Game Development with Python: Snake Game

Hello, there.

A lot of people want to start programming apps for Android, but they prefer not to use Android Studio and/or Java. Why? Because it’s an overkill. “I just wanna create Snake and nothing more!”

Let’s snake without java! (with a bonus at the end)

Get familiarized

First app

Please confirm that you have already installed Kivy (if not, follow the instructions) and ran buildozer init in the project directory.

Let’s run our first app:

# main.py
from kivy.app import App
from kivy.uix.widget import Widget

class WormApp(App):
    def build(self):
        return Widget()

if __name__ == '__main__':
    WormApp().run()

We created a Widget. Analogously, we can create a button or any other UI element:

from kivy.app import App
from kivy.uix.widget import Widget
from kivy.uix.button import Button

class WormApp(App):
    def build(self):
        self.but = Button()
        self.but.pos = (100, 100)
        self.but.size = (200, 200)
        self.but.text = "Hello, cruel world"

        self.form = Widget()
        self.form.add_widget(self.but)
        return self.form

if __name__ == '__main__':
    WormApp().run()

Wow! Congratulations! You’ve created a button!

.kv files

However, there’s another way to create UI elements. First, we implement our form:

from kivy.app import App
from kivy.uix.widget import Widget
from kivy.uix.button import Button

class Form(Widget):
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()
        self.but1 = Button()
        self.but1.pos = (100, 100)
        self.add_widget(self.but1)

class WormApp(App):
    def build(self):
        self.form = Form()
        return self.form

if __name__ == '__main__':
    WormApp().run()

Then, we create a «worm.kv» file.

# worm.kv
<Form>:
    but2: but_id

    Button:
        id: but_id
        pos: (200, 200)

What just happened? We created another Button and assigned id as but_id. Then, but_id was matched to but2 of the form. It means that now we can refer to this button by but2.

class Form(Widget):
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()
        self.but1 = Button()
        self.but1.pos = (100, 100)
        self.add_widget(self.but1)   #
        self.but2.text = "OH MY"

Graphics

What we do next is creating a graphical element. First, we implement it in worm.kv:

<Form>:

<Cell>:
    canvas:
        Rectangle:
            size: self.size
            pos: self.pos

We linked the rectangle’s position to self.pos and its size to self.size. So now, those properties are available from Cell, for example, once we create a cell, we can do:

class Cell(Widget):
    def __init__(self, x, y, size):
        super().__init__()
        self.size = (size, size)   # As you can see, we can change self.size which is "size" property of a rectangle
        self.pos = (x, y)

class Form(Widget):
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()
        self.cell = Cell(100, 100, 30)
        self.add_widget(self.cell)

Ok, we have created a cell.

Necessary Methods

Let’s try to move it. To do that, we should add Form.update function and schedule it.

from kivy.app import App
from kivy.uix.widget import Widget
from kivy.clock import Clock

class Cell(Widget):
    def __init__(self, x, y, size):
        super().__init__()
        self.size = (size, size)
        self.pos = (x, y)

class Form(Widget):
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()
        self.cell = Cell(100, 100, 30)
        self.add_widget(self.cell)

    def start(self):
        Clock.schedule_interval(self.update, 0.01)

    def update(self, _):
        self.cell.pos = (self.cell.pos[0] + 2, self.cell.pos[1] + 3)

class WormApp(App):
    def build(self):
        self.form = Form()
        self.form.start()
        return self.form

if __name__ == '__main__':
    WormApp().run()

The cell will move across the form. As you can see, we can schedule any function with Clock.

Next, let’s make a touch event. Rewrite Form:

class Form(Widget):
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()
        self.cells = []

    def start(self):
        Clock.schedule_interval(self.update, 0.01)

    def update(self, _):
        for cell in self.cells:
            cell.pos = (cell.pos[0] + 2, cell.pos[1] + 3)

    def on_touch_down(self, touch):
        cell = Cell(touch.x, touch.y, 30)
        self.add_widget(cell)
        self.cells.append(cell)

Each touch_down creates a cell with coordinates = (touch.x, touch.y) and size of 30. Then, we add it as a widget of the form AND to our own array (in order to easily access them).

