elements at a time with the use of add() method.
Note – Lists cannot be added to a set as elements because Lists are not hashable whereas Tuples can be added because tuples are immutable and hence Hashable.
# Python program to demonstrate
# Addition of elements in a Set
# Creating a Set
set1 = set()
print("Intial blank Set: ")
print(set1)
# Adding element and tuple to the Set
set1.add(8)
set1.add(9)
set1.add((6,7))
print("\nSet after Addition of Three elements: ")
print(set1)
# Adding elements to the Set
# using Iterator
for i in range(1, 6):
set1.add(i)
print("\nSet after Addition of elements from 1-5: ")
print(set1)
Output:
Intial blank Set:
set()
Set after Addition of Three elements:
{8, 9, (6, 7)}
Set after Addition of elements from 1-5:
{1, 2, 3, (6, 7), 4, 5, 8, 9}
Using update() method
For addition of two or more elements Update() method is used. The update() method accepts lists, strings, tuples as well as other sets as its arguments. In all of these cases, duplicate elements are avoided.
# Python program to demonstrate
# Addition of elements in a Set
# Addition of elements to the Set
# using Update function
set1 = set([ 4, 5, (6, 7)])
set1.update([10, 11])
print("\nSet after Addition of elements using Update: ")
print(set1)
Output:
Set after Addition of elements using Update:
{10, 11, 4, 5, (6, 7)}
Accessing a Set
Set items cannot be accessed by referring to an index, since sets are unordered the items has no index. But you can loop through the set items using a for loop, or ask if a specified value is present in a set, by using the in keyword.
# Python program to demonstrate
# Accessing of elements in a set
# Creating a set
set1 = set(["Geeks", "For", "Geeks"])
print("\nInitial set")
print(set1)
# Accessing element using
# for loop
print("\nElements of set: ")
for i in set1:
print(i, end=" ")
# Checking the element
# using in keyword
print("Geeks" in set1)
Output:
Initial set:
{'Geeks', 'For'}
Elements of set:
Geeks For
True
Removing elements from the Set
Using remove() method or discard() method
Elements can be removed from the Set by using built-in remove() function but a KeyError arises if element doesn’t exist in the set. To remove elements from a set without KeyError, use discard(), if the element doesn’t exist in the set, it remains unchanged.
# Python program to demonstrate
# Deletion of elements in a Set
# Creating a Set
set1 = set([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12])
print("Intial Set: ")
print(set1)
# Removing elements from Set
# using Remove() method
set1.remove(5)
set1.remove(6)
print("\nSet after Removal of two elements: ")
print(set1)
# Removing elements from Set
# using Discard() method
set1.discard(8)
set1.discard(9)
print("\nSet after Discarding two elements: ")
print(set1)
# Removing elements from Set
# using iterator method
for i in range(1, 5):
set1.remove(i)
print("\nSet after Removing a range of elements: ")
print(set1)
Output:
Intial Set:
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12}
Set after Removal of two elements:
{1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12}
Set after Discarding two elements:
{1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 10, 11, 12}
Set after Removing a range of elements:
{7, 10, 11, 12}
Using pop() method
Pop() function can also be used to remove and return an element from the set, but it removes only the last element of the set.
Note – If the set is unordered then there’s no such way to determine which element is popped by using the pop() function.
# Python program to demonstrate
# Deletion of elements in a Set
# Creating a Set
set1 = set([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12])
print("Intial Set: ")
print(set1)
# Removing element from the
# Set using the pop() method
set1.pop()
print("\nSet after popping an element: ")
print(set1)
Output:
Intial Set:
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12}
Set after popping an element:
{2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12}
Using clear() method
To remove all the elements from the set, clear() function is used.
#Creating a set
set1 = set([1,2,3,4,5])
print("\n Initial set: ")
print(set1)
# Removing all the elements from
# Set using clear() method
set1.clear()
print("\nSet after clearing all the elements: ")
print(set1)
Output:
Initial set:
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
Set after clearing all the elements:
set()
Frozen sets in Python are immutable objects that only support methods and operators that produce a result without affecting the frozen set or sets to which they are applied. While elements of a set can be modified at any time, elements of the frozen set remain the same after creation.
If no parameters are passed, it returns an empty frozenset.
# Python program to demonstrate
# working of a FrozenSet
# Creating a Set
String = ('G', 'e', 'e', 'k', 's', 'F', 'o', 'r')
Fset1 = frozenset(String)
print("The FrozenSet is: ")
print(Fset1)
# To print Empty Frozen Set
# No parameter is passed
print("\nEmpty FrozenSet: ")
print(frozenset())
#python