Now you can tap on your form and generate cells.

Neat settings

Because we want to get a nice snake, we should distinguish the graphical positions and the actual positions of cells.

Why?

_A lot of reasons to do so. All logic should be connected with the so-called actual data, while the graphical data is the result of the actual data. For example, if we want to make margins, the actual pos of the cell will be (100, 100) while the graphical pos of the rectangle — (102, 102).

P. S. We wouldn’t do it if we dealt with classical on_draw. But here, we don’t have to program on_draw._

Let’s fix the worm.kv file:

<Form>:

<Cell>:
    canvas:
        Rectangle:
            size: self.graphical_size
            pos: self.graphical_pos

and main.py:

...
from kivy.properties import *
...
class Cell(Widget):
    graphical_size = ListProperty([1, 1])
    graphical_pos = ListProperty([1, 1])

    def __init__(self, x, y, size, margin=4):
        super().__init__()
        self.actual_size = (size, size)
        self.graphical_size = (size - margin, size - margin)
        self.margin = margin
        self.actual_pos = (x, y)
        self.graphical_pos_attach()

    def graphical_pos_attach(self):
        self.graphical_pos = (self.actual_pos[0] - self.graphical_size[0] / 2, self.actual_pos[1] - self.graphical_size[1] / 2)
...
class Form(Widget):
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()
        self.cell1 = Cell(100, 100, 30)
        self.cell2 = Cell(130, 100, 30)
        self.add_widget(self.cell1)
        self.add_widget(self.cell2)
...

The margin appeared, so it looks pretty although we created the second cell with X = 130 instead of 132. Later, we will make smooth motion based on the distance between actual_pos and graphical_pos.

Coding the Worm

Implementation

Init config in main.py

class Config:
    DEFAULT_LENGTH = 20
    CELL_SIZE = 25
    APPLE_SIZE = 35
    MARGIN = 4
    INTERVAL = 0.2
    DEAD_CELL = (1, 0, 0, 1)
    APPLE_COLOR = (1, 1, 0, 1)

(Trust me, you’ll love it!)

Then, assign config to the app:

class WormApp(App):
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()
        self.config = Config()
        self.form = Form(self.config)

    def build(self):
        self.form.start()
        return self.form

Rewrite init and start:

class Form(Widget):
    def __init__(self, config):
        super().__init__()
        self.config = config
        self.worm = None

    def start(self):
        self.worm = Worm(self.config)
        self.add_widget(self.worm)
        Clock.schedule_interval(self.update, self.config.INTERVAL)

Then, the Cell:

class Cell(Widget):
    graphical_size = ListProperty([1, 1])
    graphical_pos = ListProperty([1, 1])

    def __init__(self, x, y, size, margin=4):
        super().__init__()
        self.actual_size = (size, size)
        self.graphical_size = (size - margin, size - margin)
        self.margin = margin
        self.actual_pos = (x, y)
        self.graphical_pos_attach()

    def graphical_pos_attach(self):
        self.graphical_pos = (self.actual_pos[0] - self.graphical_size[0] / 2, self.actual_pos[1] - self.graphical_size[1] / 2)

    def move_to(self, x, y):
        self.actual_pos = (x, y)
        self.graphical_pos_attach()

    def move_by(self, x, y, **kwargs):
        self.move_to(self.actual_pos[0] + x, self.actual_pos[1] + y, **kwargs)

    def get_pos(self):
        return self.actual_pos

    def step_by(self, direction, **kwargs):
        self.move_by(self.actual_size[0] * direction[0], self.actual_size[1] * direction[1], **kwargs)

Hopefully, it’s more or less clear.

and finally the Worm:

class Worm(Widget):
    def __init__(self, config):
        super().__init__()
        self.cells = []
        self.config = config
        self.cell_size = config.CELL_SIZE
        self.head_init((100, 100))
        for i in range(config.DEFAULT_LENGTH):
            self.lengthen()

    def destroy(self):
        for i in range(len(self.cells)):
            self.remove_widget(self.cells[i])
        self.cells = []

    def lengthen(self, pos=None, direction=(0, 1)):
        # If pos is set, we put the cell in pos, otherwise accordingly to the specified direction
        if pos is None:
            px = self.cells[-1].get_pos()[0] + direction[0] * self.cell_size
            py = self.cells[-1].get_pos()[1] + direction[1] * self.cell_size
            pos = (px, py)
        self.cells.append(Cell(*pos, self.cell_size, margin=self.config.MARGIN))
        self.add_widget(self.cells[-1])

    def head_init(self, pos):
        self.lengthen(pos=pos)

Let’s give life to our wormie.

Motion

Now, we will make it move.

It’s simple:

class Worm(Widget):
...
    def move(self, direction):
        for i in range(len(self.cells) - 1, 0, -1):
            self.cells[i].move_to(*self.cells[i - 1].get_pos())
        self.cells[0].step_by(direction)

class Form(Widget):
    def __init__(self, config):
        super().__init__()
        self.config = config
        self.worm = None
        self.cur_dir = (0, 0)

    def start(self):
        self.worm = Worm(self.config)
        self.add_widget(self.worm)
        self.cur_dir = (1, 0)
        Clock.schedule_interval(self.update, self.config.INTERVAL)

    def update(self, _):
        self.worm.move(self.cur_dir)

It’s alive! It’s alive!

Controlling

As you could judge by the preview image, the controls of the snake will be the following:

class Form(Widget):
...
    def on_touch_down(self, touch):
        ws = touch.x / self.size[0]
        hs = touch.y / self.size[1]
        aws = 1 - ws
        if ws > hs and aws > hs:
            cur_dir = (0, -1)         # Down
        elif ws > hs >= aws:
            cur_dir = (1, 0)          # Right
        elif ws <= hs < aws:
            cur_dir = (-1, 0)         # Left
        else:
            cur_dir = (0, 1)           # Up
        self.cur_dir = cur_dir

Cool.

Creating the Fruit

First, we initialize it.

class Form(Widget):
...
    def __init__(self, config):
        super().__init__()
        self.config = config
        self.worm = None
        self.cur_dir = (0, 0)
        self.fruit = None
...
    def random_cell_location(self, offset):
        x_row = self.size[0] // self.config.CELL_SIZE
        x_col = self.size[1] // self.config.CELL_SIZE
        return random.randint(offset, x_row - offset), random.randint(offset, x_col - offset)

    def random_location(self, offset):
        x_row, x_col = self.random_cell_location(offset)
        return self.config.CELL_SIZE * x_row, self.config.CELL_SIZE * x_col

    def fruit_dislocate(self):
        x, y = self.random_location(2)
        self.fruit.move_to(x, y)
...
    def start(self):
        self.fruit = Cell(0, 0, self.config.APPLE_SIZE, self.config.MARGIN)
        self.worm = Worm(self.config)
        self.fruit_dislocate()
        self.add_widget(self.worm)
        self.add_widget(self.fruit)
        self.cur_dir = (1, 0)
        Clock.schedule_interval(self.update, self.config.INTERVAL)

The current result:

Now, we should implement some Worm methods:

class Worm(Widget):
...
    # Here we get all the positions of our cells
    def gather_positions(self):
        return [cell.get_pos() for cell in self.cells]
    # Just check if our head has the same position as another Cell
    def head_intersect(self, cell):
        return self.cells[0].get_pos() == cell.get_pos()

…and add this check to update().

class Form(Widget):
...
    def update(self, _):
        self.worm.move(self.cur_dir)
        if self.worm.head_intersect(self.fruit):
            directions = [(0, 1), (0, -1), (1, 0), (-1, 0)]
            self.worm.lengthen(direction=random.choice(directions))
            self.fruit_dislocate()

Detection of Self Tile Hitting

We want to know whether the head has the same position as one of the worm’s cells.

class Form(Widget):
...
    def __init__(self, config):
        super().__init__()
        self.config = config
        self.worm = None
        self.cur_dir = (0, 0)
        self.fruit = None
        self.game_on = True

    def update(self, _):
        if not self.game_on:
            return
        self.worm.move(self.cur_dir)
        if self.worm.head_intersect(self.fruit):
            directions = [(0, 1), (0, -1), (1, 0), (-1, 0)]
            self.worm.lengthen(direction=random.choice(directions))
            self.fruit_dislocate()
       if self.worm_bite_self():
            self.game_on = False

    def worm_bite_self(self):
        for cell in self.worm.cells[1:]:
            if self.worm.head_intersect(cell):
                return cell
        return False

Coloring, Decorating, and Code Refactoring

Let’s start with code refactoring.

Rewrite and add

class Form(Widget):
...
    def start(self):
        self.worm = Worm(self.config)
        self.add_widget(self.worm)
        if self.fruit is not None:
            self.remove_widget(self.fruit)
        self.fruit = Cell(0, 0, self.config.APPLE_SIZE)
        self.fruit_dislocate()
        self.add_widget(self.fruit)
        Clock.schedule_interval(self.update, self.config.INTERVAL)
        self.game_on = True
        self.cur_dir = (0, -1)

    def stop(self):
        self.game_on = False
        Clock.unschedule(self.update)

    def game_over(self):
        self.stop()
...
    def on_touch_down(self, touch):
        if not self.game_on:
            self.worm.destroy()
            self.start()
            return
        ...

Now, if the worm is dead (frozen), and you tap again, the game will be reset.
Now, let’s go to decorating and coloring.

worm.kv

<Form>:
    popup_label: popup_label
    score_label: score_label

    canvas:
        Color:
            rgba: (.5, .5, .5, 1.0)

        Line:
            width: 1.5
            points: (0, 0), self.size

        Line:
            width: 1.5
            points: (self.size[0], 0), (0, self.size[1])

    Label:
        id: score_label
        text: "Score: " + str(self.parent.worm_len)
        width: self.width

    Label:
        id: popup_label
        width: self.width

<Worm>:

<Cell>:
    canvas:
        Color:
            rgba: self.color
        Rectangle:
            size: self.graphical_size
            pos: self.graphical_pos

Rewrite WormApp:

class WormApp(App):
    def build(self):
        self.config = Config()
        self.form = Form(self.config)
        return self.form

    def on_start(self):
        self.form.start()

Let’s color it. Rewrite Cell in .kv:

<Cell>:
    canvas:
        Color:
            rgba: self.color

        Rectangle:
            size: self.graphical_size
            pos: self.graphical_pos

Add this to Cell.init

self.color = (0.2, 1.0, 0.2, 1.0)    # 

and this to Form.start

self.fruit.color = (1.0, 0.2, 0.2, 1.0)

Great, enjoy your snake

Finally, we will make a «game over» label

class Form(Widget):
...
    def __init__(self, config):
    ...
        self.popup_label.text = ""
...
    def stop(self, text=""):
        self.game_on = False
        self.popup_label.text = text
        Clock.unschedule(self.update)

    def game_over(self):
        self.stop("GAME OVER" + " " * 5 + "\ntap to reset")

and make the hit cell red:

instead of

    def update(self, _):
    ...
        if self.worm_bite_self():
            self.game_over()
    ...

write

    def update(self, _):
        cell = self.worm_bite_self()
        if cell:
            cell.color = (1.0, 0.2, 0.2, 1.0)
            self.game_over()

Are you still paying attention? Coming next is the most interesting part.

Bonus Section — Smooth Motion

Because the worm’s step is equal to the cell_size, it’s not that smooth. But we want to make it step as frequently as possible, without rewriting the entire logic of the game. So, we need to create a mechanism moving our graphical poses but not our actual poses. So, I wrote a simple file:

smooth.py

from kivy.clock import Clock
import time

class Timing:
    @staticmethod
    def linear(x):
        return x

class Smooth:
    def __init__(self, interval=1.0/60.0):
        self.objs = []
        self.running = False
        self.interval = interval

    def run(self):
        if self.running:
            return
        self.running = True
        Clock.schedule_interval(self.update, self.interval)

    def stop(self):
        if not self.running:
            return
        self.running = False
        Clock.unschedule(self.update)

    def setattr(self, obj, attr, value):
        exec("obj." + attr + " = " + str(value))

    def getattr(self, obj, attr):
        return float(eval("obj." + attr))

    def update(self, _):
        cur_time = time.time()
        for line in self.objs:
            obj, prop_name_x, prop_name_y, from_x, from_y, to_x, to_y, start_time, period, timing = line
            time_gone = cur_time - start_time
            if time_gone >= period:
                self.setattr(obj, prop_name_x, to_x)
                self.setattr(obj, prop_name_y, to_y)
                self.objs.remove(line)
            else:
                share = time_gone / period
                acs = timing(share)
                self.setattr(obj, prop_name_x, from_x * (1 - acs) + to_x * acs)
                self.setattr(obj, prop_name_y, from_y * (1 - acs) + to_y * acs)
        if len(self.objs) == 0:
            self.stop()

    def move_to(self, obj, prop_name_x, prop_name_y, to_x, to_y, t, timing=Timing.linear):
        self.objs.append((obj, prop_name_x, prop_name_y, self.getattr(obj, prop_name_x), self.getattr(obj, prop_name_y), to_x,
                          to_y, time.time(), t, timing))
        self.run()

class XSmooth(Smooth):
    def __init__(self, props, timing=Timing.linear, *args, **kwargs):
        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
        self.props = props
        self.timing = timing

    def move_to(self, obj, to_x, to_y, t):
        super().move_to(obj, *self.props, to_x, to_y, t, timing=self.timing)

This module is not the most elegant solution ©. It’s a bad solution and I acknowledge it. It is an only-hello-world solution.

So you just create smooth.py and copy-paste this code to the file.
Finally, let’s make it work:

class Form(Widget):
...
    def __init__(self, config):
    ...
        self.smooth = smooth.XSmooth(["graphical_pos[0]", "graphical_pos[1]"])

Then, we replace self.worm.move() with

class Form(Widget):
...
    def update(self, _):
    ...
        self.worm.move(self.cur_dir, smooth_motion=(self.smooth, self.config.INTERVAL))

And this is how methods of Cell should look like:

class Cell(Widget):
...
    def graphical_pos_attach(self, smooth_motion=None):
        to_x, to_y = self.actual_pos[0] - self.graphical_size[0] / 2, self.actual_pos[1] - self.graphical_size[1] / 2
        if smooth_motion is None:
            self.graphical_pos = to_x, to_y
        else:
            smoother, t = smooth_motion
            smoother.move_to(self, to_x, to_y, t)

    def move_to(self, x, y, **kwargs):
        self.actual_pos = (x, y)
        self.graphical_pos_attach(**kwargs)

    def move_by(self, x, y, **kwargs):
        self.move_to(self.actual_pos[0] + x, self.actual_pos[1] + y, **kwargs)

That’s it, thank you for your attention!

How the final result works, My final code

Thank for reading ! Originally published on dzone.com

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☞ Beginning Game Development with Python

☞ Python Online Multiplayer Game Development Tutorial

#python #game-development #web-development